Abstract: Compositions and methods of making are provided for a high energy density aluminum battery. The battery comprises an anode comprising aluminum metal. The battery further comprises a cathode comprising a material capable of intercalating aluminum ions during a discharge cycle and deintercalating the aluminum ions during a charge cycle. The battery further comprises an electrolyte capable of supporting reversible deposition and stripping of aluminum at the anode, and reversible intercalation and deintercalation of aluminum at the cathode.

Abstract: A metal-air battery has an anode in which the electrochemically active material is molybdenum. The molybdenum may be in the form of a bulk body of material or it may comprise a particulate material dispersed with or in another material. In some instances, the molybdenum may comprise a member of an alloy or mixture. Also disclosed is a modular battery system which may include the molybdenum-based anode material.

Abstract: A compound comprising a composition Ax(M?1-aM?a)y(XD4)z, Ax(M?1-aM?a)y(DXD4)z, or Ax(M?1-aM?a)y(X2D7)z, and have values such that x, plus y(1?a) times a formal valence or valences of M?, plus ya times a formal valence or valence of M?, is equal to z times a formal valence of the XD4, X2D7, or DXD4 group; or a compound comprising a composition (A1-aM?a)xM?y(XD4)z, (A1-aM?a)xM?y(DXD4)z (A1-aM?a)xM?y(X2D7)z and have values such that (1?a)x plus the quantity ax times the formal valence or valences of M? plus y times the formal valence or valences of M? is equal to z times the formal valence of the XD4, X2D7 or DXD4 group. In the compound, A is at least one of an alkali metal and hydrogen, M? is a first-row transition metal, X is at least one of phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, molybdenum, and tungsten, M? any of a Group IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, VIIIA, IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, and VIB metal, D is at least one of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, or a halogen, 0.0001<a?0.1, and x, y, and z are greater than zero.

Abstract: A cathode active material composition of a cathode of a lithium battery includes a conducting agent, a binder, and a cathode active material coated on one surface of a current collector, wherein the cathode active material composition is coated with a vanadium oxide.

Abstract: Described are cathode materials for lithium batteries. Better cathode materials may be produced by mixing at least two compounds and a binder additive. The first compound includes one or more salts of lithium metal phosphorous while the second compound includes one or more lithium transition metal oxides. In other instances, a conductive additive may also be incorporated. The cathode materials so produced exhibit enhanced electrical properties and thermal stability.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided an active material including a titanium oxide compound having a monoclinic titanium dioxide crystal structure and satisfying the equation (I). S1/(S2+S3)?1.9??(I). In the above equation, S1 is the peak area of a peak existing in a wavelength range from 1430 cm?1 to 1460 cm?1, S2 is the peak area of a peak existing in a wavelength range from 1470 cm?1 to 1500 cm?1, and S3 is the peak area of a peak existing in a wavelength range from 1520 cm?1 to 1560 cm?1, in the infrared diffusion reflective spectrum of the active material after pyridine is absorbed and then released.

Abstract: The present invention relates to negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery comprising: a core comprising material capable of doping and dedoping lithium; and, a carbon layer formed on the surface of the core, wherein the carbon layer has a three dimensional porous structure comprising nanopores regularly ordered on the carbon layer with a pore wall of specific thickness placed therebetween.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrodes for a lithium secondary battery with a high energy density and a secondary battery with a high energy density using the same. A negative electrode includes a material which can be alloyed with lithium alloy. A positive electrode is made of a transition metal oxide which can reversibly intercalate or deintercalate lithium. Here, the entire reversible lithium storage capacity of the positive electrode is greater than the capacity of lithium dischargeable from the positive electrode.

Abstract: Provided are battery electrode structures that maintain high mass loadings (i.e., large amounts per unit area) of high capacity active materials in the electrodes without deteriorating their cycling performance. These mass loading levels correspond to capacities per electrode unit area that are suitable for commercial electrodes even though the active materials are kept thin and generally below their fracture limits. A battery electrode structure may include multiple template layers. An initial template layer may include nanostructures attached to a substrate and have a controlled density. This initial layer may be formed using a controlled thickness source material layer provided, for example, on a substantially inert substrate. Additional one or more template layers are then formed over the initial layer resulting in a multilayer template structure with specific characteristics, such as a surface area, thickness, and porosity.

