Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and systems for controlling a combustion reaction and the products thereof. One embodiment includes a combustion control system having an oxygenation stream substantially comprising oxygen and CO2 and having an oxygen to CO2 ratio, then mixing the oxygenation stream with a combustion fuel stream and combusting in a combustor to generate a combustion products stream having a temperature and a composition detected by a temperature sensor and an oxygen analyzer, respectively, the data from which are used to control the flow and composition of the oxygenation and combustion fuel streams. The system may also include a gas turbine with an expander and having a load and a load controller in a feedback arrangement.

Abstract: Methods and a device for monitoring the combustion process in a power station are provided. An actual concentration distribution of a material and/or an actual temperature distribution are measured in the combustion chamber. Conclusions are drawn regarding the type of combustion material on the basis of the measured actual concentration distribution or temperature distribution. A concentration distribution or temperature distribution of a material that has been determined using a sample fuel is compared with the measured actual concentration distribution or temperature distribution.

Abstract: A control system for a fuel-fired appliance and methods of operating are disclosed. When an electrical characteristic of a flame detector fails to cross a threshold level during an ignition attempt and when the electrical characteristic of the flame detector changes by a predetermined amount, the control system may activate an indicator indicating a problem with the flame detector (e.g. dirty, misaligned, or otherwise unable to properly detect the flame).

Abstract: A flare stack comprises an upwardly extending gas discharge duct 10 and a pilot burner 16 operative at an burner location near the open top end of the duct 10 to ignite gas discharged by way of the duct. Atmospheric samples from the burner location are delivered to a monitoring station 20 remote from the duct 10 and at ground level 12. A sensor at the monitoring station 20 is responsive to a parameter of the sample indicative of combustion at the burner location such as increased CO2 or NOx or decreased O2. An igniter is operatively associated with the sensor and arranged to light the pilot burner 16 automatically if the sensor does not detect said parameter in the sample.

Abstract: A method and a device for diagnosing an ascertainment of a performance quantity of an internal combustion engine. Within the scope of a first diagnostic process a first value which is characteristic of a first performance quantity of the internal combustion engine ascertained at a first point in time after switching off the internal combustion engine is compared to a predefined value, and an error is identified when in the comparison it is detected that the absolute value of a first difference between the first value and the predefined value exceeds a predefined first threshold value for the first point in time. The predefined first threshold value is predefined to be smaller the longer the time since the internal combustion engine has been switched off.

Abstract: A cigarette lighter includes a reservoir for storing fuel and a head formed on the reservoir. Moreover, the cigarette lighter includes a valve for releasing the fuel from the reservoir, a nozzle put in the head for spraying the fuel from the valve, an ignition device for igniting the fuel sprayed from the nozzle, a cover for covering the head and an alarm for providing only one round of a message every time the cover is lifted.

Abstract: A solution should be created in a radiant heating apparatus that economically makes available in a constructively simple manner a simplified and improved possibility of monitoring the radiant heating apparatus. This is achieved with a radiant heating apparatus for a furnace system in which a monitoring apparatus for determining a current pressure is provided in the combustion air line and/or in the combustion gas line immediately in front of the entrance into the housing of the at least one burner which apparatus outputs the currently determined pressure to a burner control. The burner control is designed in such a manner that it compares the currently determined pressure with a predetermined limit value and/or it compares a pressure difference ?p formed from a currently determined pressure and a pressure of a corresponding collector line with a predetermined limit value.

Abstract: An apparatus of controlling oxygen supply for a boiler having wind boxes 2a and 2b arranged on left and right of a boiler body 1 is configured to control supply balance of oxygen by adjusting oxygen supply opening degrees of the left and right oxygen distribution dampers 15a and 15b in accordance with a oxygen supply flow rate and left and right actually measured oxygen concentrations when controlling the oxygen supply amounts and to control the exhaust gas flow rates by correcting an exhaust gas flow rate set value corresponding to a boiler load demand in accordance with an oxygen concentration set value corresponding to a boiler load demand, left and right actually measured exhaust gas flow rates and left and right actually measured oxygen concentrations and adjusting left and right exhaust gas introduction opening degrees of the left and right exhaust gas introduction dampers 8a and 8b when controlling the exhaust gas flow rates.

