Abstract: A negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a negative electrode mixture layer including a negative electrode active material and a negative electrode additive, the negative electrode active material including a carbon material and a Si-containing material, the content of the Si-containing material in the negative electrode mixture layer being 5 mass % or more, and the negative electrode additive including a formaldehyde condensate of an aromatic organic acid having a hydroxyl group and/or an aromatic organic acid salt having a hydroxyl group.

Abstract: Provided is a slurry composition for a non-aqueous secondary battery functional layer with which it is possible to form a functional layer that has excellent adhesiveness and that can improve rate characteristics of a non-aqueous secondary battery. The slurry composition for a non-aqueous secondary battery functional layer contains organic particles, a binder, and a melamine compound. The melamine compound constitutes a proportion of not less than 0.5 mass % and not more than 85 mass % among the total of the binder and the melamine compound.

Abstract: Disclosed are redox flow battery membranes, redox flow batteries incorporating the membranes, and methods of forming the membranes. The membranes include a polybenzimidazole gel membrane that is capable of incorporating a high liquid content without loss of structure that is formed according to a process that includes in situ hydrolysis of a polyphosphoric acid solvent. The membranes are imbibed with a redox flow battery supporting electrolyte such as sulfuric acid and can operate at very high ionic conductivities of about 100 mS/cm or greater. Redox flow batteries incorporating the PBI-based membranes can operate at high current densities of about 100 mA/cm2 or greater.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an anode for lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same, the anode for lithium secondary battery comprising a current collector; and an anode active material layer which is formed on one surface of the current collector, and comprises an anode active material and a cellulose-based compound which has a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 500,000 g/mol to 700,000 g/mol and a substitution degree of 0.9 to 1.0, wherein the anode for lithium secondary battery has a loading level (L/L) of 13 mg/cm2 or greater.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the galvanic deposition of zinc and zinc alloy coatings from an alkaline coating bath with a reduced degradation of organic bath additives. An electrode that contains metallic manganese and/or manganese oxide and is insoluble in the bath is hereby used as an anode. The electrode is produced from metallic manganese or an alloy comprising at least 5% by weight of manganese, or from an electrically conductive substrate and a metallic manganese and/or manganese oxide-containing coating applied thereto, or from a composite material, wherein the coating and the composite material comprise at least 5% by weight of manganese. The method according to the invention is particularly suitable for the galvanic deposition of zinc-nickel alloy coatings from alkaline zinc-nickel baths since the formation of cyanides can be very effectively inhibited.

Abstract: A novel pair of lead acid battery electrodes are proposed, which are bagged in terelyne cloth bag without having used any pasting to avoid paste mixer, pasting machine and oven etc. By increasing active material ratio to structural material, higher energy density is achieved. Uses of bag system for both negative and positive plate protect the plates from shredding of active materials on use of battery with lesser chance of failure.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium metal secondary battery comprising a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte-separator assembly disposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein the anode comprises: (a) an anode active material layer containing a layer of lithium or lithium alloy optionally supported by an anode current collector; and (b) an anode-protecting layer in physical contact with the anode active material layer and in ionic contact with the electrolyte-separator assembly, having a thickness from 10 nm to 500 ?m and comprising an elastic polymer foam having a fully recoverable elastic compressive strain from 2% to 500% and pores having a pore volume fraction from 5% to 95% (most preferably 50-95%); wherein preferably the pores are interconnected.

Abstract: A sintered electrode having a sintered composite material is provided. The composite material contains (A) active-material particles, (B) solid-state electrolyte particles from an inorganic lithium ion conductor, (C) a particulate conductivity additive from an electrically conductive material and (D) a fibrous material, with weight proportions N(A) to N(D) of components (A) to (D) in the composite material satisfy the following: N (A)>N (B)>N (C), N (D). A solid-state lithium-ion battery containing such sintered electrode is also provided.

