Abstract: A woven textile includes, in at least one of the warp or weft directions, non-flocked yarns and flocked yarns. The flocked yarns include a support yarn having a core covered with an adhesive layer. The support yarn has a base diameter. Protruding filaments provide the flocked yarns with an apparent diameter. The non-flocked yarns have a diameter which is smaller than the apparent diameter and larger than the base diameter of the flocked yarns.

Abstract: In an example embodiment, an apparatus for making pouch products includes a conveyor system. The conveyor system includes a first receiving location along a path of the conveyor system, and a dosing location along the path of the conveyor system. The apparatus also includes a first material dispensing station configured to transfer a first material to the first receiving location. The first material includes a first elastic layer and a first support layer. The first material dispensing station includes a dispenser roller configured to hold a roll of the first material, a plurality of rollers configured to convey the first material from the dispenser roller to the first receiving location, and a stripper plate configured remove at least a portion of the first support layer from a portion of the first elastic layer.

Abstract: A fixture for lap shear bonding a bottom panel to a top panel comprises a bottom tool, a first spacer, a second spacer, and a top tool. The bottom tool has a quadrilateral shape including a top surface, a bottom surface, and four side surfaces and is configured to retain the bottom panel on the top surface. The first spacer is attached to the top surface of the bottom tool adjacent to one edge. The second spacer is attached to the top surface of the bottom tool adjacent to an opposing edge. The top tool has a quadrilateral shape including a top surface, a bottom surface, and four side surfaces and is configured to retain the top panel on the bottom surface. The top tool is further configured to attach to the first spacer and the second spacer such that the top panel contacts the bottom panel.

Abstract: Provided herein is a process for the preparation of multilayered composite materials, and also multilayered composite materials which can be obtained according to this process.

Abstract: A hot press cushioning material includes: a fiber material comprised of a multiplicity of randomly oriented fibers (1); rubber (2) present in voids between the fibers (1) of the fiber material; and independent pores (3) dispersedly present in the rubber (2).

Abstract: Resin dissolved or suspended in liquid is applied to a greige fabric formed with finer denier yarns forming surface loops before the fabric is bulked and after the liquid has been removed by low-temperature drying. The dried fabric is then bulked at a higher temperature setting the resin, resulting in superior loop tip resilience, and superior surface durability. Bulking and simultaneous resin setting optionally includes shrinking in area by 10-20%. Print appearance retention is also superior when printing follows bulking and setting of the resin.

Abstract: A method of creating a magnetically adhered, static dissipative floor covering (1). The method comprises the steps of providing a magnetically receptive floor surface (3), and supplying a floor covering comprising a plurality of static dissipative, magnetic floor tiles (4). The tiles (4) are held in place by magnetic interaction between the tiles (4) and the magnetically receptive surface (3). The floor tiles (4) are of composite construction comprising a) a static dissipative vinyl wearing layer (5), b) an integral, conductive ground plane (6) and c) an integral, planar magnetic layer (7), The conductive ground plane (6) comprises a non-woven synthetic fabric (8) with a nickel-copper coating and a conductive adhesive backing (9). The conductive ground plane (6) is bonded to the static dissipative wearing layer (5) by the conductive adhesive backing (9).

Abstract: A method for producing a component with a fibre-reinforced foam core has the steps of supplying a foam core having a first main surface and an opposite, second main surface, positioning at least one needle at the first main surface of the foam core, piercing the foam core with the needle, with the result that a needle tip penetrates through the first main surface into the foam core and then through the second main surface, hooking a reinforcing fibre into the needle tip, pulling the needle back, with the result that the reinforcing fibre is pulled through the foam core, and coating the reinforcing fibre with a resin while the needle is being pulled back.

Abstract: A method of making a loop fastener product features knitting, such as by circular knitting, a pile yarn and one or more ground yarns to form a stretchable knit fabric having loops of the pile yarn extending from a knit ground, with the ground yarns including polymers of differing melt temperatures. The knit fabric is then held in a desired state while the fabric is set by first applying sufficient heat to cause the lower melt temperature resin to flow into interstices of the fabric ground, and then allowing the fabric to cool. The cooled fabric ground is less stretchable in two orthogonal directions after setting than before setting, has a greater air permeability after setting than before setting, and has hook-engageable pile loops extending from bound interstices.

