Abstract: A positive-working electrostatic liquid developer consisting essentially of (A) a nonpolar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30, present in a major amount;(B) thermoplastic resin particles having dispersed therein a quaternary ammonium compound which is substantially insoluble in the nonpolar liquid and is represented by the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 may be the same or different and are hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 40 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and any of the group R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 may be joined to form a 5 or 6 membered ring, and A.sup.- is an anion; and (C) a nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound. The process of preparation of the electrostatic liquid developer is described. The liquid developers are useful in copying, color proofing including digital color proofing, lithographic printing plates and resists.

Abstract: Ink jet inks and liquid developers are disclosed which contain colored particles comprising hydrophilic silica particles, to the surfaces of which dyes are covalently bonded through silane coupling agents. The ink jet inks generally comprise a liquid medium and a plurality of the colored silica particles. The liquid developers generally comprise a liquid medium, a resin, a plurality of the colored silica particles, and a charge control agent. The particles are prepared by a process which comprises reacting hydrophilic silica particles with a silane coupling agent in the absence of water to form particles having covalently attached thereto coupling agents, followed by reacting a dye with the coupling agent attached to the silica particles.

Abstract: A liquid developer comprised of thermoplastic resin particles, an optional charge director, and a charge additive or adjuvant comprised of a component of the formulas ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl, and n is 0 (zero), 1,2,3, or 4.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid developer comprising a colorant and a substantial amount of a curable liquid vehicle having a viscosity of no more than about 500 centipoise and a resistivity of no less than about 10.sub.8 ohm-cm. One embodiment of the invention is directed to an electrophoretic liquid developer comprising a substantial amount of a curable liquid vehicle having a viscosity of no more than about 20 centipoise and a resistivity of no less than about 5.times.10.sup.9 ohm-cm, a charge control agent, and colored particles capable of becoming charged and migrating through the liquid vehicle to develop an electrostatic latent image. Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a polarizable liquid developer comprising a colorant and a substantial amount of a curable liquid vehicle having a viscosity of from about 25 to about 500 centipoise and a resistivity of from about 10.sup.8 to about 10.sup.11 ohm-cm.

Abstract: A positively chargeable liquid developer for electrostaticphotography comprising a non-aqueous solvent having a volume specific resistance of at least 10.sup.9 .OMEGA.cm and resin grains dispersed therein, wherein the resin grains contain a dispersion stabilizing resin which is dissolved or dispersed in a colloidal form in the non-aqueous solvent and which mainly comprises a graft copolymer composed of (1) at least one macromonomer (M) having a weight average molecular weight of from 1.times.10.sup.3 to 1.times.10.sup.5 obtained by bonding a terminal carboxyl group bonded to the main chain of a polymer containing at least one specific polymer component to an epoxy compound having at least one polymerizable double bond group, using a quaternary ammonium salt as a reaction catalyst, and (2) at least one specific monomer, which gives the definite chargeability, easily controls the charge amount, is excellent in dispersion stability and endures long-term use and storage.

Abstract: A homogeneous liquid composition, for use in the preparation of liquid toners containing at least one charge director and in which the electrical properties of the charge director(s) is/are stabilized, comprises: (1) insulating non-polar carrier liquid compatible with liquid toners for electrostatic imaging; (2) at least one charge director other than an amine salt; and (3) at least one stabilizing component in an amount effective to stabilize the electrical properties of said at least one charge director, said component being selected from non-quaternary amine salts and being soluble in the carrier, e.g. diethylammonium chloride and isopropylamine dodecylbenzenesulfonate. The invention further relates to liquid toners for electrostatic imaging comprise thermoplastic resin particles dispersed in an insulating non polar carrier liquid, preferably a hydrocarbon having a volume resistivity above 10.sup.9 ohm-cm and a dielectric constant below 3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and devices for creating high shear forces to disperse high solids toner into a working developer solution. The high solids toner have a toner particle concentration of at least 40% by weight of the working developer solution. An image forming device having such dispersion system includes a latent image device for creating a latent image; a developer device for developing the latent image; a transfer device for receiving the developed latent image onto a predetermined image medium; a developer supplying device for recirculation of a working developer solution through the developer device; a replenishing device for supplying concentrated developer solution preferably at a rate equivalent to a consumption rate of the working developer solution in the developer device; and a dispersion device for dispersing the concentrated developer solution from the replenisher device into the working developer solution of the developer supplying device.