Abstract: Lithium ion battery positive electrode material are described that comprise an active composition comprising lithium metal oxide coated with an inorganic coating composition wherein the coating composition comprises a metal chloride, metal bromide, metal iodide, or combinations thereof. Desirable performance is observed for these coated materials. In particular, the non-fluoride metal halide coatings are useful for stabilizing lithium rich metal oxides.

Abstract: The disclosure describes compositions and methods for producing a change in the voltage at which hydrogen gas is produced in a lead acid battery. The compositions and methods relate to producing a concentration of one or more metal ions in the lead acid battery electrolyte. The compositions include glass based compositions that are included as part of various battery components, such as the battery separator, pasting paper, additives to battery paste, etc.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a negative electrode active material for nonaqueous electrolyte battery includes a titanium oxide compound having a crystal structure of monoclinic titanium dioxide. When a monoclinic titanium dioxide is used as the active material, the effective capacity is significantly lower than the theoretical capacity though the theoretical capacity was about 330 mAh/g. The invention comprises a titanium oxide compound which has a crystal structure of monoclinic titanium dioxide and a (001) plane spacing of 6.22 ? or more in the powder X-ray diffraction method using a Cu-K? radiation source, thereby making an attempt to improve effective capacity.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material contains a metal-displaced lithium-titanium oxide of a ramsdellite structure expressed by the formula Li(16/7)-xTi(24/7)-yMyO8 (where M is at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Ta, Mo, and W, and x and y are respectively numbers in the range of 0<x<16/7 and 0<y<24/7).

Abstract: A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a compound represented by the following Formula 1: Li1+xTi1?x?yMyO2+z??(1) wherein, in the above Formula 1, 0.01?x?0.5, 0?y?0.3, ?0.2?z?0.2, and M is an element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Ag, Sn, Ge, Si, Al, and combinations thereof. The negative active material has high capacity and excellent cycle-life characteristics, and particularly, can provide a rechargeable lithium battery having high capacity at high-rate charge and discharge.

Abstract: Secondary batteries for automobiles require good input/output characteristics and low internal resistance. Conventionally, the surface of an active material is coated with metal particles to reduce the internal resistance of a battery, but without achieving remarkable improvement in the conductivity of the active material or decreasing the internal resistance of the battery since an oxide film is formed on the metal particle surfaces. The present electrode material is produced by mixing and dispersing an active material and a metal source compound, then depositing metal particles on the surface of the active material by thermal decomposition, vapor phase reduction, liquid phase reduction or a chemical reaction combining any of these. Since an oxide film is not formed on the metal particles, an electrode material having high conductivity is obtained. The electrode material decreases the internal resistance of a battery and improves the input/output characteristics of a battery.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprising a lithium anode, a cathode comprising a blank cut from a free-standing sheet of a silver vanadium oxide mixture contacted to a current collector. The active material has having a relatively lower surface area and an electrolyte activating the anode and the cathode is described. By optimizing the cathode active material surface area in a SVO-containing cell, the magnitude of the passivating film growth at the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and its relative impermeability to lithium ion diffusion is reduced. Therefore, by using a cathode of an active material in a range of from about 0.2 m2/gram to about 2.6 m2/gram, and preferably from about 1.6 m2/gram to about 2.4 m2/gram, it is possible to eliminate or significantly reduce undesirable irreversible Rdc growth and voltage delay in the cell and to extend its useful life in an implantable medical device.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte battery includes a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an electrolytic salt and a non-aqueous solvent, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode having a negative active material that intercalates/deintercalates lithium ions at a potential not lower than 1.2 V relative to the potential of lithium, wherein a film coat having a carbonate structure and a thickness of not less than 10 nm exists on the surface of the negative electrode. A non-aqueous electrolyte battery is operated in a region of potential of the negative electrode higher than 0.8 V relative to the potential of lithium.