Abstract: A task is to provide a multilayer structured cloth and a fiber product which are excellent in lightweight properties for bulkiness, impressive soft texture, high cushioning properties, low draping properties, and sweat absorbing and quick drying properties, and the task is achieved by a multilayer structured cloth including front and back ground structure portions, a connecting yarn which connects the front and back ground structure portions to each other, and an insert yarn, wherein at least one of the front and back ground structure portions contains a crimped fiber or a spun yarn.

Abstract: The present invention relates polyester tufted carpet where the tufts are engaged with a primary polyester backing and where a polyester extrusion coating is applied to the backside of the primary backing to lock the tufts which therefore avoids the use of a latex adhesive.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a modified polyvinyl butyral material, comprising a polyvinyl butyral composite material, a filler, an anti-hydrolysis agent, a first plasticizer, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, and a polymeric dispersant; wherein the polyvinyl butyral composite material is obtained by plasticizing a composition comprising polyvinyl butyral and a second plasticizer. The present invention also relates to a preparation method of the modified polyvinyl butyral material, a modified polyvinyl butyral product comprising at least one modified polyvinyl butyral layer prepared from a material comprising the modified polyvinyl butyral material, and the preparation method of the modified polyvinyl butyral product.

Abstract: A fabric structure includes a first layer, a second layer, and a spacing layer that interconnects the first layer and the second layer, wherein, the interconnecting of the first layer, second layer, and third layer forms a plurality of channels.

Abstract: A container may be formed from a composite material including a combination of thermoplastic resin and polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PPgMA) mixed with one another, a plurality of carbon particles mixed in the combination, and a plurality of pores formed in at least some of the mixed carbon particles. In some instances, the carbon particles may include a first region having a relatively low concentration of carbon particles, and a second region having a relatively high concentration of carbon particles. In various implementations, the plurality of pores may be formed in at least some of the mixed carbon particles, the thermoplastic resin, and the PPgMA. In some aspects, at least some of the pores may be configured to be infiltrated by the PPgMA.

Abstract: A soft-substrate carpet made from recycled yarns includes a carpet fiber layer and a recycled fiber layer in a top-to-bottom order, wherein the carpet fiber layer comprises carpet fibers and a first non-woven scrim, the carpet fibers being tufted on the first non-woven scrim, and the recycled fiber layer comprises recycled fibers and a second non-woven scrim, the recycled fibers being tufted on the second non-woven scrim; the carpet fiber layer and the recycled fiber layer are permanently bonded.

Abstract: An anti-slip yoga rug comprising a fabric weave including a weft and a warp. The anti-slip yoga rug also comprising a topside grip, the topside grip including an anti-slip ridge woven into the fabric weave, and a bottom-side grip. The anti-slip yoga rug further including an edger that circumferentially surrounds one or more edges of the anti-slip yoga rug and wherein the bottom-side grip mechanically connects to an underside of the edger.

Abstract: A low-weight carpet tile and process for making the same, wherein the carpet tile comprises a facecloth having a plurality of face yarns tufted through a primary backing, an extruded polymer secondary backing layer, and a reinforcing scrim layer partially embedded within the extruded polymer secondary backing layer. The top surface and bottom surface of the carpet tile are defined by the facecloth and the reinforcing scrim layer, respectively. A polymer-based resin is extruded onto the facecloth to form an at least substantially uniform secondary backing layer, and the reinforcing scrim layer is laid onto the extruded polymer secondary backing layer while the extruded polymer secondary backing layer remains above a softening temperature for the resin. The entire multi-layer web is then passed through a nip to embed the reinforcing scrim layer into the extruded polymer secondary layer, and the entire web is chilled.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a modified polyvinyl butyral material, comprising a polyvinyl butyral composite material, a filler, an anti-hydrolysis agent, a first plasticizer, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, and a polymeric dispersant; wherein the polyvinyl butyral composite material is obtained by plasticizing a composition comprising polyvinyl butyral and a second plasticizer. The present invention also relates to a preparation method of the modified polyvinyl butyral material, a modified polyvinyl butyral product comprising at least one modified polyvinyl butyral layer prepared from a material comprising the modified polyvinyl butyral material, and the preparation method of the modified polyvinyl butyral product.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides articles having an absorbent core with a plurality of segmented volumes defined by a network of filaments, with an absorbent material therein. Suitable articles which may be formed with this absorbent core include, for example, diapers such as infant diapers, juvenile diapers and training pants, feminine hygiene products such as menstrual pads, adult incontinence products such as adult briefs, protective underwear, pads and bladder control pads, pet training pads, and other disposable products utilized to absorb fluids.

