Abstract: A method for preparing purified yeast is disclosed, where the squalene source is a yeast that hyper-produces squalene. The squalene is useful for pharmaceutical purposes. For instance, it can be used to prepare an oil-in-water emulsion, and the emulsion is particularly suitable for use as an immunological adjuvant.

Abstract: Provided herein compositions and methods for producing isoprenoids, including squalene. In certain aspects and embodiments provided are genetically altered yeast and uses therefore. In some aspects and embodiments, the genetically altered yeast produce isoprenoids, preferably squalene. The genetically altered yeast may have alterations in the expression or activity of enzymes involved in squalene production, for example, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (or “ACCase”), HMG-CoA reductase, squalene epoxidase, and squalene synthase. One or more genes of a genetically altered yeast may be modified by gene repair oligonucleobases. Also are provided methods of producing squalene using a genetically altered yeast. The invention also provides squalene produced by genetically altered yeast.

Abstract: A recombinant yeast that makes an isoprenoid compound is provided. The yeast comprises an endogenous mevalonate pathway comprising (i) an enzyme that converts acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA, (ii) an enzyme that converts acetoacetyl-CoA to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, (iii) an enzyme that converts hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA to mevalonic acid, (iv) an enzyme that converts mevalonic acid to phosphomevalonic acid, (v) an enzyme that converts phosphomevalonic acid to phosphomevalonate, and (vi) an enzyme that converts phosphomevalonate to isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The yeast further comprises heterologous nucleic acid sequences encoding an enzyme that converts hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA to mevalonic acid, an enzyme that converts mevalonic acid to phosphomevalonic acid, an enzyme that converts phosphomevalonic acid to phosphomevalonate, and an enzyme that converts phosphomevalonate to isopentenyl pyrophosphate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an industrial process for the reduction of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in order to obtain testosterone using a particularly stable and selective enzyme produced in a recombinant manner.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method to allow a user to pre-screen numerous crystallization conditions in the crystallization space to identify those conditions with the highest probability of yielding crystals and high quality diffracting crystals. In one embodiment, the dilute solution thermodynamic virial coefficient, termed B, is used to aid in the determination crystallization conditions that increase the probability of producing crystals for the crystallant of interest. The present disclosure also provide methods for predicting solution conditions that generate beneficial solubility and/or stability conditions for a polypeptide of interest using the B parameter. Devices for use in the described methods are also described.

Abstract: A process for the enantioselective reduction of compounds having a steroid structure (ABCD) including one or several heteroatoms, one or several double bonds and/or aromatic components in the ring structure and having at least one oxo group at positions 3, 7, 11, 12 or 17 in the steroid ring system or in the a-position of any carbon moiety of the steroid structure: comprising providing the oxosteroid compound in the reaction at a concentration of ?50 g/L, a reduced cofactor NADH or NADPH, a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and a secondary alcohol or cycloalknaol to effect the enantioselective reduction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an industrial process for the reduction of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in order to obtain testosterone using a particularly stable and selective enzyme produced in a recombinant manner.

Abstract: Platelets are concentrated from the blood of a patient. The platelets are treated by a method such as ultrasound or agitation to obtain platelet releasate. This releasate as a whole or a component thereof is formulated into an injectable formulation which is administered to the same patient the platelets were extracted from in order to treat the patient's cancer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a microorganism having an excellent ability to convert sterol into and rost-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) and androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), a method for preparation of the microorganism and use thereof, and more particularly, a mutant strain of Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 29472, Mycobacterium fortuitum EUG-119, a method for preparation of the mutant and use thereof in preparing AD and ADD. The mutant of the present invention has an excellent ability to convent sterol into AD and ADD which are steroid hormone precursors, compared with the known microorganisms and accordingly, is very useful for mass production of steroid hormones.

Abstract: The present invention is a novel process for the transformation of 17&agr;-hydroxy-6&agr;-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 17-acetate (I) to 11&bgr;,17&agr;,21-trihydroxy-6&agr;-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 21-acetate (VI)

Abstract: An apparatus capable of characterizing the fluid content of chemicals in a reaction line comprises a rheometer. The apparatus can be connected to or included in a reaction flow stream, and has a retractable wall 26 that opens to provide an opening 28 that permits a portion of the reaction flow steam to enter into sampling chamber 12. The sample is isolated from the flow stream and rheometric data is obtained from the sample. In the method of the invention, data on the sample is collected and transferred to a computer. The computer is used to analyze the data, and optionally can be used to control reaction parameters in the reaction flow stream.

Abstract: A novel process for the fermentation of phytosterol compositions to androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, AD) and/or androstadienedione (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, ADD) is disclosed. The process utilizes the micro-organism Mycobacterium MB 3683, and selected suitable solubilizing agents such as polypropylene glycol or silicone for solubilizing the phytosterol compositions at high concentrations in the nutrient medium. The innoculum of Mycobacterium MB 3683 is grown in a nutrient medium comprising Refiners molasses and inorganic salts.

Abstract: A process for the production of 17.alpha.-hydroxy-3-methoxy-8,14-seco-1,3,5 (10),9(11)estratetraen-14-one by fermentation of 3-methoxy-8,14-seco-1,3,5(10),9(11) -estratetraene-14,17-dione with a live culture of Kloeckera magna is described, which is characterized in that the substrate is reacted in the form of a solventless aqueous suspension with an average grain size of 0.2 to 5 .mu.m.