Abstract: A liquid developer for electrostatic photography, said liquid developer comprising resin particles dispersed in a non-aqueous solvent having a volume resistivity of at least 10.sup.9 .OMEGA.cm, said dispersed resin particles being obtained by polymerizing(a) at least one member of methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate soluble in said non-aqueous solvent and(b) at least one member selected from the group consisting of acrylic esters and methacrylic esters having an alkyl group having not more than 4 carbon atoms, said esters being soluble in said non-aqueous solvent, but being made insoluble by polymerization,said components (a) and (b) being polymerized in the presence of a dispersion stabilizing resin which is soluble in said non-aqueous solvent, and said dispersion stabilizing resin comprising a graft copolymer formed by polymerizing(i) at least one member of macromonomers (M) having a weight-average molecular weight of 1.times.10.sup.3 to 4.times.10.sup.

Abstract: Polymeric electrophotographic toner and developer compositions are produced by methods including conventional as well as limited coalescence manufacturing techniques. The compositions are prepared by heating a diacid and a diol under conditions effective to form a chain transfer polyester, wherein either the diacid or the diol contain a disulfide moiety. The polyester is reacted with one or more vinyl monomers to form a block copolymer having polyester blocks linked to polyvinyl blocks by sulfide groups previously constituting the disulfide moiety. The block copolymer is reduced to a particulate form to a size suitable for use as an electrophotographic toner by conventional methods, evaporation limited coalescence, and suspension limited coalescence.

Abstract: A liquid developer for electrostatic photography comprising at least resin grains dispersed in a non-aqueous solvent having an electric resistance of at least 10.sup.9 .OMEGA.cm and a dielectric constant of not higher than 3.5, wherein the dispersed resin grains are polymer resin grains obtained by polymerizing a solution containing (1) at least one monofunctional monomer (A) which is soluble in the non-aqueous solvent but becomes insoluble therein by being polymerized, (2) at least one monofunctional macromonomer (MA) having a number average molecular weight of not more than 1.times.10.sup.4 and having a polymerizable double bond or at least one oligomer (B) having a number average molecular weight of not more than 1.times.10.sup.

Abstract: A liquid developer for electrostatic photography is disclosed. The liquid developer comprises at least resin grains dispersed in a non-aqueous solvent having an electric resistance of at least 10.sup.9 .OMEGA.cm and a dielectric constant of not higher than 3.

Abstract: Disclosed are polyesters and polycarbonates of the formulae ##STR1## wherein X is an anion with weak nucleophilicity, A, B, and C represent the number of repeat monomer units, wherein C may be zero, R is selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon groups and alkylene ether groups, and R" is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro, amide, halide, trimethylsilyl, alkyl groups, and alkoxy groups. The compounds are suitable for use as polymerization initiators, particularly in applications wherein curable liquids are cured to solids. One specific embodiment of the invention is directed to a curable liquid developer composition comprising a colorant, a polymeric compound of the above formula, and a substantial amount of a curable liquid vehicle having a viscosity of no more than about 500 centipoise and a resistivity of no less than about 10.sup.8 ohm-cm.

Abstract: A liquid toner composition comprising:A. a colored predispersion comprising a homogeneous mixture of at least one selected nonpolymeric resin material, at least one selected polymeric plasticizer, at least one selected colorant material, and at least one selected maleic anhydride adduct of polyolefin;B. an aliphatic hydrocarbon carrier liquid having a conductivity of 10.sup.-9 MHOS/cm or less, a dielectric constant of 3 or less, and a flash point of 100.degree. F. or greater; andC. external charge system comprising an interacting mixture of a maleic anhydride adduct of polyolefin and an amiphipathic copolymer.