Abstract: A method of igniting and monitoring a high speed burner with which a fuel/oxygen-mixture exits at high velocity from a burner head, wherein the length of the flame is governed by the exit velocity of the mixture. The invention is characterized by placing an electrically conductive pipe in and concentrical with the burner channel for the fuel mixture, by causing a first end of the pipe to terminate close to the fuel mixture outlet of the burner head, by electrically isolating the pipe and by causing the detection of light of the group ultraviolet light, visible light and/or infrared light to be detected at the other end of the pipe, and by causing a spark to be generated between the first end of the pipe and the surrounding burner head by application of a voltage, in igniting the burner. A burner is also disclosed.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a heat transfer tube monitoring apparatus for use in a heat exchanger including multiple-stage heat transfer tube bundles spaced apart from each other in a flow direction of flue gas includes a differential pressure detecting unit used for detecting a differential pressure between upstream and downstream for each of the heat transfer tube bundles. With this configuration, an abnormal heat transfer tube bundle can be specified.

Abstract: A cigarette lighter has a removable fuel cartridge with a reservoir for holding flammable liquid fuel, a valve for controlling the flow of fuel into and from the reservoir, an ignition actuator for causing ignition of the fuel, a nozzle for causing the ignited fuel to form a lighting flame, and a valve actuator that cooperates with the ignition actuator to open the valve as the ignition actuator is actuated. The reservoir has a transparent portion which is aligned with a window in the lighter housing to allow external observation of the fuel level in the reservoir. The transparent portion includes indicia for gauging the amount of fuel. The indicia is structurally contoured to provide means for engaging the reservoir to remove the fuel cartridge from the lighter.

Abstract: A light-spot-indication gas range switch device includes a switch knob seat to which an LED is mounted. A cam ring is fixed to a rotary shaft of a gas valve in such a way that a bulge section of an outer circumference of the cam ring corresponds to a rotation range within which a rotary switch knob opens the gas valve and a truncated section of the outer circumference corresponds to a location where the gas valve is closed. The micro-switch support bracket supports a micro-switch and is arranged in such a way that a switching tab of the micro-switch engages the outer circumference of the cam ring. When the rotary switch knob is turned to set up a range flame, the micro-switch is triggered and the LED is powered by an electrical source to give off light indicating the turning on of the gas range switch device.

Abstract: A burner is operated by providing a monitoring unit and monitoring the firing rate of the burner and feeding an input signal representing the firing rate to the monitoring unit. The respective proportions of gases in exhaust emissions from the burner are monitored and input signals representing the respective proportions are fed to the monitoring unit. From a combination of the input signals representing the firing rate of the burner and the respective proportions of gases in exhaust emissions, the amounts of one or more of the gases emitted from the burner are calculated in the monitoring unit. At least one of the amounts is displayed.

Abstract: The apparatus includes a flow rate measurement unit 17 for measuring the gas flow rate, a gas shut-off valve 2c for shutting off a gas flow path at the abnormal time, an information storage unit 10b for storing various pieces of information based on the measurement result of the flow rate measurement unit 17, a wireless module 11 for transmitting and receiving information to and from a plurality of parties, and a communication switch unit 10c for switching a communication frequency band depending on the parties, wherein the wireless module 11 is integrated with a control circuit board 10 forming the flow rate measurement unit 17 and is housed in a gas meter 2, has at least a communication frequency band with a base station 14 and a communication frequency band with a plurality of gas appliances, and transmits an operation start signal detected by an appliance detection unit 22 of a specific gas appliance as appliance information using an appliance wireless module 11d, and the continuous use time of the specif

Abstract: A handling device for liquor guns (2) of a recovery boiler plant, which device comprises transfer means (11) for transferring a nozzle (7) of a liquor gun to the furnace (1) of a boiler and out from the furnace. In addition, the invention relates to a recovery boiler plant as well as a method in a recovery boiler plant.

Abstract: A burner installation includes a burner housing (1), a burner mounted in the burner housing, and a burner flame monitoring device (14) for detecting the presence of a flame in the burner. The monitoring device (14) is able to provide a signal indicating the presence of the flame in the burner, the monitoring device being detachably mounted on the burner housing (1). A magnet (22) and sensor (17) for detecting the proximity of the magnet are provided. One of the magnet (22) and sensor (17) is secured in fixed relationship to the monitoring device (14) and the other of the magnet and sensor is secured in fixed relationship to the burner housing (1), whereby the sensor (17) is able to detect if the monitoring device (14) is detached from the burner housing.