Abstract: A textile fabric having improved properties, variously including surface stability, abrasion resistance, resistance to edge fraying, moisture control, and resistance to fluid penetration is created by introducing a polymeric solution or a plurality of low-melting particles suspended in a liquid into the textile fabric while leaving a plurality of surface fibers exposed and maintaining a textile feel on the surface.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a modular mat system. More particularly, the disclosure is directed to a modular mat system with that may be built out using common pieces of mats. Specifically, a modular mat system with a mat piece with a top plate with inserts, a bottom plate with a plurality of tabs and recesses operative to engage with further mat pieces to build a mat system is discussed. The modular mat system is operative to remove water and other detritus from shoes of a user or other such platform moving across the mat system and feed it to a perimeter drain below the system.

Abstract: A leak detection system comprising: an adapter configured to be coupled to a conduit and direct leakage from the conduit to a leakage sensor, wherein the adapter comprises a wick comprising: a hydrophilic material, a cationic polymer material, an anionic polymer material, a hydrophilic non-ionic material, or any combination thereof. A leak detection system comprising: a laminate adapted to transport leaked fluid from a conduit to a leakage sensor, wherein the laminate comprises: a wick adapted to transport the leaked fluid; and an adhesive adapted to secure the wick to the conduit. A leak detection system comprising: a wick disposed on a substrate and adapted to transport leaked fluid from a conduit to a leakage sensor, wherein the wick comprises a plurality of fluid channels in a matrix arrangement.

Abstract: A flooring assembly (10) comprising at least one vertically lapped fibrous material layer (14), at least one pressure sensitive adhesive layer (12a) including a flexible substrate (12b), a mesh (12c) and an adhesive (12d) located along the flexible substrate, and at least one moisture impermeable membrane layer (16).

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a manufacturing method of a vehicle seatback cover, comprising a lightweight composite manufacturing step of manufacturing a lightweight composite using a reinforcing fiber and a thermoplastic resin fiber, a lightweight composite forming step of forming the lightweight composite into a vehicle seatback cover shape and preparing a vehicle seatback cover material, and a carpet bonding step of bonding the vehicle seatback cover material and a carpet material.

Abstract: In some examples, a method includes forming a material layer on a substrate, partially polymerizing a component of the material layer, to form fluid-filled droplets within a partially polymerized matrix, deforming the material layer to form anisotropic fluid-filled droplets, and further polymerizing the partially polymerized matrix to form an anisotropic voided polymer, including anisotropic voids in a polymer matrix. The anisotropic voids may include anisotropic nanovoids. Example methods may further include depositing electrodes on the anisotropic voided polymer so that at least a portion of the anisotropic voided polymer is located between the electrodes. Examples may include forming electroactive elements including an anisotropic nanovoided polymer, and devices (such as sensors and/or actuators) including electroactive elements.

Abstract: A system for monitoring traffic in aircraft cabins includes conductive wire in aisle carpeting and sensors to register pressure via capacitance changes. The system identifies the volume and location of traffic in aircraft aisles via registered changes to voltage, current, and/or conductivity of the conductive wire, and sensors embedded in the carpet. Measurements over time establish changes in traffic flow and directionality which may be used to direct crew members in flight. Lighting elements may be incorporated into the carpet to provide signals to passengers and crew via the lighting elements.

Abstract: A floor mat with improved rigidity and non-slip surfaces is disclosed. The floor mat includes a bottom surface with an interior cavity that has within it a plurality of interior walls that intersect with one another, thereby increasing rigidity of the floor mat. The floor mat also includes a plurality of nubs at the intersections of the interior walls that increase friction with the flooring of an automobile, thereby improving the non-slip characteristics of the floor mat.