Abstract: The invention describes the application of oxidation-resistant metal (preferably, stainless steel) 140 in a metal electrode 200 combination, as a support and current collector for a rechargeable oxide-ion battery cell where the metal electrode 200 consists of a bottom layer 120, and where the oxidation-resistant metal 140 has surfaces preferably coated with protective coating 160. The metal electrode 200 is integrated with oxide-ion conductive electrolyte 220 and air electrode 240 to yield an oxidation-resistant metal supported cell.

Abstract: An anode active material including a tin (Sn)-cobalt (Co) intermetallic compound, titanium (Ti), and carbon (C). The anode active material can include indium (In), niobium (Nb), germanium (Ge), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), phosphorus (P), gallium (Ga), bismuth (Bi), and/or silicon (Si). The anode active material can be included in an anode, and the anode can be included in lithium battery.

Abstract: An electrode composite material includes an individual electrode active material particle and a protective film coated on a surface of the particle. A composition of the protective film is at least one of AlxMyPO4 and AlxMy(PO3)3, M represents at least one chemical element selected from the group consisting of Cr, Zn, Mg, Zr, Mo, V, Nb, and Ta, and a valence of M is represented by k, wherein 0<x<1, 0<y<1, and 3x+ky=3.

Abstract: The disclosure relates a niobium oxide useful in anodes of secondary lithium ion batteries. Such niobium oxide has formula LixM1?yNbyNb2O7, wherein 0?x?3, 0?y?1, and M represents Ti or Zr. The niobium oxide may be in the form of particles, which may be carbon coated. The disclosure also relates to an electrode composition containing at least one or more niobium oxides of formula LixM1?yNbyNb2O7. The disclosure further relates to electrodes, such as anodes, and batteries containing at least one or more niobium oxides of formula LixM1?yNbyNb2O7. Furthermore, the disclosure relates to methods of forming the above.

Abstract: An electrode of a lithium ion battery includes a current collector, an electrode material layer disposed on a top surface of the current collector, and a protective film located on a top surface of the electrode material layer. A composition of the protective film is at least one of AlxMyPO4 and AlxMy(PO3)3, M represents at least one chemical element selected from the group consisting of Cr, Zn, Mg, Zr, Mo, V, Nb, and Ta, and a valence of M is represented by k, wherein 0<x<1, 0<y<1, and 3x+ky=3.

Abstract: To smoothly deliver a thermal energy required in an active site of a catalyst carried on a carrier. A method of manufacturing a catalyst carrier of the present invention includes the steps of: forming a mixed thin film in which at least metal and ceramics are mixed on a metal base, by spraying aerosol, with metal powders and ceramic powders mixed therein, on the metal base; and making the mixed thin film porous, by dissolving the metal of the mixed thin film into acid or alkaline solution to remove this metal.

Abstract: A negative electrode of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises a current collector and a mixture comprising a negative electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder on the current collector. The negative electrode active material has the overall composition: MaSibPcBd; in which: 0<a<1, 0<b<1, 0<c<1, 0<d<1, and a+b+c+d=1; and M is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Tc, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ag, Cd, Au, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, and Re, and mixtures thereof. A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises a positive electrode, the negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes. A method for preparing the negative electrode comprises the steps of preparing a mixture comprising a negative electrode active material, a conductive material, a binder, and a solvent; coating the mixture on a current collector; and drying the mixture.

Abstract: A cathode, a method of preparing the same, and a lithium battery including the cathode. The cathode includes: a current collector; a first cathode active material layer disposed on the current collector; and a second cathode active material layer disposed on the first cathode active material layer, wherein the first cathode active material layer comprises a lithium transition metal oxide having a layered structure, and the second cathode active material layer comprises a lithium transition metal oxide having a spinel structure and an average working potential of 4.5 V or more.