Abstract: A liquid developer comprised of a liquid, thermoplastic resin particles, a nonpolar liquid soluble charge director, and a charge adjuvant comprised of a metal hydroxycarboxylic acid.

Abstract: There is disclosed a liquid developer composition for electrostatic photography, which comprises, in a nonaqueous solvent having an electric resistance of 10.sup.9 .OMEGA..cm or over and a dielectric constant of 3.5 or over, a toner particle, a charge-controlling agent or resin, and an acid group containing polymer soluble in said nonaqueous solvent and/or a quaternary ammonium salt.

Abstract: A liquid toner having a mineral oil vehicle, a blend of Surlyn ionomeric resin and Nucrel resin, pigment and, as charge director, lecithin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and calcium Petronate. The charge director optimizes speed of recovery of charge properties during continual use. The mineral oil does not vaporize well and is readily condensed, thus permitting use as a confined toner.

Abstract: A high solids replenishable electrostatic liquid developer concentrate includes toner particles containing a carboxyl terminated polyester resin and a pigment and a liquid toner dispensant. The solids content of the concentrate is above about 50%. A method for producing the concentrate includes the steps of blending particles containing a carboxyl terminated polyester and a pigment with a liquid toner dispersants to form a toner dispersant mixture and to increase the solids content of the toner dispersant mixture to more than about 90% solids. Toner solids in a liquid electrostatic developer are replenished by adding the toner particles to a toner solids depleted liquid electrostatic developer in a liquid electrostatographic printing machine.

Abstract: A liquid developer comprised of thermoplastic resin particles, a charge director, and a charge adjuvant comprised of an imine bisquinone.

Abstract: A liquid electrophotographic toner having a coordinated association of steric stabilizer and charge directing moiety displays improved characteristics when the charge directing moiety has a monovalent alkali metal or ammonium cation bonded thereto.

Abstract: An improved liquid toner composition for developing latent electrostatic images comprising toner particles, a release agent and a nonpolar dispersant liquid. An agent causing an apparent increase in the cohesivity of the toner particles may be included in the toner composition, or such agent may be used independently of the release agent in the toner composition.

Abstract: A liquid developer for electrostatic photography which comprises a non-aqueous solvent having an electric resistance of at least 10.sup.9 .OMEGA..multidot.cm and a dielectric constant of not higher than 3.5, at least toner grains comprising a resin as a main component, and (a) at least one compound (A) having an effect for increasing the amount of charge and (b) at least one compound (B) having an effect for reducing the amount of charge. There is also disclosed a duplicating method using a liquid developer as described above, which is useful for developing a large number of electrophotographic materials over a long period of time.

Abstract: A negative-working electrostatic liquid developer consists essentially of a nonpolar liquid having Kauri-butanol value less than 30; thermoplastic resin particles having an average particle size by area of less than 10 .mu.m; a salt of an AB diblock copolymer charge director compound as defined; and optionally a colorant and charge adjuvant; and process of making same.

Abstract: A method for stabilizing a charge director solution, and a charge director composition made by this method, whereby a charge director is mixed with a solvent and a polar monomer species and a polymerization reaction is initiated and allowed to progress to completion.

Abstract: Described herein is a liquid color composition containing a resin binder and a plasticizer which is compatible with the binder. The toner is very transparent and produces excellent quality images when used in xeroprinting processes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a homogeneous liquid composition which comprises: (1) liquid hydrocarbon compatible with liquid toners for electrostatic imaging, (2) at least one charge director, and (3) at least one stabilizing component in an amount effective to stabilize the electrical properties of said at least one charge director, said component being selected from piperidinemethanol and polyoxyalkylene ethers of formula R(O--A).sub.n OH, wherein R is alkyl or alkenyl containing 10-20 carbon atoms, A is C.sub.2-3 -alkylene and n is 2-24; and to liquid toners characterized by the presence of at least one charge director and at least one stabilizing component therefor as defined in (3), above.

Abstract: A method for stabilizing a charge director solution, and a charge director composition made by this method, whereby a charge director is mixed with a solvent and a polar monomer species and a polymerization reaction is initiated and allowed to progress to completion.

