Abstract: Holographic photopolymer compositions having fluorinated binders are provided that produce excellent reflection holograms when holographically imaged.

Abstract: Presence of a ring opening monomer in a photopolymerizable composition improves reflection holograms prepared from the composition.

Abstract: Wavelength response of volume holograms is altered by contact with a dry film diffusion element.

Abstract: A hologram recording assembly includes a transparent, absorbent member supported on a substrate. The transparent member is positioned to be directly incident to an exposure beam. The transparent member is out of moisture equilibrium during an exposure time. Consequently, the transparent member increases or decreases in thickness depending on a moisture difference between it and the environment. As the thickness changes, a phase shift in the light reflections within the recording assembly blurs spurious holograms while leaving the desired hologram intact.

Abstract: Optical Combiners are provided for use in Head-Up Displays. The Combiners have a refractive index modulation greater than approximately 0.001.

Abstract: Solid photopolymerizable compositions and photosensitive elements are provided that are useful in preparing optical elements, and especially holograms. The composition contains a polymeric binder, a liquid ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and a photoinitiator system. Typical compositions have a refractive index modulation of at least 0.005 when measured per the specified test.

Abstract: Improved holographic optical elements are disclosed that contain a reflection hologram. Also, an improved process for forming reflection hologram.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a multiple exposure hologram includes an object beam cut out mask 24 and reference beam cut out mask 60. Different segments of the masks are left uncovered during each exposure step and operate to shape the reference 18 and object 16 beams so that they illuminate selected areas of the photosensitive plate 12. The angle of incidence of the object beam 16 remains constant during each exposure step while the reference beam 18 illuminates the plate 12 at different angles during each exposure step. During playback, a plurality of lamps 94-106 project reconstruction beams at the hologram 12 to individually or collectively render the holographic segments viewable with a minimum of crosstalk between each segment. In the preferred embodiment, the reference beam mask includes diamond-shaped cut outs 62-74 which are selectively used with associated object beam mask cut outs 28-40 to generate a hologram in the form of a seven-segment display.

Abstract: A photosensitive composition comprising:(a) a compound of the formula ##STR1## (b) an ethylenically unsaturated compound capable of free radical initiated addition polymerization;(c) a polymeric binder; and(d) a free radical generating system activatable by actinic radiation which comprises a hexaarylbiimidazole and a chain transfer agent.A single step process for forming a light-stable hologram using this photosensitive composition is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention tunes and stabilizes a volume hologram by migrating an ultraviolet sensitive epoxy resin into the hologram with a solvent, causing the volume hologram to swell and shift its center frequency. When a sufficient shift has occurred, the epoxy resin is exposed to ultraviolet light, setting the resin and preventing further change. An appropriate resin-solvent solution can be arrived at for different media by slowly changing the ratio of solvent to resin and observing the end product until the desired frequency shift and broadbanding is observed with visually or with a spectrometer.

Abstract: A hologram member is provided which comprises a substrate, and a film in which a volume type phase hologram is recorded. The film is provided peelably on the substrate. The substrate preferably has a light transmittance of 30% or more at a wavelength of from 450 to 800 nm. The film may comprise a vinylcarbazole.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for the generation of patterns on large optics. A coating layer is deposited on the surface of a large substrate, whereupon a photoresist layer is deposited on the coating layer in relatively small localized areas. A flexible mask is fabricated embodying the pattern to be generated. This flexible mask is then aligned with any desired point on the substrate and brought into contact with the photoresist layer. The photoresist layer is then exposed and each localized area is developed and the underlying coating layer is etched. After the excess photoresist material is washed away the pattern, etched into the coating layer, remains.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a multiple exposure hologram includes an object beam cut out mask 24 and reference beam cut out mask 60. Different segments of the masks are left uncovered during each exposure step and operate to shape the reference 18 and object 16 beams so that they illuminate selected areas of the photosensitive plate 12. The angle of incidence of the object beam 16 remains constant during each exposure step while the reference beam 18 illuminates the plate 12 at different angles during each exposure step. During playback, a plurality of lamps 94-106 project reconstruction beams at the hologram 12 to individually or collectively render the holographic segments viewable with a minimum of crosstalk between each segment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing supports intended for the optical recording and reading of information. A layer containing a diazo compound is deposited onto a metallized substrate. Recording is obtained by exposing the support to light through a mask, the exposed zones of the layer of diazo compound being decomposed. Dry development in ammonia vapors shows up transparent zones and opaque zones corresponding to the information.

