Abstract: Disclosed is a lithium secondary battery, which is low in capacity loss after overdischarge, having excellent capacity restorability after overdischarge and shows an effect of preventing a battery from swelling at a high temperature.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lithium ion battery that exhibits a significantly improved specific capacity and much longer charge-discharge cycle life. In one preferred embodiment, the battery comprises an anode active material that has been prelithiated and pre-pulverized. This anode may be prepared with a method that comprises (a) providing an anode active material (preferably in the form of fine powder or thin film); (b) intercalating or absorbing a desired amount of lithium into the anode active material to produce a prelithiated anode active material; (c) comminuting the prelithiated anode active material into fine particles with an average size less than 10 ?m (preferably <1 ?m and most preferably <200 nm); and (d) combining multiple fine particles of the prelithiated anode active material with a conductive additive and/or a binder material to form the anode. Preferably, the prelithiated particles are protected by a lithium ion-conducting matrix or coating material.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a positive electrode capable of reversibly absorbing and desorbing lithium, a negative electrode including an alloy material as an active material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the alloy material includes a phase (phase A) containing at least Si and a phase (phase B) containing an intermetallic compound composed of Si and at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ni and Cu, and the alloy material contains 0.0006 to 1.0 wt % of Fe in a metallic state.

Abstract: An electrochemical energy source, comprising: a substrate, and at least one stack deposited onto said substrate, the stack comprising: an anode, a cathode, and an intermediate electrolyte separating said anode and said cathode; and at least one electron-conductive barrier layer being deposited between the substrate and the anode, which barrier layer is adapted to at least substantially preclude diffusion of active species of the stack into said substrate.

Abstract: Provided are an electrode assembly and a secondary battery having the same. The electrode assembly includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material layer, and a separator for separating the positive and negative electrodes from each other. The negative electrode active material layer includes a metal capable of alloying with lithium or lithium vanadium oxide (LiV3O5), the separator includes a porous layer formed by combining a ceramic material with a binder, and the content of the binder is from about 5 to about 15 wt % with respect to 100 wt % of the porous layer.

Abstract: This invention provides a nanocomposite-based lithium battery electrode comprising: (a) A porous aggregate of electrically conductive nano-filaments that are substantially interconnected, intersected, physically contacted, or chemically bonded to form a three-dimensional network of electron-conducting paths, wherein the nano-filaments have a diameter or thickness less than 1 ?m (preferably less than 500 nm); and (b) Sub-micron or nanometer-scale electro-active particles that are bonded to a surface of the nano-filaments with a conductive binder material, wherein the particles comprise an electro-active material capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium ions and wherein the electro-active material content is no less than 25% by weight based on the total weight of the particles, the binder material, and the filaments. Preferably, these electro-active particles are coated with a thin carbon layer. This electrode can be an anode or a cathode.

Abstract: A safe and economical electrochemically active material useful in rechargeable battery cell electrode compositions comprises a nanostructure amalgam of a transition metal fluoride and carbon. The nanoamalgam may be prepared by subjecting a precursor mixture of a transition metal fluoride, such as FeF3, and carbon to extreme, high energy impact comminution milling which results in the conversion of the mixture to a unique and distinct nanostructure material. When incorporated as active electrode material in lithium battery cell fabrications, the nanoamalgam enables the attainment of stable specific discharge capacities in the range of 250 to 500 mAh/g.

Abstract: Positive active material pastes for flooded deep discharge lead-acid batteries, methods of making the same and lead-acid batteries including the same are provided. The positive active material paste includes lead oxide, a sulfate additive, and an aqueous acid. The positive active material paste contains from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt % of the sulfate additive. Batteries using such positive active material pastes exhibit greatly improved performance over batteries with conventional positive active material pastes.

Abstract: This invention provides a hybrid nano-filament composition for use as a cathode active material. The composition comprises (a) an aggregate of nanometer-scaled, electrically conductive filaments that are substantially interconnected, intersected, or percolated to form a porous, electrically conductive filament network, wherein the filaments have a length and a diameter or thickness with the diameter or thickness being less than 500 nm; and (b) micron- or nanometer-scaled coating that is deposited on a surface of the filaments, wherein the coating comprises a cathode active material capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium ions and the coating has a thickness less than 10 ?m, preferably less than 1 ?m and more preferably less than 500 nm. Also provided is a lithium metal battery or lithium ion battery that comprises such a cathode. Preferably, the battery includes an anode that is manufactured according to a similar hybrid nano filament approach.