Abstract: A liquid developer contains a liquid carrier, a halogenated charge director and toner particles. Preferably, the charge director contains a fluorinated portion and a hydrocarbon portion. The charge director provides a developer which is fully charged but has a very small residual conductivity, thus providing a high quality image.

Abstract: A self-dispersing graft-copolymer capable of self-dispersion in a high-electrical insulating carrier liquid to form grains therein. The graft-copolymer is combined with a pigment or dye to provide a self-dispersing solid colorant, which is suitable as a toner or toner supply for a liquid developing agent for electrostatic photography. The colorant is also applicable to a printing ink, an ink for an ink-jet system or a coating paint composition. The colorant well self-disperses in a carrier liquid to form well dispersed grains therein without the necessity of mechanical dispersing means.

Abstract: A liquid colored electrostatic toner comprising:(A) a colored predispersion comprising (1) a non-polymeric resin material having certain insolubility (and nonswellability), melting point, and acid number characteristics; (2) an alkoxylated alcohol having certain insolubility (and nonswellability) and melting point characteristics; and (3) colorant material having certain particle size characteristics; and(B) an aliphatic hydrocarbon liquid carrier having certain conductivity, dielectric constant, and flash point.

Abstract: A liquid colored electrostatic toner comprising:(A) a colored predispersion comprising (1) a nonpolymeric resin material having certain insolubility (and nonswellability), melting point, and acid number characteristics; (2) a polymeric plasticizer having certain insolubility (and nonswellability) and melting point characteristics; and (3) colorant material having certain particle size characteristics; and(B) an aliphatic hydrocarbon liquid carrier having certain conductivity, dielectric constant, and flash point.

Abstract: A dyed latex liquid developer composition comprising:(a) a carrier liquid;(b) a dyed latex;(c) a charge director; and(d) at least about 0.5% by weight of mineral oil, based on the total developer formulation.

Abstract: A liquid toner for developing electrostatic latent images, at speeds in excess of 100 ft./min., by electrophoretic movement of pre-charged particles of a thermoplastic polymer in a nonpolar carrier liquid, which reduces drag is disclosed wherein the particles are present in about 10% by weight of the weight of the carrier liquid, and no more than 10% by volume of such toner particles having a size less than 1.0 micron as measured by an Horiba Capa-700. The nonpolar liquid has, typically, a volume resistivity in excess of 10.sup.9 ohm centimeters, a dielectric constant no greater than 3.5, and a vapor pressure of less than 10 millimeters of Mercury at 25 degrees C. The toner composition also includes a quantity of charge director for imparting an electrostatic charge of predetermined polarity to said particles. The toner particles may have a plurality of fibers integrally extending therefrom.

Abstract: Liquid toner compositions for electrostatic imaging comprise carrier liquid, colorant particles and charge director(s), as well as charge priming agent(s) selected from alkoxides of aluminum and zirconium.

Abstract: New electrostatographic toners and developers are provided containing novel charge control agents comprising ester-containing quaternary pyridinium salts having the structure: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl or aryl, X is CH.sub.2n, Y is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy or halogen, Z.crclbar. is an anion and n is an integer from 2 to 6.Such ester-containing quaternary pyridinium salts also cause toner particles containing them to display lower fusing temperatures and improved adhesion indexes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composition which comprises silica particles containing a water soluble dye entrapped therein, said silica particles being coated with a surfactant. The particles can be prepared by a process which comprises preparing a mixture of a surfactant and an organic solvent immiscible with water and capable of forming a stable microemulsion with water, adding to the mixture a solution of a water-soluble dye, a hydrolyzing reagent, and water to form a microemulsion of water domains within a continuous phase of the organic solvent, and adding to the microemulsion a tetraalkoxysilane, wherein the tetraalkoxysilane reacts with the hydrolyzing agent to form in each water domain a silica particle containing the water-soluble dye and coated with the surfactant. The particles are useful as colorants for various organic materials, such as dry electrostatic toners, liquid electrostatic toners, plastics, oil based inks, hot melt ink jet inks, and the like.

