Abstract: In accordance with various embodiments, there is a method for determining the state of charge of a battery. Various embodiments include the steps of determining the specific gravity of the battery and measuring an open circuit voltage of the battery at rest. The open circuit voltage at rest can be used to determine the battery state of charge from a correlation function dependent on the battery specific gravity.

Abstract: Gel electrolytes are described having at least one poly(ethyleneoxide) siloxane; at least one crosslinking agent; at least one monofunctional monomeric compound; at least one salt; and at least one radical reaction initiator. Methods for the preparation of the gel electrolytes and electrochemical cells prepared with the gel electrolytes are also described.

Abstract: This invention relates to a polysiloxane-based compound and a solid polymer electrolyte composition prepared using the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a polysiloxane-based polymer, which promotes easy cross-linking and also enables to control the level of cross-linking according to the concentration of an acryl group by introducing a polyalkyleneoxide group and an acryl group are introduced as side chains to the backbone of methylsiloxane polymer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a non-aqueous electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium battery including a polyether-modified silicon oil in which a polyether chain is bonded to a terminal end of a linear polysiloxane, a cyclic carbonate, and a lithium salt.

Abstract: The invention relates to a redox flow cell containing a polyhalide/halide redox couple in the positive half-cell electrolyte and a V(III)/V(II) redox couple in the negative half-cell electrolyte. The invention also relates to a method of producing electricity by discharging the fully charged or partially charged redox flow cell, and a method of charging the discharged or partially discharged redox flow cell.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte for stabilizing the active surface of a lithium anode and a lithium battery using the non-aqueous electrolyte are provided. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains an organic solvent and a halogenated organic metal salt of formula (1) below: where M is one of Si, Sn, Pb, and Ge; R1 is one of F, Cl, Br, and I; R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group; and R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group.

Abstract: An electrolyte with high ion conductivity, a process for producing the same and a battery using the same, and a compound for the electrolyte. The electrolyte is set between a negative electrode and a positive electrode. The electrolyte includes a first polymer compound, a second polymer compound and light metal salt. The first polymer compound has a three-dimensional network structure formed by bridging bridgeable compounds with the bridge groups, which contributes to the high mechanical intensity of the electrolyte. The second polymer compound has no bridge groups and dissolves light metal salt. Each of the first and the second polymer compounds has an ether bond. The first and the second polymer compounds form a semi-interpenetrating polymer network, and achieve higher ion conductivity than that of each polymer compound.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolytic solution comprising an electrolyte salt dissolved in an organic solvent is disclosed. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution contains a silicon compound represented by formula (I): wherein R1 represents an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; R2 and R3 each represent an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or a halogen atom; and X represents a halogen atom.

Abstract: A proton conductive membrane according to the invention includes layered clay mineral powder which is a cation exchanger or an anion exchanger, and a crosslinking structure including an —O—SO2—O— group which crosslinks particles of the layered clay mineral powder. The proton conductive membrane may be obtained by applying a modifying agent which contains one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid and metal sulfates, to the layered clay mineral powder, each particle of the layered clay mineral powder having an acid site on a surface thereof. Thus, a phosphoric acid-derived compound which crosslinks the particles of the layered clay mineral powder is replaced by the sulfuric acid which is a stronger acid, whereby the proton conducting ability of the proton conductive membrane can be improved.

Abstract: Gel-forming battery separators and methods for constructing them. Particles are embedded into pores of a porous support to form a composite. The chemical make-up of surfaces of the particles includes a silanol group. The composite, when contacted with an effective amount of liquid electrolyte, is capable of forming a gelled matrix that includes electrolyte residing within the porous support. Batteries and methods of forming batteries featuring gel-forming separators are also disclosed. No pre-mixing of siliceous material with electrolyte is required facilitating battery construction.

Abstract: A secondary battery comprising: a substrate; a first current collector; a first electrode; a solid electrolyte; a second electrode; and a second current collector; the first current collector being formed on the substrate and serving as a current collector of the first electrode, the first electrode being formed on the first current collector, the solid electrolyte being formed on the first electrode, the second electrode being formed on the solid electrolyte, the second current collector being formed on the second electrode and serving as a current collector of the second electrode, at least one electrode selected from the group consisting of the first electrode and the second electrode containing at least one material selected from the group consisting of an ion conductive material and an electron conductive material.