Abstract: Provided is a power semiconductor module including: a metal base plate; an insulating substrate arranged on the metal base plate and provided with an electrode; a semiconductor element arranged on the insulating substrate; a case arranged on the metal base plate so as to surround the insulating substrate and the semiconductor element; and a potting material filled into a space defined by the metal base plate and the case so as to encapsulate the insulating substrate and the semiconductor element. The potting material includes: a silicone gel; and a conductivity-imparting agent that is added to the gel and contains a silicon atom and an ionic group.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions, which can be used to coat electrode plates, comprising at least one carbonaceous material and at least one additive, wherein the at least one additive comprises a metal ion selected from calcium, barium, potassium, magnesium, and strontium ion, and wherein the metal ion is present in an amount ranging from 0.5 wt. % to 3 wt. % relative to the total weight of carbonaceous material. Also disclosed are electrodes and lead acid batteries comprising such compositions, and methods of making the compositions.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided a negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery, including a negative electrode active material including a carbon material and having an ID/IG ratio of XPS of 0.2 to 0.74, and a coating portion disposed on a surface of the negative electrode active material. The coating portion has a boron atom and a crosslinking site having a bonding portion of C—O—C and interposed between the boron atom and the negative electrode active material. In an XPS spectrum, when an area of the peak of the 1s electron orbital of the boron atom is denoted by Ab and an area of the peak of the C—O—C bonding portion is denoted by Ac, the ratio Ac/Ab of the peak area Ac to the peak area Ab is 0.11 or more and 0.51 or less.

Abstract: A lead-acid battery includes a negative electrode plate; a positive electrode plate; and an electrolyte solution, the negative electrode plate including a negative electrode material containing an inorganic sulfate and an anti-shrink agent, the inorganic sulfate having a 111 crystal plane or an average secondary particle size of 3.8 ?m or more, the anti-shrink agent being adsorbed to the inorganic sulfate.

Abstract: A power storage device with high capacity is provided. Alternatively, a power storage device with high energy density is provided. Alternatively, a highly reliable power storage device is provided. Alternatively, a long-life power storage device is provided. A power storage device is characterized by comprising a separator, a first electrode, a second electrode, an electrolytic solution, in which the separator is provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrode includes an active material layer and a current collector, the first electrode includes a pair of coating films between which the current collector is sandwiched, the active material layer includes a region in contact with the current collector, the active material layer includes a region in contact with at least one of the pair of coating films, and the electrolytic solution includes an alkali metal salt and an ionic liquid.

Abstract: A binder resin composition for secondary battery electrodes is described as containing a polymer (A) that has a structural unit represented by general formula (1) and a water-insoluble particulate polymer (B-1) and/or a water-soluble polymer (B-2) where (A), (B-1) and (B-2) are defined as described. A slurry for secondary battery electrodes contains the binder resin composition, an active material and a solvent. An electrode for secondary batteries is provided with a collector and an electrode layer that is arranged on the collector, where the electrode layer contains an active material and the binder resin composition. Alternatively, the electrode layer is obtained by applying the slurry for secondary battery electrodes to the collector, and drying the slurry thereon.

Abstract: Electrochemical cells that cycle lithium ions and methods for suppressing or minimizing dendrite formation are provided. The electrochemical cells include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator sandwiched therebetween. The positive and negative electrodes and separator may each include an electrolyte system comprising one or more lithium salts, one or more solvents, and one or more complexing agents. The one or more complexing agents binds to metal contaminants found within the electrochemical cell to form metal ion complex compounds that minimize or suppress formation of dendrite protrusions on the negative electrode at least by increasing the horizontal area (e.g., decreasing the height) of any dendrite formation.

Abstract: A positive electrode composition includes a binder material; an electrically conductive material dispersible in the binder material and comprising a plurality of conductive carbon particles; an active material dispersible in the binder material and comprising a plurality of active particles; and a coating agent comprising one of a non-lithiated polymer, an at least partially-lithiated polymer, and a fully-lithiated polymer. The coating agent is disposed on and at least partially encapsulates at least one of: each of the plurality of conductive carbon particles and each of the plurality of active particles. A positive electrode of a lithium ion electrochemical cell includes a current collector comprising aluminum and a layer formed from the positive electrode composition and disposed on the current collector. A method of forming the positive electrode is also disclosed.