Abstract: A method and device, wherein the following steps are carried out: measurement or determination of waste gas concentration parameters, waste gas temperature, outside temperature, fuel power during a limited observation period; determination of the efficiency of the heating system in the area of observation over a period of time; determination of the average outside temperature in the area of observation; determination of heating performance produced in accordance with an average outside temperature on the basis of fuel power over a period of time and the efficiency of the heating system over a period of time in the area of observation; determination of maximum heating performance which is to be obtained in accordance with a minimum outside temperature from the average heating performance, minimum outside temperature, average inside temperature and average outside temperature in the area of observation; determination of the heat contact value of the heating system from the maximum heating performance and durati

Abstract: A temperature sensor for a burner comprises two metal wires implementing a thermocouple, a protection sheath receiving the two metal wires, and a head in metal material having a front side intended to be facing the environment, the temperature of which is intended to be measured, and a rear side opposite the front side, in which the two metal wires are connected in a thermal exchange relationship to the head rear side, and the head comprises a front portion connectable to a burner wall of the burner so that the thermocouple is connectable to the burner by means of said metal head.

Abstract: A microcomputer 51 of an electronic circuit unit 50 actuates an electric motor (stepping motor) 20 driving a thermal power control valve of a burner during or just after extinguishment of the burner to displace the thermal power control valve to an opening degree position for ignition. In this way, the delay of the start of an ignition process of the burner for an ignition request can be eliminated to start the ignition process promptly.

Abstract: A heater for a liquid has a combustion chamber, a jacket for the liquid extending about the combustion chamber and a burner head assembly connected to the combustion chamber. The burner head assembly includes a housing having a burner mounted thereon and a hollow interior. A control module and a fan are mounted in the hollow interior, the fan being connected to an electric motor. A compressor and a fuel pump are mounted on the housing and are operatively connected to the electric motor. The control module may include controls for exercising components of the heater prior to combustion, thereby verifying operation of these components. Preferably there is a speed control for the motor, such as a closed loop speed control which regulates motor speed and accordingly output of the heater. Preferably there is a backup system using a lookup table in the event that the closed loop speed control fails.

Abstract: A system for analyzing the quality of combustion in the vicinity of the over fire zone of a combustion system includes at least one lens assembly mounted to a wall of the combustion system in the vicinity of the over fire zone. One or more photo-detectors are used to measure the intensity of light emitted in the over fire zone. A data acquisition system is connected to the photo-detector assembly via a communication link and includes an analog-to-digital converter and data buffering device for converting the light signals to digital signals. A computer analyzes the digital signals with linear and nonlinear signal analysis techniques.

Abstract: A flame detector is disclosed for monitoring a flame during a combustion process, comprising a camera and a carrier tube, wherein the camera is arranged at a front end of the carrier tube such that an optical access of the camera is directed toward the flame when the front end of the carrier tube is mounted in the vicinity of a burner nozzle aperture.

Abstract: A furnace panel leak monitoring and control system for fluid-cooled panels in high temperature industrial furnaces such as, for example, smelting furnaces, blast furnaces and electric arc furnaces. The system performs at least two and up four functions simultaneously. At minimum, the system includes one or more temperature sensors received within the body of the panel to monitor temperature within the metal of the panel itself, and pressure sensors installed proximate the inlet and outlet of each panel coolant fluid circuit, which circuits are preferably periodically automatically tested, to check for leaks in the coolant circuits. In addition, the system preferably includes temperature and flow sensors for monitoring the furnace panel coolant circuit(s) for temperature and flow fluctuations, respectively, which may be indicative of leaking cooling circuits. The system triggers visual and/or audible alarm means to alert a human operator of an apparent coolant fluid leak situation.

Abstract: In a monitoring device (11) in the wall (3) of a furnace (1), particularly for capturing the image of an incineration process in the furnace (1), having an inner end (I), an outer end (E), at least one housing (13, 17), and an monitoring element (25) arranged inside the housing (13, 17), extending at least between the inner end (I) and the outer end (E), the monitoring device (11) is provided with a scraper unit (31) that keeps the inner end (I) of the monitoring element (25) free from deposits occurring on the wall (3).

Abstract: A cigarette lighter has a fuel cartridge for use therewith that may be removable there-from. In the exemplary embodiment, the fuel cartridge has a reservoir for holding a flammable liquid fuel, and includes a valve having a closed state for denying escape of the fuel from the reservoir and an open state for allowing such escape. The lighter has an ignition actuator for causing ignition of the escaped fuel when the ignition actuator is actuated, a nozzle for causing the ignited fuel to form a lighting flame, and a valve actuator cooperating with the ignition actuator to open the valve as the ignition actuator is actuated. In the exemplary embodiment, the reservoir has a transparent portion and the lighter housing is an opaque shell surrounding the reservoir with a viewing window there-through. The viewing window is aligned with the transparent portion of the reservoir to allow external observation of the amount of fuel within said chamber.