Abstract: This invention provides a hybrid nano-filament composition for use as an electrochemical cell electrode. The composition comprises: (a) an aggregate of nanometer-scaled, electrically conductive filaments that are substantially interconnected, intersected, or percolated to form a porous, electrically conductive filament network comprising substantially interconnected pores, wherein the filaments have an elongate dimension and a first transverse dimension with the first transverse dimension being less than 500 nm (preferably less than 100 nm) and an aspect ratio of the elongate dimension to the first transverse dimension greater than 10; and (b) micron- or nanometer-scaled coating that is deposited on a surface of the filaments, wherein the coating comprises an anode active material capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium ions and the coating has a thickness less than 20 ?m (preferably less than 1 ?m). Also provided is a lithium ion battery comprising such an electrode as an anode.

Abstract: An electrode material for an anode of a rechargeable lithium battery, containing a particulate comprising an amorphous Sn.A.X alloy with a substantially non-stoichiometric ratio composition. For said formula Sn.A.X , A indicates at least one kind of an element selected from a group consisting of transition metal elements, X indicates at least one kind of an element selected from a group consisting of O, F, N, Mg, Ba, Sr, Ca, La, Ce, Si, Ge, C, P, B, Pb, Bi, Sb, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Zn, Be, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, As, Se, Te, Li and S, where the element X is not always necessary to be contained. The content of the constituent element Sn of the amorphous Sn.A.X alloy is Sn/(Sn+A+X)=20 to 80 atomic %.

Abstract: The invention provides an anode capable of relaxing stress due to expansion and shrinkage of an anode active material layer associated with charge and discharge, or an anode capable of reducing structural destruction of the anode active material layer and reactivity between the anode active material layer and an electrolyte associated with charge and discharge, and a battery using it. The anode active material layer contains an element capable of forming an alloy with Li, for example, at least one from the group consisting of simple substances, alloys, and compounds of Si or Ge. An interlayer containing a material having superelasticity or shape-memory effect is provided between an anode current collector and the anode active material layer. Otherwise, the anode current collector is made of the material having superelasticity or shape-memory effect. Otherwise, a thin film layer containing the material having superelasticity or shape-memory effect is formed on the anode active material layer.

Abstract: Zinc alloy for use in an alkaline battery, the alloy including aluminium, bismuth, indium, magnesium, strontium and optionally lead, besides the unavoidable impurities in the aforementioned metals. The alloy can be made by adding pre-alloys of some of the alloying elements or of zinc. The alloy proves useful in reducing the hydrogen gas evolution of the battery.

Abstract: Provided are a porous anode active material, a method of preparing the same, and an anode and a lithium battery employing the same. The porous anode active material includes fine particles of metallic substance capable of forming a lithium alloy; a crystalline carboneous substance; and a porous carboneous material coating and attaching to the fine particles of metallic substance and the crystalline carboneous substance, the porous anode active material having pores exhibiting a bimodal size distribution with two pore diameter peaks as measured by a Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution from a nitrogen adsorption. The porous anode active material has the pores having a bimodal size distribution, and thus may efficiently remove a stress occurring due to a difference of expansion between a carboneous material and a metallic active material during charging and discharging.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode for a secondary battery which has large capacity and restrains a rise in resistance inside the battery and reduction in capacity even after cycles and the secondary battery using the same. A first active material layer 2a comprising members occluding and releasing Li onto a collector 1a is formed and a second active material layer 3a as an alloy layer containing metal forming alloy with lithium or lithium and metal not-forming alloy with lithium is formed thereon. The secondary battery is constituted using the negative electrode.

Abstract: Hydrogen storage alloy has: (1) a main composition expressed by the formula of Mm-(Ni—Al—Co—Mn—Mo); (2) a ratio of the number of atoms expressed by the formula of (Ni—Al—Co—Mn—Mo) is 5.7<(Ni+Al+Co+Mn+Mo)?8, and 3.5?Ni, when Mm is set at 1 in a ratio of the number of atoms; and (3) an internal structure having hydrogen storage alloy phase expressed by the general formula of AB5, and a second phase existing in the hydrogen storage alloy phase.