Abstract: Electrostatic liquid developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having Kauri-butanol value less than 30, present in major amount,(B) particles, average by area particle size of less than 10 .mu.m, of a degradable polymeric resin as defined, and(C) nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound.Optionally a colorant and an adjuvant compound are present. Process of preparation of electrostatic liquid developers is described. The developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, and resists. The developer particles can be readily removed from the printed material, such as paper, by degradation of the polymer. If the polymeric resin is depolymerized, the monomer and low molecular weight units can be recycled by being repolymerized, or discarded in a landfill as a biodegradable environmentally benign by-product.

Abstract: A liquid developer system for use in electrostatic imaging processes of the positive toner type comprises toner particles micro-dispersed in a carrier liquid and at least one charge director compound soluble in the carrier liquid, wherein the total amount of charge director compound is associated with the toner particles and essentially no charge director compound is present in the carrier liquid. Especially useful charge director compounds are those which have been reacted with at least about one molar equivalent of at least one acid containing at least one organic moiety, the acid being effective in that the reacted positive charge director compound increases the short-term charging of the micro-dispersed toner particles as compared with charging when the same molar amount of unreacted charge director compound is used. Positive charge director compounds reacted with acid are e.g. those of the general formula RSiX.sub.

Abstract: A high solids replenishable electrostatic liquid developer concentrate contains toner particles formed from a friable thermoplastic resin The composition created can be concentrated up to 100% toner solids and subsequently sonicated to a working strength dilution. The composition may be formed by reducing the size of toner particles while they are mixed with a toner dispersant, and concentrating the resultant mixture.

Abstract: A liquid developer contains a liquid dispersion medium, marking particles, a polymeric surfactant, an optional colorant, and an optional charge control agent. The polymeric surfactant may be a siloxane surfactant, preferably a siloxane-alkene oxide block copolymer. To prepare the liquid developer, the surfactant may be added as a post additive to previously-formed developer.

Abstract: A process of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member which can be used in many copying machines and printers is here disclosed, and this process comprises the step of spraying two or more kinds of charge generating materials on an electroconductive support by a coating apparatus in which each of independent spray devices is disposed for each of the charge generating materials, in order to form a photosensitive layer containing the two or more kinds of charge generating materials on the electroconductive support, whereby the electrophotographic photosensitive member is obtained in which the photosensitive layer is formed on the electroconductive support.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid developer comprising a liquid medium, a charge control agent, a polymeric surfactant, and a colored core polymer. In one embodiment, the colored polymer is of the formula ##STR1## wherein A is selected from the group consisting of alkylene and arylene, B is selected from the group consisting of ##STR2## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups, arylene groups, and polyether groups, D is selected from the group consisting of dioxyalkane and dioxyarene, x is a fraction number of from about 0.01 to 1.0, and y is a fraction number of from 0 to about 0.99, with x+y being equal to 1, and n representing the number of the monomer units.

Abstract: A liquid toner composition for electrophotography comprising a dispersion which includes a carrier liquid, pigmented or dyed toner particles, an inorganic binder insoluble in the carrier liquid at room temperature and a charge control agent in a charge directing amount, said charge control agent comprising lecithin, 1% to 2.5% by weight, based on the total weight of active components in the charge control agent, of an alkylated N-vinyl pyrrolidone polymer, and 0.5% to 10% by weight, based on the total weight of active components in the charge control agent, of an oil soluble or dispersible anionic surfactant.

Abstract: A liquid developer comprises an aliphatic hydrocarbon carrier liquid and a toner dispersed in the carrier liquid, which toner comprises a coloring agent and a resin component, wherein a solid toner component which is obtained by evaporating the liquid developer to dryness has a softening point of 60.degree. C. to 90.degree. C. and flow-initiating point of 110.degree. C. to 160.degree. C.