Abstract: A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, a method of manufacturing the same, and a rechargeable lithium battery including the same. The negative active material includes secondary particles including assembled primary particles of a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, and has a specific surface area at 2 m2/g or 5 m2/g or between 2 m2/g and 5 m2/g. Li4?x-yMyTi5+x-zM?zO12 ??[Chemical Formula 1] wherein, x is at 0 or 1 or between 0 and 1, y is at 0 or 1 or between 0 and 1, z is at 0 or 1 or between 0 and 1, M is La, Tb, Gd, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, or a combination thereof, and M? is V, Cr, Nb, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, W, Al, Ga, Cu, Mo, P, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to negative active materials for rechargeable lithium batteries, manufacturing methods thereof, and rechargeable lithium batteries including the negative active materials. A negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes a core including a material capable of carrying out reversible oxidation and reduction reactions and a coating layer formed on the core. The coating layer has a reticular structure.

Abstract: A positive electrode material is disclosed which contains an iron lithium phosphate as a positive electrode active material and has a large charge/discharge capacity, high-rate adaptability, and good charge/discharge cycle characteristics at the same time. Also disclosed are a simple method for producing such a positive electrode material and a high-performance secondary battery employing such a positive electrode material. Specifically, disclosed is a positive electrode material for secondary battery characterized by mainly containing a positive electrode active material represented by the general formula: LinFePO4 (wherein n is a number of 0-1) and further containing at least one different metal element selected from the group consisting of vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), indium (In) and tin (Sn). This positive electrode material can be produced using a halide of such a metal element as the raw material.

Abstract: The present invention includes three-dimensional secondary battery cells comprising an electrolyte, a cathode, an anode, and an auxiliary electrode. The cathode, the anode, and the auxiliary electrode have a surface in contact with the electrolyte. The anode and the cathode are electrolytically coupled. The auxiliary electrode is electrolytically coupled and electrically coupled to at least one of the anode or the cathode. Electrically coupled means directly or indirectly connected in series by wires, traces or other connecting elements. The average distance between the surface of the auxiliary electrode and the surface of the coupled cathode or the coupled anode is between about 1 micron and about 10,000 microns. The average distance means the average of the shortest path for ion transfer from every point on the coupled cathode or anode to the auxiliary electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing an anode for a lithium-ion battery, said anode comprising a current collector formed from a transition metal M in the form of a foam and an active material comprising a binary phosphide of said metal M, said active material corresponding to the formula MPx in which 1?x?4. The method consists in subjecting the metal M foam to the action of phosphorus vapor at a temperature between 300° C. and 600° C., the phosphorus being present in a proportion which differs by at most 10% from the stoichiometric proportion relative to the metal M. The invention also relates to an anode for a lithium-ion battery, and to a lithium-ion battery comprising such an anode.

Abstract: Disclosed are a negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery and a rechargeable lithium battery including the same. The negative active material may include a metal oxide in an amount of about 20 wt % or more, and has a specific surface area of about 500 m2/g or less. The negative active material may be fiber including carbon black in which a metal oxide is internally impregnated and combined. This fiber includes only carbon black and a metal oxide internally doped. The fiber may have nanofiber having an average diameter ranging from about 50 nm to about 900 nm. In another embodiment, the fiber may have an average diameter ranging from about 150 nm to about 900 nm. When the fiber has an average diameter within these ranges, a metal oxide nanoparticle is internally well-impregnated, accomplishing excellent performance.

Abstract: A battery anode comprised of metallic nanowire arrays is disclosed. In one embodiment the lithium battery uses Silicon nanowires or another element that alloy with Lithium or another element to produce high capacity lithium battery anodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a positive electrode active material that provides an improved capacity density. Specifically disclosed is a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery with a layered structure represented by Lix(NiyM1-y)Oz (wherein M represents at least one element selected from a group consisting of Mn, Co, Mg, Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, and Zr; x is in the range from 0.9 to 1.2; y is in the range from 0.3 to 0.95; and z is in the range from 1.8 to 2.4), wherein, when a value obtained by dividing an average of peak intensities observed between 1420 and 1450 cm?1 and between 1470 and 1500 cm?1 by the maximum intensity of a peak appearing between 520 and 620 cm?1 in an infrared absorption spectrum obtained by FT-IR is represented by A, A satisfies the following relational formula: 0.20y?0.05?A?0.53y?0.06.