Abstract: An electrode material for an anode of a rechargeable lithium battery, containing a particulate comprising an amorphous Sn.A.X alloy with a substantially non-stoichiometric ratio composition. For said formula Sn.A.X, A indicates at least one kind of an element selected from a group consisting of transition metal elements, X indicates at least one kind of an element selected from a group consisting of O, F, N, Mg, Ba, Sr, Ca, La, Ce, Si, Ge, C, P, B, Pb, Bi, Sb, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Zn, Be, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, As, Se, Te, Li and S, where the element X is not always necessary to be contained. The content of the constituent element Sn of the amorphous Sn.A.X alloy is Sn/(Sn+A+X)=20 to 80 atomic %.

Abstract: An electrode material for an anode of a rechargeable lithium battery, containing a particulate comprising an amorphous Sn.A.X alloy with a substantially non-stoichiometric ratio composition. For said formula Sn.A.X, A indicates at least one kind of an element selected from a group consisting of transition metal elements, X indicates at least one kind of an element selected from a group consisting of O, F, N, Mg, Ba, Sr, Ca, La, Ce, Si, Ge, C, P, B, Pb, Bi, Sb, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Zn, Be, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, As, Se, Te, Li and S, where the element X is not always necessary to be contained. The content of the constituent element Sn of the amorphous Sn.A.X alloy is Sn/(Sn+A+X)=20 to 80 atomic %.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a method of manufacturing a ferroelectric capacitor using a ferroelectric thin film, includes steps of: forming a lower conductive layer on a semiconductor substrate; coating solution of ferroelectric coking including organic solvent and organometallic complex on the lower conductive layer; performing a heating process for coated solution at temperature, to decompose said organometallic complex in solution of ferroelectric coking, or more and ferroelectric crystallization temperature or below to form said metal compound thin film; forming an upper conductive layer on said metal compound thin film; and performing a heating process for said metal compound thin film at ferroelectric crystallization temperature or more to form said ferroelectric thin film.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrode material for a rechargeable lithium battery, comprising the steps of mixing a metal compound (a) of a metal (a′) capable of being electrochemically alloyed with lithium, a transition metal compound (b) of a transition metal (b′) and a complexing agent (c) with a solvent (d) to obtain a mixed solution, mixing a reducing agent (e) with said mixed solution to obtain a mixture, and oxidizing said reducing agent in said mixture to reduce ion of said metal (a′) and ion of said transition metal (b′) to obtain an amorphous alloy material capable of being electrochemically alloyed with lithium as said electrode material. An electrode structural body in which said electrode material is used, and a rechargeable lithium battery in which said electrode material is used.

Abstract: Electrochemical and thermal hydrogen storage alloy compositions that provide superior performance, including an electrochemical hydrogen storage alloy that provides superior low temperature discharge characteristics. The alloy compositions include microstructures in the interface region that are highly porous and that include catalytic metallic particles. The microstructures include a large volume fraction of voids having spherical or channel-like shapes and are sufficiently open structurally to facilitate greater mobility of reactive species within the microstructure and in the vicinity of catalytic metallic particles. Greater accessibility to reactive sites accordingly results. The greater mobility of reactive species and/or the greater density of catalytic particles lead to faster kinetics and improved performance (e.g. higher power), especially at low operating temperatures.

Abstract: A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, a method for making the negative active material, and a rechargeable lithium battery including a carbonaceous material, which is capable of reversibly intercalating and deintercalating lithium, and particles of a metal or a metal compound or mixtures thereof, distributed in the carbonaceous material, the metal or the metal compound being capable of forming an alloy with lithium during electrochemical charging and discharging.

Abstract: A process for enhancing chemical stability and corrosion resistance is described for perforated current collectors made by continuous production processes for use in electrochemical cells, including storage batteries such as lead-acid batteries. The process relies on utilizing a strip processing method, selected from the group of reciprocating expansion, rotary expansion and punching, to perforate the solid metal strip to form a grid or mesh, as a deformation treatment. The perforation-deformation treatment is followed in rapid succession by a heat-treatment to obtain a recrystallized microstructure in the current collector and optionally by quenching to rapidly reduce the temperature to below approximately 80° C. The process yields an improved microstructure consisting of a high frequency of special low &Sgr; CSL grain boundaries (>50%), exhibiting significantly improved resistance to intergranular corrosion and cracking.