Abstract: A preparation method of a lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material of a battery includes steps of providing a nickel compound, a manganese compound, a first quantity of lithium compound, a second quantity of lithium compound and a compound containing metallic ions, mixing the nickel compound, the first quantity of lithium compound, dispersant and deionized water to produce first product solution, adding the manganese compound into the first product solution and mixing to produce second product solution, performing a first grinding to produce first precursor solution, mixing the second quantity of lithium compound, the compound containing the metallic ions and the first precursor solution, then performing a second grinding to produce second precursor solution, and calcining the second precursor solution to produce the lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material of the battery, the formula of which is written by Li1.0+xNi0.5Mn1.5MyO4. Therefore, the activation energy of reaction can be reduced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a conducting material composition capable of forming an electrode in which at least two kinds of carbon based materials are contained in a uniformly dispersed state to enable a battery such as a lithium rechargeable battery having more improved electrical and lifetime characteristics to be provided, and a slurry composition for forming an electrode of a lithium rechargeable battery and a lithium rechargeable battery using the same. The conducting material composition contains: at least two kinds of conductive carbon-based materials selected from the group consisting of carbon nano tube, graphene, and carbon black; and a dispersant containing a plurality kinds of poly aromatic hydrocarbon oxides, wherein the dispersant contains poly aromatic hydrocarbon oxides having a molecular weight of 300 to 1000 at a content of 60 wt.% or more.

Abstract: A lead-acid battery includes a negative electrode material containing graphite and barium sulfate. A ratio S/W of an average plate interval S between a negative electrode plate and a positive electrode plate, to a mass W of the negative electrode material per one negative electrode plate is 0.01 mm/g or more.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a surface coated positive electrode active material, a preparation method thereof, and a lithium secondary battery including the same. More specifically, it relates to a positive electrode active material of which surface is coated with a nanofilm including polyimide (PI) and conductive nanoparticles, a preparation method thereof, and a lithium secondary battery including the same.

Abstract: A lithium ion battery includes at least one cathode electrode, at least one anode electrode, and an electrolyte. The cathode electrode includes at least one first carbon nanotube paper and at least one cathode electrode plate. The cathode electrode plate locates on a surface of the at least one first carbon nanotube paper, and includes a plurality of stacked first carbon nanotube films. A cathode active material is dispersed in the plurality of first carbon nanotube films. An anode electrode includes at least one first second carbon nanotube paper and at least one first anode electrode plate. The anode electrode plate is located on a surface of the at least one first second carbon nanotube paper, and includes a plurality of stacked second carbon nanotube films. An anode active material is dispersed in the plurality of second carbon nanotube films.

Abstract: A preparation method of an oligomer-polymer is provided. A maleimide is reacted with a barbituric acid to form a first oligomer-polymer. The first oligomer-polymer is then reacted with a phenylsiloxane oligomer to form a second oligomer-polymer. The phenylsiloxane oligomer is a compound represented by formula 1: Ph-Si(OH)xOy ??formula 1, wherein x is 0.65 to 2.82 and y is 0.09 to 1.17.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes for the preparation of electrode compositions, especially those intended for use in supercapacitors. A process is provided for preparing lithium sulphite comprising the steps of:—a) introducing H2SO3 (aq) into a reaction vessel; b) reacting the H2SO3 (aq) with an aqueous suspension of Li2CO3 in the vessel to form an aqueous solution of Li2—CO3; and c) evaporating the solution to recover Li2CO3(s), wherein at least steps a) and b) are conducted under an inert atmosphere. Preferably, in step b) H2SO3 (aq) and Li2CO3 (aq) are reacted with each other in substantially equimolar amounts. There is also provided a process for forming an electrode material comprising a complexing step of causing lithium sulphite to form SO3 complexes at active N sites of a nitrogen-carbon structure, in the presence of a selected amount of a sink that absorbs the liberated lithium, so as to form the N:SO3 complexed electrode material.

Abstract: A portable power tool comprises an electric motor, actuator, or light-emitting hardware and a rechargeable power source connected to the electric motor, actuator, or light-emitting hardware, wherein the power source contains at least a surface-mediated cell (SMC). The power tools include, but are not limited to, impact driver, air compressor, alligator shear, angle grinder, band saw, belt sander, biscuit joiner, ceramic tile cutter tile saw, chainsaw, circular saw, concrete saw, cold saw, crusher, diamond blade, diamond tools, disc sander, drill, floor sander, grinding machine, heat gun, impact wrench, jackhammer, jointer, jigsaw, lathe, miter saw, nail gun, needle scaler, torque wrench, powder-actuated tools, power wrench, radial arm saw, random orbital sander, reciprocating saw, rotary reciprocating saw, rotary tool, sabre saw, sander, scroll saw, steel cut off saw, table saw, thickness planer, trimmer, wall chaser, wood router, or flashlight.