Abstract: In various embodiments, coated infill includes a plurality of infill granules and a preformed coating on the infill granules including a cured polyurethane product of at least one polyurethane prepolymer component and a curative component. The polyurethane prepolymer component includes a reaction product of an isocyanate component including diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and a polyol component, and has a free isocyanate content (% NCO) from 2 wt % to 12 wt %. The curative component includes water. Methods for making an artificial turf surface using the coated infill are also provided.

Abstract: A nonwoven sheet is provided in a formation region of a target portion or a further wide region including the formation region of the target portion. The target portion is a composite of a nonwoven fabric as a base and loop pile fiber yarns which are woven and project from at least an external surface nonwoven fabric. The target portion is fixed to an outer nonwoven sheet forming the outside of a ventral part.

Abstract: This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. The disclosure provides aromatic polyester polyether polyols and compositions comprising such polyols. The disclosed aromatic polyester polyether polyols and compositions including same are the products of the transesterification reaction of polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”) and an ethoxylated triol, namely glycerin or trimethylolpropane, wherein the degree of ethoxylation is from 1 to 9 moles. At least some of the PET used to generate the aromatic polyester polyether polyols is derived from recycled PET. The disclosed aromatic polyester polyether polyols have utility in preparing polyurethane materials, for example.

Abstract: A low-weight carpet tile and process for making the same, wherein the carpet tile comprises a facecloth having a plurality of face yarns tufted through a primary backing, an extruded polymer secondary backing layer, and a reinforcing scrim layer partially embedded within the extruded polymer secondary backing layer. The top surface and bottom surface of the carpet tile are defined by the facecloth and the reinforcing scrim layer, respectively. A polymer-based resin is extruded onto the facecloth to form an at least substantially uniform secondary backing layer, and the reinforcing scrim layer is laid onto the extruded polymer secondary backing layer while the extruded polymer secondary backing layer remains above a softening temperature for the resin. The entire multi-layer web is then passed through a nip to embed the reinforcing scrim layer into the extruded polymer secondary layer, and the entire web is chilled.

Abstract: Exemplary methods for installing tile using a reactivatable tile bonding mat is disclosed. The reactivatable tile bonding mat is placed upon a substantially flat surface. Stone, porcelain or ceramic tile is placed and arranged on the reactivatable tile bonding mat in an aesthetically pleasing fashion, in some cases aided by the use of spacers in the joints between the sides of the tiles. Induction, or some other method of heat, is applied to the upper surfaces of the tiles, to quickly transfer through the tile, causing a polymer hot-melt material embedded in the reactivatable tile bonding mat to melt and adhere to a lower surface of the tiles, forming a strong bond. Upon the tiles fully bonding to the reactivatable tile bonding mat, spacers may be removed and a suitable grout may be applied in the joints between the sides of the tiles.

Abstract: An acoustic damping part for arrangement in a motor vehicle, a method for producing a sound-insulated vehicle body, and a motor vehicle, in particular a passenger car is provided. The acoustic damping part comprises a sound insulation element, in particular a foam element, for substantially planar contact with at least one portion of a motor vehicle body, in particular an end wall, in order to reduce the transmission of sound into a passenger compartment. Furthermore, the acoustic damping part has at least one plug part connected to the sound insulation element with a plug for insertion into an opening of a vehicle body component or component composite. This serves to produce a non-positive and/or positive connection of the acoustic damping part with material of the vehicle body component or component composite that forms the opening.

Abstract: A shoulder pad assembly has main body cushions consisting of a plurality of different types of foam material joined together to result in a hybrid pad structure constructed from slow-response foam and open-cell foam. A main body cushion is constructed from a first sheet or panel of slow-response foam disposed over the torso of the wearer, a second sheet or panel of slow-response foam disposed over the back of the wearer, joined together by a third sheet or panel of open-cell foam positioned between the first sheet and second sheet, disposed over the wearer's shoulder. Optionally, a fourth sheet or pad of slow-response foam is disposed on the third sheet, disposed over the wearer's shoulder, preferably at the location that is most likely to suffer blows during football play. Optionally, a fifth sheet or pad of open-cell foam is disposed on the first sheet, on the side of the first sheet in contact with the wearer and a sixth sheet or pad of open-cell foam is disposed on the second sheet.