Abstract: A single ion-conducting nanocomposite of a substantially amorphous polyethylene ether and a negatively charged synthetic smectite clay useful as an electrolyte. Excess SiO2 improves conductivity and when combined with synthetic hectorite forms superior membranes for batteries. A method of making membranes is also disclosed.

Abstract: Apparatus for filling the case (20) of a lead battery of the open type or of the sealed type with gas recombination, the case being filled with components for forming a gelled electrolyte, and the apparatus being characterized in that it comprises: at least two tanks (1, 2) containing said components, the first tank (1) containing sulfuric acid and the second tank (2) containing a mixture of water and a gelling agent such as particles of silica; at least two receptacles (4, 5) each connected to a respective one of the tanks (1, 2) and each containing a piston (10, 11) for expelling said components from said receptacles into pipes (17, 18); a mixer (16) into which said pipes (17, 18) open out; and a pipe (19) connecting said mixer (16) to the case (20) of said battery through the lid (21) of said battery.

Abstract: A solid polymer fuel cell (1) has an electrolyte membrane (2), and an air electrode (3) and a fuel electrode (4) that closely contact to opposite sides of the electrolyte membrane (2) respectively. The electrolyte membrane (2) has a membrane core (9) comprising a polymer ion-exchange component, and a plurality of phyllosilicate particles (10) that disperse in the membrane core (9) and are subjected to ion-exchange processing between metal ions and protons, and proton conductance Pc satisfies Pc>0.05 S/cm. Owing to this, it is possible to provide the solid polymer fuel cell equipped with the electrolyte membrane (2) that has excellent high-temperature strength and can improve power-generating performance.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a liquid low concentration sodium-containing silicate solution as electrolyte for lead-acid storage batteries and its applications. Such an electrolyte is prepared by mixing a silica gel containing 40˜60 wt % SiO2, the weight units of such a silica gel are 5˜15; add 15-25 weight units water and stir until the concentration of the mixture is 0.65˜0.85 0Be′ measured by a Baumé densimeter, adjusting the pH value of this mixture to 1-4 using inorganic acid and magnetizing the mixture under 1000-6000 Gauss magnetic field for 5-10 minutes, stir the magnetized mixture until the viscosity of the mixture is less than 0.02 poise and finally obtain a liquid low concentration sodium-containing silicate solution. It can be used as electrolyte or activation solution for common or special lead-acid storage batteries. The lead-acid storage batteries using above electrolyte showed increased specific energy density up to more than 53 W/Kg.

Abstract: A lithium battery which includes an electrode assembly having a cathode, an anode and a separator interposed between the cathode and the anode, a gel electrolyte prepared by curing a composition consisting of a polysiloxane compound or a polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylene compound, a polyethylene glycol derivative, and an organic solvent containing a lithium salt. The lithium battery has improved reliability and safety since a swelling phenomenon due to an electrolytic solution is effectively suppressed and leakage of the electrolytic solution is prevented.

Abstract: The problem of this invention is based on specifying a process for producing an industrial electrolyte that can be designed in the form of a thixotropic gel in the cells of lead storage batteries, with which large quantities of the liquids needed to fill the lead storage batteries can be prepared and mixed to improve its industrial usability. For the technical solution to this problem, the invention proposes that in the active masses of positive and negative plates in the storage battery cells, the quantity of sulfuric acid necessary to adjust the final acid density of the industrial electrolyte for the ready-to-use storage battery be stored in the form of lead sulfate, while, independently of this, water is set to a pH value from 4.1 to 4.7 by adding an acid and is then mixed with a gel former.

Abstract: An inexpensive composite electrolyte for use in electrochemical fuel cells includes (i) an inorganic cation exchange material, (i) a silica-based binder; and (ii) a polymer-based binder. The cation exchange material includes aluminosilicate clays. The composite electrolyte can be fabricated with a tape casting apparatus.

Abstract: A lithium ion polymer secondary battery is a laminate of a positive-electrode sheet of a positive-electrode collector foil provided with an active material thereon, a negative-electrode sheet of a negative-electrode collector foil provided with another active material thereon, and a polymer electrolyte layer interposed between the positive-electrode sheet and the negative-electrode sheet. One of the positive-electrode sheet and the negative-electrode sheet is a strip and is fan-folded at least one time so that the positive-electrode sheet is provided on the surface of the active material on the sheet. The other one of the positive-electrode sheet and the negative-electrode sheet consists of a plurality of sheet segments having an area which is the same as the area of each flat portion of the fan-folded sheet. The sheet segments are interposed between the flat portions of the fan-folded sheet so that the polymer electrolyte layer is in contact with the surfaces of the active materials.