Abstract: The exemplary embodiment is a reservoir for use with a cigarette lighter has a chamber for containing gas and liquid fuel and a lens made of a transparent material and having an internal surface adjacent the chamber. The internal surface allows optical transmission of visible light into and from the liquid fuel when in contact therewith, but denies the transmission of light into the gas when in contact therewith. The internal surface is contoured such that the transmissions are facilitated by optical refraction, and the denial is facilitated by optical reflection. The transmissions facilitate comparisons of the relative amounts of the liquid fuel and the gas in the chamber. The chamber has within a non-transparent object viewable through the lens during the transmissions and non-viewable through the lens during the denial. The object is a planar panel disposed substantially parallel to and displaced from the internal surface.

Abstract: A display equipment of gas contents include a sensing device mounted on an outlet of a gas supply and a display device mounted on a control panel of a gas stove. The sensing device has a floating member to be moved by a gas pressure of the gas supply. The display device has a switch and a display electrically connected to the switch. The switch is provided on the sensing device and in association with the floating member that the floating member may turn on or turn off the switch when the floating member is moved by the gas pressure, and the display shows relative information according to the switch. The display equipment of gas contents of the present invention may tell the remaining gas on the gas stove and whether there is a gas leakage in the system.

Abstract: In a stove (100) with a burner area (102), a burner (104) within the burner area (102), and either a gas supply line (144a) or an electrical line (144b), the system monitors conditions in or around the burner area (102), the burner (104) within the burner area (102), or the space around the stove. If an unsafe condition is detected, such as an unattended burner condition or an open burner condition, the system makes a safety determination regarding whether or not to activate an alarm or shut off the gas supply line or electrical line.

Abstract: A video analytics system for characterization of a flare. A video of a flare may be taken for obtaining information so as to appropriately control the flare in an interest of reducing emissions not necessarily favorable to the environment. The system may incorporate a control scenario involving one or more parameters of a flare which are to be controlled in view of a flare characterization from an algorithmic analysis of the video.

Abstract: A lighter comprises two spaced apart electrodes, a fuel emitting structure adjacent at least one of the electrodes, a voltage generating device electrically connected to each one of electrodes and timer circuitry electrically connected between the voltage generating device and at least one of the electrodes. The timer circuitry precludes operation of the voltage generating device causing ignition of fuel emitted by the fuel emitting structure during a wait time interval and enables operation of the voltage generating device to cause ignition of fuel emitted by the fuel emitting structure after the wait time interval passes.

Abstract: A fuel injector for a gas turbine combustor is disclosed which includes a feed arm having a flange for mounting the injector within the combustor and a fuel nozzle depending from the feed arm for injecting fuel into the combustor for combustion. An optical sensor array is located within the fuel nozzle for observing combustion conditions within the combustor.

Abstract: A liquid-cooled camera assembly that includes a camera for viewing the combustion process in an industrial gas turbine that further includes a tri-concentric tube assembly, and a window cap positioned at a first end of the tri-concentric tube assembly. The camera may be positioned adjacent to and behind the window cap. The tri-concentric tube assembly may form channels between the tubes that direct the flow of coolant to the camera from an inlet and from the camera to an outlet. The coolant may be water. The window cap may be cylindrical and may not exceed 1 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter. The window cap may be brazed quartz.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a display controller for gas burners, and connected between a metering tray for supporting a combustion gas supplying cylinder and a combustion gas electric valve unit to display the remaining time available for using combustion gas, the combustion gas supplying cylinder has the functions of automatically resetting, correcting and assure no gas leaks out.

Abstract: A back drafting alarm assembly is designed to detect back drafting in combustion fired appliances. The assembly includes a temperature sensor unit that is attached to the diverter bonnet of a water heater or furnace to measure the temperature at all times. The sensor is connected to an alarm assembly that sounds an alarm when the temperature of the bonnet reaches or exceeds 130 degrees F. for a predetermined time period. The preferred time period is three (3) minutes. The alarm assembly also includes a reset button to shut off the alarm and a test button to make certain that the device functions when installed. A microprocessor provides the additional capability to record the total number of excursion events over a longer monitoring period. The alarm operates on direct current from a battery, or standard 110 volts AC with a suitable AC/DC transformer. A battery backup feature provides uninterrupted power when using 110 volts AC as a power source.