Abstract: A composite loop face fabric which incorporates a multi-bar stitch-bonded construction and related fastening system. A yarn system forms an arrangement of surface loops extending in stitched relation through a composite nonwoven stitching substrate incorporating at least one layer of a cellulose tissue disposed in surface covering relation to at least one layer of a nonwoven support material of polymeric fiber. Multiple layers of cellulose tissue and nonwoven support material may be used if desired.

Abstract: Floor coverings having a greige good, an adhesive layer, and a secondary backing material. The greige good has a primary backing component having adjoined first and second portions, and a plurality of fibers. The secondary backing material has an attached portion and a first exposable portion, with the attached portion adhered to the first portion of the primary backing component by contact with the adhesive layer. The second portion of the primary backing component is unattached to the first exposable portion of the secondary backing material, and the first exposable portion defines a portion of the first end edge of the floor covering. The second portion of the primary backing component is selectively moveable relative to the first portion to a position in which at least a portion of the second portion of the primary backing component does not overlie the first exposable portion of the secondary backing material.

Abstract: Textile fabrics consolidated with a binder that is made from a binder system are described. The binder system may include: a) 30% or less by dry weight of at least one polymer based on polyvinyl alcohol; b) 70% or more by dry weight of at least one starch, wherein the at least one starch comprises 50% by weight or more of one or more natural starches based on the total weight of the at least one starch; c) 0 to 10% by dry weight of at least one crosslinker; d) 0 to 10% by dry weight of at least one filler; and e) 0 to 10% by dry weight of at least one additive, wherein a sum of components a) through e) is 100% by dry weight of the binder system. Method of making the textile fabrics consolidated with binders made from the binder systems are also described.

Abstract: A method of making a floor covering including a tufted textile substrate and a reinforcement backing system. The backing system includes adhesive layers which are conditioned to include voids. A layer of reinforcement fibers is positioned between the adhesive layers. After drying, the layers of adhesive and reinforcement fibers are compressed to collapse the voids in the layers of adhesive and to encapsulate the reinforcement fibers. The layer of reinforcement fibers is also moved toward the primary backing substrate and into engagement with the ends of the tufts.

Abstract: A cleaning and sanitizing kit for use in a defined region of a hospital and a method employing the same.

Abstract: A primary base fabric for a tufted carpet includes a first non-woven web and a second non-woven web laminated on each other. The first non-woven web is constituted with a first constituent fiber formed with a first thermoplastic resin and containing carbon. The second non-woven web is constituted with a second constituent fiber formed with a second thermoplastic resin and having a carbon content lower than the carbon content of the first constituent fiber or containing no carbon. The primary base fabric is a product prepared by combining the first non-woven web and the second non-woven web through an emboss processing.

Abstract: Method of manufacturing an artificial turf includes: creating fluid polyurethane mass, the creation comprising reacting first and second polyols with an isocyanate, the first polyol being a polyether polyol and/or a polyester polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups per molecule, the second polyol being polybutadiendiol; the isocyanate comprising isocyanate monomers, isocyanate polymers or isocyanate prepolymers or a mixture thereof, the isocyanate monomers, isocyanate polymers and the isocyanate prepolymers having two or more isocyanate groups per molecule; incorporating an artificial turf fiber into a carrier such that a first portion of the fiber protrudes to the front side of the carrier and that a second portion of the fiber is located at the back side of the carrier; and adding the fluid polyurethane mass on the back side of the carrier; and hardening the fluid polyurethane mass.

Abstract: Mass production of carpet tiles can be enabled by a method for manufacturing a carpet tile by applying an adhesive layer to a carpet tile base material containing pile, the method including: a first process of mixing 15 to 25 wt. % of urethane resin glue to an acrylic foamed resin to produce 100 wt. % of a mixture, thereby obtaining an adhesive; a second process of subjecting the adhesive to viscosity adjustment to adjust viscosity thereof to 3000 to 6000 cps; and a third process of applying the adhesive to the carpet tile base material by using a screen mesh having a mesh thickness of 20 ?m or more and less than 100 ?m and an opening area ratio of 40% to 60%.