Abstract: A liquid developer system contains electrically charged toner particles that are applied to a surface having a latent electrostatic image thereon for developing the image. The liquid developer system includes an insulating non-polar carrier liquid, toner particles dispersed in the carrier liquid, and at least one charge director compound that is only partially soluble in the carrier liquid. The charge director compound is supplied in solid form to the carrier liquid in excess of the amount that achieves saturation concentration. As a result, the compound is in equilibrium contact with the carrier liquid and maintains a predetermined concentration of dissolved charge director in the liquid developer system.

Abstract: Novel compounds useful as charge directors in color electrophotographic processes are described. Developer compositions containing the novel charge directors are provided as well. The developer compositions display high particle-mediated conductivity and charge and thus give rise to a final print of exceptionally high quality. Methods of manufacturing the toner and developer compositions are also disclosed, as are processes for using the various compounds and compositions in consecutive multicolor image development.

Abstract: A liquid developer for electrostatic photography is disclosed. The liquid developer comprises at least resin grains dispersed in a non-aqueous solvent having an electric resistance of at least 10.sup.9 cm and a dielectric constant of not higher than 3.5, wherein the dispersed resin grains are copolymer resin grains obtained by polymerizing a solution containing (1) at least a mono-functional monomer (A) which is soluble in the above-described non-aqueous solvent but becomes insoluble therein by being polymerized, and, optionally, a monomer (C) represented by the formula (III) or a monomer (D) represented by the formula (IV), in the presence of a dispersion-stabilizing resin soluble in the non-aqueous solvent, which is a graft type copolymer. The liquid developer of the present invention is excellent in re-dispersibility, storability, stability, image-reproducibility, and fixability, and provide a master plate for offset printing having high printing durability.

Abstract: Quinacridones having selectively adjusted triboelectric effects, which quinacridones contain about 0.05% to 100 percent by weight of triboelectrically active compounds of the general formula IQ--A--Y].sub.n (I),in which Q is a quinacridone radical which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen atoms, alkyl, alkoxy H.sub.2 N--CO--, alkyl--NH--CO-- or (alkyl).sub.2 N--CO groups, A is a direct bond or --O--, --S--, --NR.sup.1 --, --CO--, --SO.sub.2 --, --CR.sup.2 R.sup.3 -- or arylene and Y is an --NR.sup.4 R.sup.5 group or a five-, six- or seven-membered heterocycle which contains one to three heteroatoms from the series comprising nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulfur and which can be substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyphenyl, halogen, --CN, --COOH, --CO-- NRR', --SO.sub.2 --NRR', hydroxyalkyl or alkylaminoalkyl, in which R and R' together with the nitrogen atom can be a heterocycle, R and R' are hydrogen atoms or alkyl and R.sup.1 to R.sup.

Abstract: Positive-working electrostatic liquid developer consisting essentially of(A) nonpolar liquid having Kauri-butanol value less than 30, present in major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having an average particle size by area of less than 10 .mu.m, and(C) an AB diblock copolymer charge director compound as defined. Optionally a colorant and charge adjuvant are present. The process of making the electrostatic liquid developer is described. The electrostatic liquid developer is useful in copying, making proofs including digital color proofs, lithographic printing plates, and resists.

Abstract: Described herein is a liquid color toner composition containing a resin binder and a plasticizer which is compatible with the binder. The toner is very transparent and produces excellent quality images when used in xeroprinting processes.

Abstract: A liquid developer for electrostatic photography is disclosed. The liquid developer comprises at least resin grains dispersed in a non-aqueous solvent having an electric resistance of at least 10.sup.9 cm and a dielectric constant of not higher than 3.5, wherein the dispersed resin grains are copolymer resin grains obtained by polymerizing a solution containing (1) at least a mono-functional monomer (A) which is soluble in the above-described non-aqueous solvent but becomes insoluble therein by being polymerized, and, optionally, a monomer (B-1) represented by the formula (III) or a monomer (B-2) represented by the formula (IV), in the presence of a dispersion-stabilizing resin soluble in the non-aqueous solvent, which is an AB type block copolymer. The liquid developer of the present invention is excellent in re-dispersibility, storability, stability, image-reproducibility, and fixability, and provide a master plate for offset printing having high printing durability.