Abstract: A method of producing lead alloy strip for fabrication of positive and negative electrodes of a lead-acid battery by extruding a lead alloy at elevated temperature to produce a lead alloy strip having a desired profile and rapidly cooling the extruded strip to acquire a desired microstructure. Battery grids produced from the lead alloy strip have reduced vertical growth and enhanced resistance to corrosion.

Abstract: Provided for herein is a method of making an expanded metal grid, comprising: compression rolling a metal strip at a reduction ratio from about 1.25 to 1, to about 25 to 1 to produce a rolled strip, heating the rolled strip at a temperature of at least about 125° C., and at most about 325° C. for at least about 30 seconds, to produce a heat treated metal strip having an equiaxial grain structure within; and expanding the heat treated metal strip to produce the expanded metal grid.

Abstract: An electrode composition that includes a plurality of composite particles and a plurality of electrically conductive diluent particles admixed with the composite particles. Each of the composite particles includes an electrochemically active metal particle and an electrically conductive layer partially covering the particle. In one aspect, the layer is present in an amount no greater than about 75 wt. % of the composite, while in another aspect the layer is present in an amount no greater than about 75 vol. % of the composite. Also featured are lithium ion batteries featuring electrodes made from these compositions.

Abstract: In the manufacture of lead acid battery electrodes, the oxidation of lead, particularly recycled lead containing silver, is enhanced by addition of magnesium to the lead. During the production of the lead acid battery, at least about 0.001 weight percent of magnesium is formed into an alloy with lead. The resulting alloy is then subjected to oxidizing conditions. The alloy may further contain silver.

Abstract: Reticulated vitrified carbon compositions which contain particles of Cu, Sn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, or alloys or mixtures thereof dispersed therein and reticulated vitreous carbon compositions wherein some or all of said metal or alloy particles have been converted into salts or mixtures of salts thereof. Processes for the preparation of such compositions.

Abstract: An encapsulated electrode assembly which retains a highly reactive material to enhance reaction efficiency within a liquid electrolyte battery cell. The electrode assembly comprises a structural member of a first active material formed into a chamber within which is retained a highly reactive non-structural second active material that preferably comprises a particulated form of reactive material which provides increased electrochemical reaction per unit area in relation to the first reactive material. By way of example, when the invention is practiced within a lead-acid battery, the electrode pouch preferably comprises a reactive structural lead alloy, and the highly reactive material comprises lead containing compounds that support charge generation within the battery. The encapsulated electrode may additionally incorporate grids within, and in contact with, the chamber to further reduce current density within the electrode.

Abstract: An alkaline battery has a cathode including a hydrogen absorbing material and an anode including zinc free of lead, mercury, or cadmium.

Abstract: In a lead-acid battery, a positive active material includes tin in an amount of from not less than 0.2% to not more than 5% based on the weight thereof. The density of the positive active material after formation is from not less than 3.75 g/cc to not more than 5.0 g/cc. When the lead-acid battery is produced by a battery container formation, a time required between the injection of an electrolyte and the beginning of battery container formation is from not less than 0.1 hours to not more than 3 hours.

Abstract: A lead alloy for lead acid-battery grids which essentially consists of about 0.05-0.07 wt % calcium; about 0.09-1.3 wt % tin; about 0.006-0.010 % silver; about 0.0100-0.0170 wt % barium and about 0.015-0.025 wt % aluminum with the balance lead. This lead alloy allows the improvement of the age hardening step, by eliminating the high temperature treatment process required for silver alloys in the manufacturing of lead-acid batteries. By using this lead alloy, a longer service life of the lead-acid batteries are also obtained by increasing the corrosion resistance and the mechanical strength of battery grids manufactured by the book molding process. Additionally, the reduced silver level used dramatically mitigates the problem of silver elimination from the stream of recycled lead in the secondary production of this metal.

Abstract: Light weight, low resistance electrode plates for lead-acid batteries are formed from a highly conductive non-lead substrate such as aluminum or copper, coated with a continuous layer of a corrosive resistant conductive materials, such as lead, applied from a fused salt bath.