Abstract: To provide a lithium-ion secondary battery having higher discharge capacity and higher energy density and a manufacturing method thereof. The lithium-ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer provided over the positive electrode current collector. In the positive electrode active material layer, graphenes and lithium-containing composite oxides are alternately provided. The lithium-containing composite oxide is a flat single crystal particle in which the length in the b-axis direction is shorter than each of the lengths in the a-axis direction and the c-axis direction.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lithium metal powder protected by a wax. The resulting lithium metal powder has improved stability and improved storage life.

Abstract: A secondary battery negative electrode including a current collector, a negative electrode active material layer, and a porous membrane, wherein the negative electrode active material layer contains a negative electrode active material and a particulate negative electrode polymer, the porous membrane contains non-conductive particles and a porous membrane polymer that is a non-particulate cross-linked polymer, and the non-conductive particles are particles of a polymer that contains 50% by weight or more of a structural unit formed by polymerization of a (meth)acrylate, the polymer having a softening starting point or decomposition point of 175° C. or higher.

Abstract: Current collector, an electrode structure, a non-aqueous electrolyte battery, and an electrical storage device having superior shut down function are provided. According to the present invention, a current collector having a resin layer on at least one side of a conductive substrate is provided. Here, thermoplastic resin particles substantially free of a conductive agent are dispersed in a thermosetting resin base material containing the conductive agent to structure the resin layer; a value of mass ratio given by (thermoplastic resin particles)/(conductive agent) is 0.3 to 1.5; and a value given by (average thickness of conductive agent)/(average thickness of thermoplastic resin particles) is 0.3 to 4.0.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery, comprises an anode plate, a cathode plate, a separator and electrolyte, wherein the separator is arranged between the anode plate and the cathode plate. The anode plate comprises an anode current collector and an anode active material layer. The anode current collector is provided with an anode coating area and an anode blank area, and the anode active material layer is coated on the anode coating area. The cathode plate comprises a cathode current collector and a cathode active material layer. The cathode current collector is provided with a cathode coating area and a cathode blank area, and the cathode active material layer is coated on the cathode coating area. When both the anode blank area and the cathode blank area are coated with a polymer layer, the two polymer layers are mutually contacted.

Abstract: A battery including a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution is impregnated in a separator provided between the cathode and the anode. The anode has a coat on an anode active material layer provided on an anode current collector. The coat contains a fluorine resin. A terminal of the fluorine resin is a hydroxyl group or the like capable of being fixed (for example, being absorbed or bound) on the surface of the anode active material layer (anode active material).

Abstract: Disclosed are an anode for secondary batteries and a secondary battery including the same. The anode includes an anode mixture including an anode active material, coated on a current collector, wherein the anode active material includes lithium titanium oxide (LTO) particles provided on surfaces thereof with a cross-linked polymer coating layer, wherein the LTO particles with the cross-linked polymer coating layer formed thereon retain a porous structure formed therebetween, and a cross-linked polymer of the coating layer is a phosphate-based compound.

Abstract: In a lithium-ion secondary battery (100), positive electrode active material particles (610) each include a shell portion (612) made of a layered lithium-transition metal oxide, a hollow portion (614) formed inside the shell portion (612), and a through-hole (616) penetrating through the shell portion (612). A positive electrode active material layer (223) has a density A of 1.80 g/cm3?A?2.35 g/cm3, and a negative electrode active material layer (243) has a density B of 0.95 g/cm3?B?1.25 g/cm3.

Abstract: Primer arrangements that facilitate electrical conduction and adhesive connection between an electroactive material and a current collector are presented. In some embodiments, primer arrangements described herein include first and second primer layers. The first primer layer may be designed to provide good adhesion to a conductive support. In one particular embodiment, the first primer layer comprises a substantially uncrosslinked polymer having hydroxyl functional groups, e.g., polyvinyl alcohol. The materials used to form the second primer layer may be chosen such that the second primer layer adheres well to both the first primer layer and an electroactive layer. In certain embodiments including combinations of first and second primer layers, one or both of the first and second primer layers comprises less than 30% by weight of a crosslinked polymeric material. A primer including only a single layer of polymeric material is also provided.