Abstract: A hologram is fabricated by opening a volume phase reflection hologram formed in a recording medium such as a positive photoresist. The opening occurs by forming a second hologram, such as an off-axis hologram, in the same recording medium. The opened hologram can be replicated in metal and the metal can be used to emboss the fringe pattern of the opened hologram into plastic. A full range of colors in the visible spectrum may be obtained by metallizing the embossed plastic structure and then by overcoating it with appropriate clear dielectric layers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for reversible optical information storage, which comprises polymeric liquid crystals as a storage medium. The device contains a film comprised of a liquid crystal main chain polymer, as a storage medium, and is constructed so that in the storage operation the storage medium is locally reoriented, and the information is stored by means of a local variation of the molecular ordering.

Abstract: A method for generating a lattice structure with a phase shift on a surface of a substrate characterized by the steps of exposing of a photo-sensitive surface in an optical interference field and then subsequently exposing the same surface to a second interference field with the spatial frequencies of the two interference fields being changed a small amount between the two exposures. The photo-sensitive surface can be a photoresist layer applied on the substrate. After developing of the layer, this lattice structure is produced by etching. Another embodiment of the method is produced by means of a laser-active etching wherein the photo-sensitive surface is compound of a substrate surface in contact with an etchant and the etchant reaction is activated by the exposure.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing integrated circuits using holographic techniques by interference between an input beam and a reference beam generated from laser sources. A holographic image of the object formed on a mask window, is formed on recording emulsion coated on a glass slab by means of interference between the input beam which has passed through the mask and the reference beam which is reflected from the surface of a prism in contact with the glass slab. In order to reproduce the holographic image on a silicon slice which replaces the mask, the reference beam is replayed in the reverse direction through the prism such that the interference between the input beam and the replayed reference beam causes the holographic image to be created as a real image in the silicon slice.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing optical elements, such as for head-up displays, from holographically recorded interference patterns in a dichromatic gelatin is disclosed. The exposed hologram pattern is developed through hydration, the hydrated hologram gelatin is dehydrated by contacting the hydrated gelatin with a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and an inert anhydrous fluid, such as a liquid fluorinated hydrocarbon solution. The dehydrated hologram pattern can then be subsequently stabilized, for example, by baking.

Abstract: There is disclosed herein a hologram recording medium comprising of substrate formed of transparent and non-light scattering material having a plurality of open pores for said substrate and photopolymerization composition impregnated in said open pores. The photopolymerization composition consists essentially of a photopolymerizable monomer or oligomer which adheres to the surface of said open pores, a photopolymerization initiator and activator for controlling the photopolymerization speed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing a blazed diffraction grating by using a transmission modulation diffraction grating as a photomask in photolithography. The photomask is composed of a relief modulation diffraction grating (A) made of a transparent material and a blazed diffraction grating (B) made of a material containing a ray absorbing agent. The diffraction grating (A) and the diffraction grating (B) are mated with each other through their grating surfaces.

Abstract: A hologram is fabricated by opening a volume phase reflection hologram formed in a recording medium such as a positive photoresist. The opening occurs by forming a second hologram, such as an off-axis hologram, in the same recording medium. The opened hologram can be replicated in metal and the metal can be used to emboss the fringe pattern of the opened hologram into plastic. A full range of colors in the visible spectrum may be obtained by metallizing the embossed plastic structure and then by overcoating it with appropriate clear dielectric layers.

Abstract: A hologram being adhered to a textile fabric by means of a silk screen printing ink while at the same time printing a graphic on the textile; the ink embedding the hologram edges therein and the ink containing an ingredient to bond with the hologram.

Abstract: A method of inducing antitumor immunocytes which is simple in operation and suitable for inducing antitumor immunocytes having not only excellent cytotoxic activity against tumor cells but also high safety, which method comprises contacting leucocytes with an insoluble, antitumor immunocyte-inducing material capable of linking with T cells, said antitumor immunocyte-inducing material comprising an insoluble carrier and a ligand linked therewith. The induced antitumor immunocytes can be simply separated in substantially ligand-free form from the insoluble, antitumor immunocyte-inducing material. The obtained antitumor immunocytes have not only excellent cytotoxic activity against tumor cells but also high safety.

Abstract: Holographic film material which comprises in a silver halide emulsion layer an amount of a water-soluble compound, which does not affect the photographic properties of the silver halide emulsion and which is non-light scattering.

Abstract: The exposure component (10) of a photo-etching system for a semiconductor wafer (28) includes a laser (12) that shines coherent light through an expansion lens (14) and then a contraction lens (16) to supply a spherically convergent beam of light through a lensless-Fourier-transform hologram (22) and onto the semiconductor wafer (28). The wafer (28) is located tangent to a hemisphere centered on the hologram (22) that has the focal point (26) of the convergent spherical beam at the middle of its curved surface. This forms a reduced version of the source image from which the hologram (22) was formed and achieves feature sizes significantly smaller than those attainable with conventional mask-type systems employing light of the same wavelength.