Abstract: An anhydrous inorganic gel-polymer electrolyte is prepared using a non-aqueous sol-gel process. The inorganic gel-polymer is prepared by reacting a metal halide (SiCl4) and an alcohol (tert-butyl alcohol) in a diluent solution containing a lithium salt (lithium bisperfluoroethanesulfonimide) and at least one carbonate. The resulting porous silicon oxide network encapsulates the liquid electrolyte. The gel polymer electrolyte can serve as both a separator and an electrolyte in a Li-ion cell. The material is stable and has demonstrated minimal flammability. Lithium-ion electrochemical cells made with the inorganic gel-polymer electrolyte function similarly to Li-ion cells made with a liquid electrolyte. The cells have low capacity fade, 0.69%, and low irreversible capacity, 7.6%.

Abstract: A composite electrolyte comprises an inorganic clay material and a dielectric solution having a dielectric constant ranging from about 50 to about 85. The composite electrolyte has an ion transference number ranging from about 0.80 to about 1.00. An electrode comprises a component selected from the group consisting of an inorganic clay filler, a polymer, and mixtures thereof. Batteries and electrochemical cells comprising the above composite electrolytes and electrodes are also disclosed.

Abstract: Gel-forming battery separators and methods for constructing them. Particles are embedded into pores of a porous support to form a composite. The chemical make-up of surfaces of the particles includes a silanol group. The composite, when contacted with an effective amount of liquid electrolyte, is capable of forming a gelled matrix that includes electrolyte residing within the porous support. Batteries and methods of forming batteries featuring gel-forming separators are also disclosed. No pre-mixing of siliceous material with electrolyte is required facilitating battery construction.

Abstract: In a lead-acid battery, a positive active material includes tin in an amount of from not less than 0.2% to not more than 5% based on the weight thereof. The density of the positive active material after formation is from not less than 3.75 g/cc to not more than 5.0 g/cc. When the lead-acid battery is produced by a battery container formation, a time required between the injection of an electrolyte and the beginning of battery container formation is from not less than 0.1 hours to not more than 3 hours.

Abstract: The present invention provides a multi-component composite film comprising a) polymer support layer; and b) porous gellable polymer layer which is formed on one side or both sides of the support layer of a), wherein the support film of a) and the gellable polymer layer of b) are unified without the interface, a method for preparing the same, and a polymer electrolyte system applied the same.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing a solid organic-inorganic hybrid polymer electrolyte containing lithium ions. The product shows high strength conductivity and lithium transference values. Further, the product can be self-organized into nanometer scale plates and rods paving the way to making lithium conducting cables for example and hence batteries of nanometer size.

Abstract: An electrode for use in an electrochemical cell comprising a current collector, an electrode active material layer, and means for substantially increasing surface compatibility between the electrode active material layer and at least one of the current collector and an associated electrolyte. The surface compatibility increasing means includes at least a portion of the electrode active material layer associated with an interface modifying component, such as the product of a hydrosilated allylether.

Abstract: The problem of this invention is based on specifying a process for producing an industrial electrolyte that can be designed in the form of a thixotropic gel in the cells of lead storage batteries, with which large quantities of the liquids needed to fill the lead storage batteries can be prepared and mixed to improve its industrial usability. For the technical solution to this problem, the invention proposes that in the active masses of positive and negative plates in the storage battery cells, the quantity of sulfuric acid necessary to adjust the final acid density of the industrial electrolyte for the ready-to-use storage battery be stored in the form of lead sulfate, while, independently of this, water is set to a pH value from 2 to 4.7 by adding an acid and is then mixed with a gel former.