Abstract: A rechargeable lithium battery including: a negative electrode comprising lithium-vanadium oxide having the following Formula 1 and being capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions, and a carbon-based material; a positive electrode comprising a positive active material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions; and an electrolyte comprising a monomer including alkylene oxide and a reactive double bond, a lithium salt, and a non-aqueous organic solvent. LixMyVzO2+d??Chemical Formula 1 In Formula 1, 0.1?x?2.5, 0?y?0.5, 0.5?z?1.5, 0?d?0.5, and M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Cr, Mo, Ti, W, and Zr.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided an active material for a battery. The active material comprises a monoclinic ?-type titanium composite oxide which contains fluorine.

Abstract: An anode composite material includes an anode active material particle having a surface and a continuous aluminum phosphate layer. The continuous aluminum phosphate layer is coated on the surface of the anode active material particle. The present disclosure also relates to a lithium ion battery that includes the cathode composite material.

Abstract: A process for preparing an at least partially lithiated transition metal oxyanion-based lithium-ion reversible electrode material, which includes providing a precursor of said lithium-ion reversible electrode material, heating said precursor, melting same at a temperature sufficient to produce a melt including an oxyanion containing liquid phase, cooling said melt under conditions to induce solidification thereof and obtain a solid electrode that is capable of reversible lithium ion deinsertion/insertion cycles for use in a lithium battery. Also, lithiated or partially lithiated oxyanion-based-lithium-ion reversible electrode materials obtained by the aforesaid process.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery includes a plurality of generally planar positive and negative electrodes arranged in alternating fashion to form an electrode stack. Each of the electrodes includes a current collector having two opposed surfaces and an active material provided on at least one of the two opposed surfaces. The active material of the negative electrodes has a potential that is greater than 0.2 volts versus a reference electrode. The area of the current collectors of the negative electrodes covered by active material is not larger than the area of the current collectors of the positive electrodes covered by active material.

Abstract: Primary and secondary Li-ion and lithium-metal based electrochemical cell systems. The suppression of gas generation is achieved through the addition of an additive or additives to the electrolyte system of respective cell, or to the cell itself whether it be a liquid, a solid- or plasticized polymer electrolyte system. The gas suppression additives are primarily based on unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of exfoliating a layered material (e.g., transition metal dichalcogenide) to produce nano-scaled platelets having a thickness smaller than 100 nm, typically smaller than 10 nm. The method comprises (a) dispersing particles of a non-graphite laminar compound in a liquid medium containing therein a surfactant or dispersing agent to obtain a stable suspension or slurry; and (b) exposing the suspension or slurry to ultrasonic waves at an energy level for a sufficient length of time to produce separated nano-scaled platelets. The nano-scaled platelets are candidate reinforcement fillers for polymer nanocomposites.

Abstract: Disclosed is a positive electrode and a lithium battery including the positive electrode. The positive electrode includes a current collector, a first layer irreversibly deintercalating lithium ions, and a second layer allowing reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions. In one embodiment, the first layer further comprises a first sublayer and a second sublayer, in which the first sublayer is interposed between the current collector and the second sublayer. The first sublayer comprises a first active material represented by Formula 1 Li2Mo1-nR1nO3, and the second sublayer comprises a second active material represented by Formula 2 Li2Ni1-mR2mO2. In Formula 1, 0?n?1; and R1 is selected from the group consisting of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), and combinations of at least two of the foregoing elements.

Abstract: A lithium mixed metal oxide, shown by the following formula (A): Lix(Mn1-y-z-dNiyFezMd)O2 (A) wherein M is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Ti, Ca, Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Mo, Si, Sn, Nb and V; x is 0.9 or more and 1.3 or less; y is 0.3 or more and 0.7 or less; z is more than 0 and 0.1 or less, and d is more than 0 and 0.1 or less. A positive electrode active material, including the lithium mixed metal oxide. A positive electrode, including the positive electrode active material. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, including the positive electrode.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material includes lithium-titanium composite oxide porous particles having an average pore size of 50 to 500 ?.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided an active material for a battery. The active material includes secondary particle which contains primary particles of a monoclinic ?-type titanium composite oxide having an average primary particle diameter of 1 nm to 10 ?m. The secondary particle has an average secondary particle diameter of 1 ?m to 100 ?m. The secondary particle has compression fracture strength of 20 MPa or more.