Abstract: Method of preparing a hologram which is of the silver halide in gelatin binder type, which method comprises exposing, developing and bleaching the holographic material, where a water-soluble halide and a ferric salt of an acetic acid derivative are used in the bleach bath.

Abstract: A method of developing a holographically recorded interference pattern in a dichromatic gelatin structure is provided. The process includes developing the hologram pattern by hydration and dehydration, baking the developed hologram pattern at a temperature equal or above 120.degree. C. for approximately 24 hours, rehydrating the developed hologram and dehydrating the developed hologram at a temperature of approximately 60.degree. C. for approximately 48 hours until the design wavelength response is attained to provide a stabilized hologram.

Abstract: A method of forming a channel of varying width in a body comprises the steps of forming a plurality of masking elements having an opening therethrough intersecting a plurality of the elements on a surface of the body, partially flowing the elements into the opening to form a masking pattern having a variable width opening therethrough, and removing portions of the exposed body to form the channel with a sidewall having a surface contour corresponding to an edge of the masking pattern.

Abstract: Multicolor holograms using gelatin as the binder and having interference fringes lying in layers parallel to the substrate, the colors of which are visible by reflection in incident natural light, by treating the holographic material which has been holographically exposed and processed to produce a hologram therein, by applying to the selected areas of the gelatin which contains the interference fringes a solution of a compound which causes the interference fringes to separate permanently and produce a bathochromic shift in the replay wavelength.

Abstract: A method for treating photosensitive, hydrophilic gelatin holograms to reduce swelling when the gelatin is exposed to moisture. Two reactants which are capable of forming solid reaction products are migrated into the interstitial voids within the gelatin to form a filled gelatin which is resistant to both swelling and shrinkage due to moisture variations. Embodiments are disclosed in which the reactants are migrated simultaneously and sequentially into the gelatin. Examples of a first reactant are silane, chloronated silanes (trichlorosilane and tetrachlorosilane, fluorosilane) and a second reactant oxygen, ammonia, water vapor and suitable gaseous sources of oxygen.

Abstract: A method for the formation of a diffraction grating on a substrate using a holographic technique and an etching technique, wherein the periodicity of the pattern of the diffraction grating can be changed at will by a change of the light-path length of one of the two light fluxes from a holographic exposing system.

Abstract: Dyes of the formula ##STR1## wherein Y completes a benzothiazole or benzoselenazole nucleus, R.sub.1 is alkyl, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are hydrogen, alkyl or phenyl and Z is alkylene, are suitable for sensitizing fine grain silver halide emulsions.

Abstract: Light sensitive recording medium is exposed to highly absorbed incoherent light either before or after a slant fringe hologram is recorded therein to reduce the sensitivity of the medium at surface regions adjacent a supporting substrate. The fringes recorded in the area of reduced sensitivity have lower contrast than those recorded in the remainder of the medium, freeing the fringes from the substrate and allowing greater expansion of the medium during a subsequent chemical swelling process. The increased swelling amplifies the refractive index modulation in the medium to increase the diffraction efficiency of the hologram. Dye may be added to the medium to increase absorbance of the incoherent light.

Abstract: A visible ray-recording hologram material comprising a polymer containing a carbazole ring, iodoform, and an aromatic colorant having a fused ring system. This material enables recording with rays having a wavelength of 450 to 550 nm.

Abstract: The holograph assembly has first and second hydrophobic substrates layers (14, 12) which carry therebetween a water absorbent layer (16). The holographic image layer (18) is protected against moisture from that side because the water absorbent layer acts as a sponge for the moisture diffusing through the first substrate (14). The upper side of the image layer is protected by first and second cover layers (20, 22) and second water absorbent cover layer (24), all of which must be transparent to view the holographic image. An adhesive may be applied between layers.

Abstract: Holograms which contain gelatin as the binder are prepared by holographically exposing the material by use of coherent light, developing the holographic image by a chemical or physical process and before processing, simultaneously or subsequently, treating the material with a solution of a gelatin reactive compound which has a molecular weight of over 200 and which reacts with the gelatin to form covalent bonds therewith to increase the molecular bulk of the gelatin.

Abstract: Holograms which contain gelatin as the binder are prepared by holographically exposing the holographic material by use of coherent light, developing the holographic image by a chemical or physical process and before processing, simultaneously or subsequently, treating the material with a solution of an onium compound which comprises at least one alkyl group having from 10 to 18 carbon atoms or in which the total number of carbon atoms in the substituent group is at least 15 or a polymeric compound which comprises at least one onium group in the repeating unit.

Abstract: Holograms using gelatin as the binders are prepared by holographically exposing holographic material with coherent light, developing the holographic image by a chemical or physical process and before processing, simultaneously or subsequently, treating the material with an aqueous solution of a polymer which comprises a tertiary amine group.