Abstract: An anhydrous inorganic gel-polymer electrolyte is prepared using a non-aqueous sol-gel process. The inorganic gel-polymer is prepared by reacting a metal halide (SiCl4) and an alcohol (tert-butyl alcohol) in a diluent solution containing a lithium salt (lithium bisperfluoroethanesulfonimide) and at least one carbonate. The resulting porous silicon oxide network encapsulates the liquid electrolyte. The gel polymer electrolyte can serve as both a separator and an electrolyte in a Li-ion cell. The material is stable and has demonstrated minimal flammability. Lithium-ion electrochemical cells made with the inorganic gel-polymer electrolyte function similarly to Li-ion cells made with a liquid electrolyte. The cells have low capacity fade, 0.69%, and low irreversible capacity, 7.6%.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte for an electrolytic cell is prepared by a sol-gel process in which an active metal ion conducting liquid electrolyte, e.g. a lithium-ion electrolyte, containing a salt which is stable in the presence of water, e.g. lithium bisperfluoroethanesulfonimide, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, is admixed in aqueous solution with an alkoxide, e.g. silica alkoxide, to form a liquid precursor which is added to the electrolytic cell between the anode and cathode thereof and allowed to solidify in situ to form the solid electroyte.

Abstract: Disclosed are a nonaqueous electrolytic solution for a battery comprising a supporting electrolyte which can react with water to produce a hydrogen halide and a specific organic compound capable of reacting with water to decompose it for preventing acid generation, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution battery comprising the same.

Abstract: In a lead-acid battery, a positive active material includes tin in an amount of from not less than 0.2% to not more than 5% based on the weight thereof. The density of the positive active material after formation is from not less than 3.75 g/cc to not more than 5.0 g/cc. When the lead-acid battery is produced by a battery container formation, a time required between the injection of an electrolyte and the beginning of battery container formation is from not less than 0.1 hours to not more than 3 hours.

Abstract: This invention pertains to separators for electrochemical cells which comprise (i) two microporous pseudo-boehmite layers and (ii) a protective coating layer comprising a polymer interposed between the microporous pseudo-boehmite layers; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprising a first electrode and a second electrode, an electrolyte, and a dopant associated with the electrolyte, wherein the dopant comprises a reservoir for controllably releasing salt into the electrolyte. The dopant further comprises means for controllably regulating internal pressure of the electrochemical cell as well as means for substantially precluding dendrite formation within the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrolyte solution, a producing method thereof, and a method for producing high-capacity lead-acid storage battery. The electrolyte is composed of ET-90 stabilizator (1.5-9.6%), nickel sulphate (0.005-0.04%), cobalt sulphate (0.003-0.025%), aluminium sulphate (2-4.8%), sodium sulphate (1.3-3.7%), aluminium phosphate (2-6.3%), lithium iodide (0.090-0.3%), colloidal silicon dioxide (silica gel) (17.6-24%), lithium chloride (0.09-0.31%), lithium carbonate (1.3-5%), magnesium sulphate (1.2-5.9%), sulfuric acid (analytically pure) (7-11.

Abstract: In a lead-acid battery, a positive active material includes tin in an amount of from not less than 0.2% to not more than 5% based on the weight thereof. The density of the positive active material after formation is from not less than 3.75 g/cc to not more than 5.0 g/cc. When the lead-acid battery is produced by a battery container formation, a time required between the infection of an electrolyte and the beginning of battery container formation is from not less than 0.1 hours to not more than 3 hours.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte for an electrochemical cell is prepared by a sol-gel process in which an active metal ion conducting liquid electrolyte, e.g. a lithium-ion electrolyte, containing a salt which is stable in the presence of water, e.g. lithium bisperfluoroethanesulfonimide, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, is admixed in aqueous solution with an alkoxide, e.g. silica alkoxide, to form a liquid precursor which is added to the electrochemical cell between the anode and cathode thereof and allowed to solidify in situ to form the solid electroyte.

Abstract: A composite electrolyte comprises (a) surface modified fumed silica filler, wherein the surface modified fumed silica comprises polymerizable groups on the surface thereof, the polymerizable groups being bonded to each other such that the surface modified fumed silica filler is crosslinked in a three-dimensional structure; (b) a dissociable lithium salt; and (c) a bulk medium which contains the surface modified fumed silica filler and the dissociable lithium salt. An electrochemical cell comprises an anode, a cathode, and a composite electrolyte dispersed between the anode and cathode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte for batteries having high ionic conductivity and sufficiently high solid strength. The invention has an object to provide a solid battery which prevents internal short-circuiting even if no diaphragm is used and which has high reliability, by using the ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte. Disclosed is an ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte, containing at least a polymer matrix, a non-aqueous electrolytic solution and an electrolytic salt, wherein at least one kind of a halogen-substituted carbonic ester is contained as a solvent of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution. Also disclosed is a solid battery having the ionically conductive polymeric gel electrolyte as a constituent.