Abstract: A readout apparatus that can be carried in the shirt pocket of a technician. The readout apparatus is used to easily and quickly make a connection to a heating system via a data access port of the heating controls, especially in low light situations, without the need for cables or probes. A display enables a technician to determine information concerning the operational characteristics of the heating system control unit to obtain information concerning the operational characteristics of the heating system. Real time operational information concerning the operation of the heating system via its control unit such as well temperature, cad cell, and line voltage are provided. The apparatus is powered from the electrical power available at the data access port so that the apparatus does not require the use of batteries or need any external switching such as an on/off button.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for controlling the operation of a gas fired appliance having a gas valve circuit for enabling the flow of gas to the burner. The apparatus comprises a sensor capable of detecting the presence of flammable vapor, a switching means in series with the gas valve solenoid circuit for interrupting a thermocouple voltage to the gas valve solenoid to disable the flow of gas, and a fuse that normally conducts a current to the switching means to maintain the switching means in a conductive state for applying a thermocouple voltage to the gas valve solenoid. In response to the detection by the sensor of the presence of a predetermined level of flammable vapor concentration, a second switch supplies a higher current through the fuse. The higher current causes the fuse to blow and interrupt the current for maintaining the switching means in a conductive state, such that the switching means interrupts the thermocouple voltage applied to the gas valve solenoid to shut off the gas to the burner.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a switch, a fuse, and a sensor that is capable of detecting the presence of flammable vapors and responsively changing in resistance, wherein the sensor enables the switch to supply current to the fuse which opens to shut down an appliance burner. The fuse is connected in series with a control circuit that enables a gas valve to supply gas to the burner 65. The apparatus comprises a voltage divider circuit that includes the sensor, which upon exposure to flammable vapors, increases in resistance to provide a voltage input to the gate of a FET 100. The FET switches on and conducts a current that blows the fuse to interrupt the appliance burner control circuit and shut down burner operation.

Abstract: The invention provides a safety module for connection to a fuel-burning appliance. The safety module connects to the existing circuitry of the appliance and triggers an alarm response when certain predetermined conditions are met. The safety module includes a CO sensor and a processor and can respond not only to acutely high CO levels but also to chronically high CO levels and lack of adherence to service schedules amongst other conditions. The safety module can also be programmed/reset.

Abstract: In a rotary joint A including an electric signal slip ring 31 for passing different electric signals between a stator 1 and a rotor 6, for the purpose of stable transmission of electric signals in the electric signal slip ring 31, stationary side electrode stacks 38a and 38b are provided individually by stacking each pair of axially adjacent two 36b to 36e of six ring-plate-shaped stationary side electrodes 36a to 36f arranged concentrically with the axis of the stator 1 and aligned axially with each other together with one of stationary side insulating seats 37a and 37b interposed between the pair of axially faced stationary side electrodes, rotating side electrode stacks 42a to 42c are provided individually by stacking each pair of axially adjacent two 40a to 40f of six ring-plate-shaped rotating side electrodes 40a to 40f arranged concentrically with the axis of the rotor 6 and aligned axially with each other together with one of rotating side insulating seats 41a and 41c interposed between the pair of axi

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a switch, a fuse, and a sensor that is capable of detecting the presence of flammable vapors and responsively changing in resistance, wherein the sensor enables the switch to supply current to the fuse which opens to shut down an appliance burner. The fuse is connected in series with a control circuit that enables a gas valve to supply gas to the burner. 65 The apparatus comprises a voltage divider circuit that includes the sensor, which upon exposure to flammable vapors, increases in resistance to provide a voltage input to the gate of a FET 100. The FET switches on and conducts a current that blows the fuse to interrupt the appliance burner control circuit and shut down burner operation.

Abstract: A cigarette lighter includes a reservoir for storing fuel and a head formed on the reservoir. Moreover, the cigarette lighter includes a valve for releasing the fuel from the reservoir, a nozzle put in the head for spraying the fuel from the valve, an ignition device for igniting the fuel sprayed from the nozzle, a cover for covering the head and an alarm for providing only one round of a message every time the cover is lifted.

Abstract: A proximity warning system for a fireplace including a monitor module and an alarm module. The monitor module is configured to sense when an object, such as a person, enters a defined zone proximate to the fireplace. The monitor module may use a variety of techniques to sense when an object enters the defined zone. For example, the monitor module may use capacitance or pulse infrared light to detect when an object enters the defined zone. The alarm module is coupled to the monitor module to generate an alarm when the monitor module senses that the object has entered the defined zone. The alarm may be audible or visual.