Abstract: A sheet of loop material having utility as the landing zone in the manufacture of, e.g. disposable diapers and having excellent properties and an exceptionally low basis weight. Methods and apparatus for forming the sheet of loop material are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods are provided for beneficially reusing a paint-saturated filter aid, such as paint-saturated alkaline earth metal carbonates, as a substitute in applications requiring virgin alkaline earth metal carbonates. The paint-saturated filter aid is prepared by re-milling paint-saturated filter aid to a predetermined size to produce re-milled particles suitable for reuse in a variety of applications, including flooring, concrete, and the like. Also provided are flooring materials including re-milled particles of a paint-saturated filter aid characterized by one or more of: a median particle size (D50) of about 1 to about 50 microns; less than about 5% of the re-milled particles being retained on a 200 mesh screen; or a top cut size (D90) of about 5 to about 300 microns.

Abstract: A method of making a shaving article comprising a substrate comprising stainless steel; and an external polymer coating comprising polymer brushes, the method comprising the steps of: providing said substrate; providing a initiating species comprising an anchor group that is chemically reactive with surface moieties on the substrate, and a polymerization initiator group; reacting said anchor group with said surface moieties of the substrate; providing monomers reactive for polymerization with the polymerization initiator; and polymerizing the monomers with the initiator group of the initiating species.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a porous polyvinyl acetal object and a nonwoven polyvinyl acetal fabric each capable of exhibiting significantly high shock absorption. Provided is a porous polyvinyl acetal object having a large number of cells, including: a polyvinyl acetal; and a plasticizer, the porous object having an open cell ratio of 10% or higher, the porous object in the form of a sample with a size of 10 cm in length, 10 cm in width, and 4 mm in thickness having a coefficient of rebound (rebounding height/drop height) of 0.1 or lower in measurement of a rebounding height of a ½-inch SUS ball in conformity with JIS B 1501 dropped from a given drop height to the center of the sample placed on an iron plate with a size of 10 cm or more in length, 10 cm or more in width, and 1 cm in thickness.

Abstract: The current invention concerns a covering, such as a floor covering, wall covering or ceiling covering, said covering comprising a surface layer, and a substrate layer attached to said surface layer, said substrate layer optionally comprising one or more reinforced thermoplastic layers. Said covering further comprises a backing layer on the bottom side of said substrate layer, opposite to said surface layer, and a textile layer attached to the bottom side of said backing layer, optionally through a contact layer. The covering further comprises a coating applied to the bottom of said textile layer. The invention also provides a method for producing a covering, such as a floor covering, wall covering or ceiling covering.

Abstract: A liquid adhesive coating composition that cures into a solid form, used to non-permanently adhere interior floor or wall coverings to substrate floor or wall surfaces respectively, includes a polymer incorporating iron or other paramagnetic, superparamagnetic, ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic ingredients, that becomes permanently adhered to the substrate as it cures, and thereafter provides a low-tack adhesive surface that is also magnetically attractive, upon which magnetized floor or wall coverings including certain types of carpet, linoleum, vinyl, wallpaper, and other types of magnetically-backed coverings can be subsequently installed.

Abstract: A shoulder pad assembly for protecting the body during sports play has a pair of arches connected to each other in the front and in the back by connecting straps, webs, or similar connectors. Shoulder caps are connected to the arches by a flexible connecting structure, for example, webs, straps, or bands. Epaulets are attached by webs, straps, or bands, at the top of each arch. The arches and shoulder caps are lined with a shock-absorbing liner. Each of the epaulets contains a shock absorbing insert made of slow-response foam, slow-rebound foam or memory foam, encased in a nylon or fabric shell. Redundant pads, made of slow-response foam, slow-rebound foam or memory foam, encased in a nylon or fabric shell may be inserted below the top of each of the left arch and right arch, to provide additional padding in those areas.

Abstract: The present invention seeks to provide a tufted structure such as an artificial turf, that imitates more closely the root zone, the volume effect, and density of natural grass and that has an improved wear and drainage property. An artificial turf adapted for use in landscape and sports applications comprises a bounded layer of fibers formed as a non-woven matting made of one or more natural and/or synthetic fibers. A plurality of tufts of pile yarn is inserted through the bounded layer of fibers. A backing is applied at the backside of the bounded layer of fibers enhancing anchoring the tufts to the bounded layer of fibers.