Abstract: A lithium/fluorinated carbon (Li/CFx) battery having a composite cathode including an electroactive cathode material, a non-electroactive additive, a conductive agent, and a binder. The electroactive cathode material is a single fluorinated carbon having a general formula of CFx, whereby x is an averaged value ranging from about 0.5 to about 1.2. The non-electroactive additive is at least one or a mixture of two or more oxides selected from the group comprising Mg, B, Al, Si, Cu, Zn, Y, Ti, Zr, Fe, Co, or Ni. The conductive agent is selected from the group comprising carbon, metals, and mixtures thereof. Finally, the binder is an amorphous polymer selected from the group comprising fluorinated polymers, ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubbers, styrene butadiene rubbers (SBR), poly (acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate), carboxymethyl celluloses (CMC), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

Abstract: The present invention, in part, relates to a carbon black having a) a nitrogen BET surface area (BET) of from about 600 m2/g to about 2100 m2/g, b) a CDBP value in mL/100 g of from about (?2.8+(b*BET)) to about (108+(b*BET)), where b is 0.087 and BET is expressed in m2/g, and c) an apparent density (p, g/cm3) of at least about 0.820+q*BET, where q=?2.5×10?4, as determined at a compressive force (P) of 200 kgf/cm2 on dry carbon black powder. Energy storage devices, such as electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC's), containing the carbon black are also disclosed. Methods for making the carbon blacks and EDLC's made with them are also provided.

Abstract: A metal-oxygen cell capable of improving cycle performance is provided. The metal-oxygen cell 1 includes a positive electrode 2 that contains an oxygen storage material and uses oxygen as an active material, a negative electrode 3 that uses a metal as an active material, and an electrolyte layer 4 sandwiched between the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 and containing an electrolyte solution, effecting cell reactions of the positive electrode 2 on a surface of the oxygen storage material. The positive electrode 2 contains a conductive polymer that is capable of suppressing permeation of oxygen and conducting metal ions and covers at least a part of the surface of the oxygen storage material.

Abstract: Provided is a sulfur-modified polyacrylonitrile manufacturing method that is characterized in that a starting base powder that comprises sulfur powder and polyacrylonitrile powder is mixed and the mixture is heated in a non-oxidizing environment while outflow of sulfur vapor is prevented. Also provided are a cathode for lithium batteries that uses, as the active substance, the sulfur-modified polyacrylonitrile manufactured with the method, and a lithium secondary battery that includes the cathode as a component element. This enables the practical use of an inexpensive sulfur-based material as the cathode material for lithium secondary batteries, and in particular, a sulfur-based cathode material that enables higher output and has excellent cycle life characteristics, as well as other characteristics, and secondary lithium batteries using the same can be obtained.

Abstract: There is a composition comprising 1 to 17.5 wt. % ionomer composition comprising hydrocarbon ionomer and 50 to 99 wt. % carbon-sulfur composite made from carbon powder having a surface area of about 50 to 4,000 square meters per gram and a pore volume of about 0.5 to 6 cubic centimeters per gram. The composite has 5 to 95 wt. % sulfur compound. There is also a layering comprising a plurality of coatings. Respective coatings in the plurality of coatings comprise respective compositions. The respective coatings comprise at least one ionomer composition comprising hydrocarbon ionomer and at least one carbon-sulfur composite of carbon powder and sulfur compound. There are also electrodes comprising the composition or layering and methods of using such in cells.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cathode active material for secondary batteries in which a carboxymethyl cellulose derivative is coated on surfaces of particles of a lithium transition metal oxide having the formula LixMyO2 where M: NiaMnbCoc wherein 0?a?0.9, 0?b?0.9, 0?c?0.5, and 0.85?a+b+c?1.05 and x+y=2, wherein 0.95?x?1.15.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrode for a secondary battery including an electrode current collector, an electrode active material combination layer formed on one or both sides of the electrode current collector, and a polyurethane-based coating layer formed on the electrode active material combination layer, and a lithium secondary battery including the same.