Abstract: A sight glass retaining system is provided for mounting a sight glass to a support panel, such as for viewing combustion or other processes. The system includes a retainer which forms a continuous frame and has lateral flanges for locating the sight glass. Retaining tabs extend from the frame and support resilient retaining portions which snap into engagement with the support panel. A resilient element, which may form a seal with the sight glass and support panel, urges the assembly in compression to maintain tight engagement of the components, and generally column loads the retaining portions to preclude movement of the assembly on the support panel.

Abstract: A proximity warning system for a fireplace including a monitor module and an alarm module. The monitor module is configured to sense when an object, such as a person, enters a defined zone proximate to the fireplace. The monitor module may use a variety of techniques to sense when an object enters the defined zone. For example, the monitor module may use capacitance or pulse infrared light to detect when an object enters the defined zone. The alarm module is coupled to the monitor module to generate an alarm when the monitor module senses that the object has entered the defined zone. The alarm may be audible or visual.

Abstract: A proximity warning system for a fireplace including a monitor module and an alarm module. The monitor module is configured to sense when an object, such as a person, enters a defined zone proximate to the fireplace. The monitor module may use a variety of techniques to sense when an object enters the defined zone. For example, the monitor module may use capacitance or pulse infrared light to detect when an object enters the defined zone. The alarm module is coupled to the monitor module to generate an alarm when the monitor module senses that the object has entered the defined zone. The alarm may be audible or visual.

Abstract: A smoke density monitor for mounting on a ship smokestack. The smoke density monitor provides a transmitter head and a receiver head mounted to a smokestack. The transmitter head and receiver head are optically connected with a density monitor by means of fiber-optic lines. The density monitor is electrically connected to an alarm monitor, which at pre-set smokestack smoke densities activates an alarm and/or shuts down the ship's burner(s). An optional recorder may be connected to the alarm monitor to preserve a record of smoke density. Each transmitter and recorder head has an optical head slidably attached to a head housing for ease of servicing and maintenance.

Abstract: The oxy-fuel burner comprises at least one fuel supply pipe (16) and at least one pipe (18) for supplying an oxygen-rich gas, the said outlets of the pipes being directed approximately in the same direction, the burner being designed to be mounted through a wall of a furnace with the pipes directed into the furnace. It carries at least one auxiliary member (50, 60) intended to act on the flame and the said auxiliary member (50, 60) is placed on the burner upstream of the zone where the fuel gas and the oxygen-rich gas meet.

Abstract: An intelligent burner control apparatus is configured to control the flow rate of a fluid flowing from a fluid supply to a burner. The apparatus includes a flow controller, a flow regulator, and a flow monitor. The flow controller includes a sensor configured to measure the flow rate of the fluid. The flow controller is configured to determine a flow control signal based on a measured fluid flow rate. The flow regulator is configured to receive the flow control signal and includes a valve movable to control the flow rate of the fluid in response to the flow control signal. The flow monitor is configured to monitor a change in the position of the valve with respect to the measured fluid flow rate and to produce an alarm signal when the change in the position of the valve with respect to the measured fluid flow rate is outside of a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, methods and apparatus to control the combustion of a burner are presented which overcome many of the problems of the prior art. One aspect of the invention comprises a burner control apparatus including a device for viewing light emitted by a flame from a burner, a device for optically transporting the viewed light into an optical processor, an optical processor for processing the optical spectrum into electrical signals, a signal processing for processing the electrical signals obtained from the optical spectrum, and a control device which accepts the electrical signals and produces an output acceptable to one or more oxidant or fuel flow control devices. The control device, which may be referred to as a “burner computer,” functions to control the oxidant flow and/or the fuel flow to the burner.

Abstract: A pilot flame sensing system employs an electromagnetic transducer (41) at the bottom of a vertical stack (11) used for burning waste gases which incorporates a pilot burner (15) at the top of the stack (11). The electromagnetic transducer (41) responds to acoustic energy generated by the pilot burner (15) and communicates down thorough an igniter tube (21) extending essentially the full height of the stack. At least one diaphragm (43) having a low loss tangent and high modulus is used to suspend the electromagnetic transducer (41) so as to allow the electromagnetic transducer (41) to resonate the diaphragm (43) thus improving a signal to noise ratio of an output signal of the electromagnetic transducer (41). The electromagnetic transducer (41) is preferably of the moving coil geophone type which provides an electrical signal at low impedance which can be coupled through relatively long leads to a remote control facility.