Abstract: An Mg-based alloy negative electrode active material used as a hydrogen storage alloy electrode of an alkali secondary battery includes an amorphous alloy containing Ni, Mg, Zn, and Zr and capable of electrochemically occluding and releasing hydrogen.

Abstract: This invention concerns a method of increasing the available amount of acid at PAM and NAM in lead battery electrodes and still retain a short distance between the electrode surfaces. With mechanical support of PAM (for example in tubular batteries) in spite of low PAM densities it is possible to almost completely prevent the formation of mud. Spaces for acid should therefore be mechanically strong and supporting in order to retain unchanged PAM volume. In order to prevent that the porous bodies are filled with lead powder, lead sulphate or other components during manufacture, they may be impregnated with a filler material such as for example plastic or wax which is removed after forming the electrodes or after any other suitable process. The filler material may also be an inorganic salt which dissolves only at filling with acid leaving a desired porosity.

Abstract: This invention provides new compositions, methods for making these compositions, and methods of using the compositions in a variety of energy-related applications. These compositions are useful as electrode materials in devices such as batteries, capacitors, fuel cells and similar devices as also in the direct production of hydrogen and oxygen gas. The new compositions of the present invention comprise: (A) one or more of the transition metal elements; optionally (B) aluminum; optionally (C) one or more of the group 1A alkali metal elements; (D) one or more elements and/or compounds having high mobility values for electrons; and (E) a source of ionizing radiation. Thus, components A, D and E are required ingredients of the present invention, and components B and C are both optional. Components B and C may be used independently alone, together, or not at all.

Abstract: Recrystallized lead and lead alloy positive electrodes for lead acid batteries having an increased percentage of special grain boundaries in the microstructure, preferably to at least 50%, which have been provided by a process comprising steps of working or straining the lead or lead alloy, and subsequently annealing the lead or lead alloy. Either a single cycle of working and annealing can be provided, or a plurality of such cycles can be provided. The amount of cold work or strain, the recrystallization time and temperature, and the number of repetitions of such steps are selected to ensure that a substantial increase in the population of special grain boundaries is provided in the microstructure, to improve resistance to creep, intergranular corrosion and intergranular cracking of the electrodes during battery service, and result in extended battery life and the opportunity to reduce the size and weight of the battery.

Abstract: A lightweight, high-energy electrode plate for a lead acid battery, and method for making an electrode plate, comprising a highly conductive non-lead substrate having a specific gravity no greater than 70% that of lead, a pair of outer layers of thin sheets of imperforate conductive foil that is corrosive resistant to the electrolyte acids of the battery and that are welded together to encapsulate the non-lead substrate.

Abstract: An expandable, flexible connection between a battery cell case cover and a terminal is provided which compensates for expansions of plates or grids of one polarity connected to that terminal. The expandable design encompasses a flexible battery case which facilitates movement of the battery terminal without compromising the scal between the case and the terminal. Preferably, a tubular thermoplastic sleeve is formed integrally with the case cover and extends into an opening between the cover and a terminal bushing which supports battery plates of one polarity. An annular flexible thermoplastic connector connects the sleeve to the case or to the bushing, with the connector being thinner than the case cover to afford more flexibility than the case cover.

Abstract: Positive electrode and special lead accumulator for use at high temperatures, which is provided with a holder based on a special lead alloy with improved behavior against corrosion, The alloy comprises from 1 to 5% of antimony, from 0.5 to 3% of tin, from 0.05 to 0.50% of arsenic, from 0 to 0.05% of copper and from 0 to 0.02% of bismuth.

Abstract: The performance of alkaline cells comprising a zinc anode and manganese dioxide cathode can be improved, especially in high power application, by the addition of electrically conductive powders such as tin, copper, silver, magnesium, indium or bismuth to the anode mixture. The conductive powders are in physical mixture with the zinc particles. A preferred electrically conductive powder is tin powder. The alkaline cell to which the conductive powders are added preferably contain no added mercury and preferably are also essentially free of lead.