Abstract: An image-receiving material adapted for silver complex diffusion transfer processing and for forming a laminate, e.g. serving as an identification document, wherein said material comprises a hydrophobic resin support or resin-coated paper support directly coated on a resin surface thereof with a DTR-image receiving layer containing developing nuclei in a binder medium and comprising in percent by weight on its total weight the following ingredients:2% to 45% of gelatin,25% to 85% of colloidal silica,1.0% to 50% of a copolymer consisting of copolymerized ethylene and an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer in free acid or salt form, wherein the polymerized ethylene content is not lower than 80% by weight, and0.2% to 35% of a siloxane forming a reaction product through its siloxane group with the colloidal silica, the dry coverage of the image-receiving layer being in the range of 1 g to 15 g per m2.

Abstract: Holographic material comprising on a light transparent base at least two silver halide emulsion layers wherein the shrinking factor SF, the ratio of the replay wavelength or the ratio of the thicknesses of the layer before and after processing, of each of the layers differs at least by 0.02.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing surface relief holograms wherein an original surface relief hologram in the form of an endless loop or a drum is continuously coated with a radiation-curable resin. After curing, the resin bears a replica of the original hologram and it is continuously drawn off from the original as a sheet or film. The replica film becomes a hot-stamping foil when formed in contact with a carrier film, metallized, and coated with a hot-stamping adhesive.

Abstract: As a process for fabricating uniform patterns fine enough to produce a quantum size effect, the use of electron halography is proposed. Disclosed examples employing a process are methods of manufacturing a semiconductors laser whose threshold current is approximately 1 mA, and a permeable transistor and bistable device whose response rates are 100 GHz.

Abstract: A method of preparing a hologram which comprises subjecting holographic material to a holographic exposure, the holographic material comprising silver halide emulsion of which at least 80% by weight of the halide is bromide, developing the exposed material in a silver halide developing solution to yield developed silver, converting the developed silver to silver chloride using a bleaching agent selected from ferric ions, persulphate ions, chlorate ions, peroxides and water-soluble quinones, in the presence of chloride ions and then fixing out the silver chloride using a silver halide fixing agent which dissolves silver chloride but not silver bromide or silver iodobromide under the conditions of use.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for making a semiconductor device involves placing a semiconductor wafer in a position where two coherent light beams can interfere thereon. One of the coherent light beams is modulated by a hologram inserted in the path of the beam projected onto a surface of the semiconductor wafer. The other of the coherent light beams is also projected onto the same surface of the semiconductor wafer. The two interfering light beams form a pattern on a photoresist film found on the surface of the semiconductor wafer, which can be developed by photoresist techniques.

Abstract: Metallic salts of organic charge-transfer agents, such as TCNQ, TNAP, TCNE and DDQ and their derivatives, can be processed by an electron beam for a variety of useful electronic and optical applications. The metallic charge transfer salts can be used to deposit high resolution conductive lines directly without developing solutions or subsequent metallization steps. The compounds can also be employed in the conventional manner as resists for doping (i.e., ion diffusion or implantation) and to diffuse metals into substrates. In particular, elecronic devices, optical devices and image-storage devices are disclosed which can be formed by simple electron beam processed of metal charge-transfer salt films deposited on substrates.

Abstract: A method of preparing a hologram which comprises subjecting holographic material to a holographic exposure, the holographic material comprising a silver halide emulsion of which at least 80% by weight of the halide is bromide, developing the exposed material in a silver halide developing solution to yield developed silver, converting the residual silver bromide, in the main part at least, to silver iodide by use of an aqueous iodide solution, removing the developed silver but leaving the silver iodide either by use of a bleach/fix bath under controlled conditions or by rehalogenating the developed silver to silver bromide or chloride using a brominating or chlorinating silver bleach solution and simultaneously or subsequently fixing out the thus formed silver bromide or chloride using a fixing agent under such conditions that silver iodide is not dissolved from the material.

Abstract: A method of making a white light hologram is disclosed. A diffraction grating is placed in contact with a film emulsion to provide a reference and object beam from the same light source.

Abstract: Novel photopolymerizable compositions are provided which comprise a dye sensitizer, a linear polyethylenimine as a polymerization initiator and a free radical polymerizable ethylenic unsaturated monomer.In the preferred embodiments, the linear polyethylenimine is used in combination with lithium acrylate.

Abstract: A holographic recording medium is treated to eliminate side lobes. The method involves exposing opposed surfaces of the medium with filtered incoherent light either before or after a holographic exposure with coherent light. The incoherent exposure produces controlled desensitization of the medium, resulting in a sensitivity profile which increases continuously to a maximum near the center of the layer. A hologram recorded in the layer has a refractive index modulation which is high in the center of the layer and which decreases toward the surfaces of the layer.