Abstract: The invention relates to performance improvements in lead accumulators and lead-acid batteries by admixing so-called expanders or spreading materials to the active negative materials. Succinates are proposed as a new synthetic and consequently chemically clearly defined spreading means that can be used in place of lignin sulphonates, particularly iminodisuccinates or succinyl groups or oligomers containing iminosuccinyl groups or polymer compounds, individually or in any mixtures.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode for secondary batteries including an electrode mixture including an electrode active material, binder and conductive material coated on a current collector wherein a conductive material is coated to a thickness of 1 to 80 ?m on the current collector and the electrode mixture is coated on a coating layer of the conductive material so as to improve electrical conductivity.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided an electrode material. The electrode material includes an active material which includes a titanium oxide compound having a monoclinic titanium dioxide crystal structure. The electrode material further includes a compound which exists on the surface of the active material and has a trialkylsilyl group represented by the formula (I). wherein R1, R2 and R3, which may be the same or different, respectively represent an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: In the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery provided by the present invention, at or near the positive electrode constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, overcharge-reactive multimers including dimers to higher-order multimers formed by polymerization of an overcharge-reactive compound are present in a larger amount by mole than the overcharge-reactive compound remaining unpolymerized.

Abstract: An anode of a lithium battery includes a composite film, the composite film includes a carbon nanotube film structure and a plurality of nanoscale tin oxide particles dispersed therein. A lithium battery includes at least a cathode, an electrolyte, and the anode mentioned above. A charge/discharge capacity of the lithium battery using the anode can be improved.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a negative electrode active material for nonaqueous secondary batteries, which prevents increase in negative electrode resistance and improves initial charge/discharge efficiency and the effect of preventing gas generation and which is excellent in cycle characteristics. The present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for nonaqueous secondary batteries, which comprises an active material (A) capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and an organic compound (B), wherein the organic compound (B) has a basic group and a lithium ion-coordinating group, and has a specific structure (S).

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a negative electrode active material for nonaqueous secondary batteries, which is useful in production of nonaqueous secondary batteries that have low initial irreversible capacity and little gas generation due to decomposition of nonaqueous electrolytic solution, and have excellent charge/discharge cycle stability. The present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for nonaqueous secondary batteries, which comprises an active material (A) capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and an organic compound (B), wherein the organic compound (B) is hardly soluble in a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, has a ?-conjugated structure, and has an electric conductivity at 25° C. of 0.1 S/cm or less.

Abstract: In a lithium ion battery, one or more chelating agents may be attached to a microporous polymer separator for placement between a negative electrode and a positive electrode or to a polymer binder material used to construct the negative electrode, the positive electrode, or both. The chelating agents may comprise, for example, at least one of a crown ether, a crown ether, a podand, a lariat ether, a calixarene, a calixcrown, or mixtures thereof. The chelating agents can help improve the useful life of the lithium ion battery by complexing with unwanted metal cations that may become present in the battery's electrolyte solution while, at the same time, not significantly interfering with the movement of lithium ions between the negative and positive electrodes.

Abstract: A surface-enabled, metal ion-exchanging battery device comprising a cathode, an anode, a porous separator, and a metal ion-containing electrolyte, wherein the metal ion is selected from (A) non-Li alkali metals; (B) alkaline-earth metals; (C) transition metals; (D) other metals such as aluminum (Al); or (E) a combination thereof; and wherein at least one of the electrodes contains therein a metal ion source prior to the first charge or discharge cycle of the device and at least the cathode comprises a functional material or nano-structured material having a metal ion-capturing functional group or metal ion-storing surface in direct contact with said electrolyte, and wherein the operation of the battery device does not involve the introduction of oxygen from outside the device and does not involve the formation of a metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal selenide, metal telluride, metal hydroxide, or metal-halogen compound.

Abstract: A predoping material is used for an alkali metal ion electric storage device and is represented by Formula (1): R?SM)n??(I) where M represents lithium or sodium; n represents an integer of 2 to 6; and R represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon, optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, or optionally substituted heterocycle having 1 to 10 carbon atoms).