Abstract: An electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a sheet-like current collector and an active material layer including a first layer and a second layer which are adhering to a surface of the current collector in this order. The first layer includes a carbon material that absorbs or releases lithium ions reversibly at a first potential, while the second layer includes a transition metal oxide that absorbs or releases lithium ions reversibly at a second potential higher than the first potential. The difference between the first potential and the second potential is 0.1 V or more, and the ratio of the thickness T1 of the first layer to the thickness T2 of the second layer, i.e., the ratio T1/T2, is from 0.33 to 75.

Abstract: A thermal battery includes a plurality of unit cells. Each unit cell includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte disposed between the cathode and the anode. The electrolyte includes a salt molten at the thermal battery operating temperatures. The cathode includes a titanium-containing sulfide as an active material.

Abstract: The present invention has an object of providing a lithium secondary battery and an electrode for a lithium secondary battery having a superb cycle characteristic. The present invention relates to an electrode for a lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery including the electrode, the electrode including a current collector and an active substance structure provided on the current collector, wherein the active substance structure includes at least one first layer containing a first material for occluding and releasing lithium ions and at least one second layer containing a conductive second material which does not chemically react with lithium; the first layer and the second layer are alternately laminated; and the second layer has a Young's modulus larger than the Young's modulus of the first layer.

Abstract: An activated electrode for a non-aqueous electrochemical cell is disclosed with a precursor thereof a lithium metal oxide with the formula x{zLi2MnO3•(1-z)LiM?O2}.(1-x)LiMn2?yMyO4 for 0<x<1; 0?y?0.5; and 0<z<1, comprised of layered zLi2MnO3.(1-z)LiM?O2 and spinel LiMn2?yMyO4 components, physically mixed or blended with one another or separated from one another in a compartmentalized electrode, in which M is one or more metal ions, and in which M? is selected from one or more first-row transition metal ions, The electrode is activated by removing lithium and lithia, from the precursor. A cell and battery are also disclosed incorporating the disclosed positive electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed are a positive active material for a lithium rechargeable battery and a lithium rechargeable battery using the same, and the positive active material is represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, and has an effective magnetic moment of about 2.4 ?B/mol or greater at a temperature of more than or equal to a Curie temperature. Chemical Formula 1: LiMeO2. In Chemical Formula 1, Me is NixCOyMnzM?k, 0.45?x?0.65, 0.15?y?0.25, 0.15?z?0.35, 0.9?a?1.2, 0?k?0.1, x+y+z+k=1, and M? is Al, Mg, Ti, Zr, or a combination thereof. The positive active material may have an a-axis lattice constant of the positive active material of about 2.865 ? or greater, and may have a c-axis lattice constant of the positive active material of about 14.2069 ? or greater. A mole ratio of Li to Me of Chemical Formula 1 may range from about 0.9 to about 1.2.

Abstract: In various embodiments, exfoliated carbon nanotubes are described in the present disclosure. The carbon nanotubes maintain their exfoliated state, even when not dispersed in a medium such as a polymer or a liquid solution. Methods for making the exfoliated carbon nanotubes include suspending carbon nanotubes in a solution containing a nanocrystalline material, precipitating exfoliated carbon nanotubes from the solution and isolating the exfoliated carbon nanotubes. Nanocrystalline materials may include nanorods, hydroxyapatite and various hydroxyapatite derivatives. In some embodiments, methods for making exfoliated carbon nanotubes include preparing a solution of carbon nanotubes in an acid and filtering the solution through a filter to collect exfoliated carbon nanotubes on the filter. In some embodiments, a concentration of carbon nanotubes in the acid is below the percolation threshold.