Abstract: In a lead-acid battery, a positive active material includes tin in an amount of from not less than 0.2% to not more than 5% based on the weight thereof. The density of the positive active material after formation is from not less than 3.75 g/cc to not more than 5.0 g/cc. When the lead-acid battery is produced by a battery container formation, a time required between the injection of an electrolyte and the beginning of battery container formation is from not less than 0.1 hours to not more than 3 hours.

Abstract: The present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having an anode active material with a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics. The active material comprises a salt of a metal or a semi-metal and a compound selected from the group consisting of oxo-acids, thiocyanic acid, cyanogen, and cyanic acid, wherein each said oxo-acid comprises an element selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, boron, phosphorus, selenium, tellurium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, manganese, and vanadium, salts of said oxo-acids of phosphorus and boron being restricted to hydrogenphosphates and hydrogenborates.

Abstract: Lead and lead-alloy anodes for electrowinning metals such as zinc, copper, lead, tin, nickel and manganese from sulfuric acid solutions, whereby the electrodes are processed by a repetitive sequence of cold deformation and recrystallization heat treatment, within specified limits of deformation, temperature and annealing time, to achieve an improved microstructure consisting of a high frequency of special low .SIGMA. CSL grain boundaries (i.e.>50%). The resultant electrodes possess significantly improved resistance to intergranular corrosion, and yield (1) extended service life, (2) the potential for reduction in electrode thickness with a commensurate increase in the number of electrodes per electrowinning cell, and (3) the opportunity to extract higher purity metal product.

Abstract: A slit is formed in a clad sheet integrating a thin layer of lead alloy containing at least one of tin and antimony at least on one side ot a parent material made of lead or lead-calcium system alloy. The clad sheet is processed by expanding to twist the rib of the formed grid, and the thin layer of the lead alloy containing at least one of tin and antimony is spirally oriented in multiple directions, as the positive electrode plate. An expanded grid is thus formed. In this manner charging reception characteristics after long-term storage following deep discharge at high temperature ot a lead-acid battery are improved.

Abstract: By using a thin film-formed positive electrode, and negative electrode and a film separator, the capacity density of the electrode plate can be improved and at the same time a nickel-hydrogen secondary battery with a higher capacity can be easily obtained; as a result a nickel-hydrogen secondary battery with a higher capacity density can be provided.

Abstract: A transparent electrically conductive layer having practically sufficient electrical conductivity and light transmittance and having excellent resistance to moist heat and etching properties, and an electrically conductive transparent substrate utilizing the transparent electrically conductive layer, the transparent electrically conductive layer being formed of a substantially amorphous oxide containing indium (In) and zinc (Zn) as main cation components or a substantially amorphous oxide containing indium (In), zinc (Zn) and at least one other third element having a valence of at least 3, in which the atomic ratio of In, In/(In+Zn), is 0.50 to 0.90 or the atomic ratio of the total amount of the third element(s), (total third element)/(In+Zn+total third element(s)), when at least one other third element is contained, is 0.2 or less.

Abstract: The use of a continuous process for making a directly cast strip to provide a thickness satisfactory for industrial cells and batteries for stationary and motive power applications is disclosed, the thickness of the strip being at least 0.060 inch, and the process providing a visually crack-free surface in the transverse direction of the directly cast strip, the strip being lead or a lead-based alloy, such as, for example, calcium-tin-silver.

Abstract: A battery grid plate composition comprising by percent weight:______________________________________ Calcium .035-.085 Tin 1.2-1.55 Silver .002-.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a hardened lead storage battery electrode wherein fine, particulate solids, that are insoluble in lead, are incorporated into a lead matrix. The method includes the steps of incorporating solids, dissolved or suspended in an electrolyte, into a lead matrix such that shaping simultaneously occurs during the deposition of lead due to a suitable fashioning of a plurality of electrically conductive surface regions; vigorously agitating the electrolyte by introducing air through an apertured plate in the bottom of an electrolyte vessel providing an electro-chemical cell including a cathode and a Cu/Ta/Pt anode and an electrolyte solution including HBF.sub.4 and an electrolyte selected from PbO, Pb(OH).sub.2 and PbCO.sub.3 or including a graphite anode and an electrolyte solution of Fe(BF.sub.4).sub.2 and Fe(BF.sub.4).sub.3. The electrolyte is prepared from a raw material selected from lead, waste material containing lead and desulfured lead storage battery electrolyte paste.