Abstract: A process for the production of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione of the general formula ##STR1## wherein . . . . . symbolizes a single bond or a double bond, characterized in that ergosterol ##STR2## is fermented with a culture of a microorganism strain capable of side-chain degradation of sterols.

Abstract: A process for the production of 17-oxosteroids by fermentative oxidation of 17.beta.-hydroxy steroids is described, which is characterized in that for the fermentation, a bacterial culture of the species Mycobacterium spec. NRRL B-3805, Mycobacterium spec. NRRL B-3683, Mycobacterium phlei NRRL B-8154 or Mycobacterium fortuitum NRRL B-8153 is used.

Abstract: A method of increasing the accumulation of squalene and specific sterols in yeast comprising increasing the expression level of a structural gene encoding a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity in a mutant yeast having single or double defects in the expression of sterol biosynthetic enzymes is provided. The expression level of a structural gene is preferably increased by transforming yeast with a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a vector operatively linked to an exogenous DNA segment that encodes a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity and a promoter that is suitable for driving the expression of the encoded polypeptide in the transformed yeast. The polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity is preferably a truncated, active HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. Recombinant DNA molecules useful for transforming yeast and mutant yeast transformed with such recombinant DNA molecules are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process is claimed for the preparation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione of the general formula ##STR1## wherein symbolizes a single bond or a double bond, characterized by fermenting .alpha.-sitosterol with a culture of a strain of microorganisms capable of side chain degradation of sterols.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 is alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms comprising reacting a compound of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sub.4 is a remainder of an easily cleavable ether, K is a protected ketone function in the form of ketal, thioketal or mixed ketal and R.sub.1 has the above definition with a magnesium organic compound reagent of the formulaHalMg--CH.sub.2 --R.sub.2 Awherein Hal is a halogen and R.sub.2 is defined as above to obtain a compound of the formula ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and K are defined as above, reacting the latter with an acylation agent to obtain a compound of the formula ##STR4## wherein R.sub.5 is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or aryl of 6 to 10 carbon atoms and R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and K are defined as above, reacting the latter with an appropriate alkylation agent to obtain a compound of the formula ##STR5## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.

Abstract: A process of refining mixtures obtained from treatments of fatty media with cyclodextrin and containing complexes of cyclodextrin with lipophilic compounds, characterized by the fact that the said mixtures are washed with at least one anhydrous polar solvent, whereby at least partial dissociation of the complexes of cyclodextrin/lipophilic compounds is brought about, and the lipophilic compounds which are not included are released from their connection with cyclodextrin.

Abstract: Process of refining mixtures obtained from treatments of fatty media with cyclodextrin and containing complexes of cyclodextrin substantially with lipophilic substances other than fatty acids, characterized in that the said mixture is successively subjected to a heat treatment in the presence of a solvent system containing water, the mixture thus treated is separated into different raffinates and the raffinates are recovered.

Abstract: Process of refining mixtures obtained from treatments of fatty media with cyclodextrin and containing complexes of cyclodextrin with lipophilic compounds of the fatty acid type, characterised by the fact that the said mixtures are subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature above 100.degree. C. in the presence of a solvent system containing water, that the various fractions or raffinates obtained from the heat treatment are separated and that these raffinates are recovered.

Abstract: 9.alpha.-hydroxy-17-keto steroids are prepared by fermenting steroids having a C-17-side chain of 5-10 carbon atoms inclusive, with the novel Mycobacterium species CBS 482.86. Starting from various substrates containing a 5-10 C carbon chain on C-17, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, 7.alpha.,9.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione or 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4,11-diene-3,17-dione is obtained in high yield. The resulting compounds are useful intermediates in the synthesis of therapeutically important steroids, particularly corticosteroids.

Abstract: 9.alpha.-hydroxy-17-keto steroids are prepared by fermenting steroids having a C-17-side chain of 5-10 carbon atoms inclusive, with the novel Mycobacterium species CBS 482.86.Starting from various substrates containing a 5-10 C carbon chain on C-17, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, 7.alpha.,9.alpha.,12.alpha.-trihydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione or 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4,11-diene-3,17-dione is obtained in high yield.The resulting compounds are useful intermediates in the synthesis of therapeutically important steroids, particularly corticosteroids.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of 9.alpha.-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione from natural sterols of plant or animal origin or from mixtures thereof by the submerged aerobic fermentation of an enzyme-deficient, sterol-de-grading microorganism in a nutrient medium containing utilizable carbon and nitrogen sources as well as mineral salts, and by isolating the product formed, which comprises transforming the sterol or sterol mixture with the culture of a 1,2-steroid-dehydrogenase deficient strain of new Mycobacterium roseum species which is able to degrade the side-chain of natural sterols, preferably with Mycobacterium roseum sp. nov. 1108/1 deposited at the National Collection of Agricultural and Industrial Microorganisms, Budapest, Hungary under the number NCAIM B (P) 000339, and by isolating and purifying the 9.alpha.-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione obtained.

Abstract: A process for preparing a 3-oxo-.DELTA..sup.1,4 -steroid comprises fermenting the corresponding 3-oxo-.DELTA..sup.4 -steroid, saturated in the 1,2-position, witih a living culture of Arthrobacter simplex in the presence of 0.04 g to 0.12 g of cobalt(II) ions per liter of culture broth.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for enhancing the degradation of the side chain of sterols possessing branched chains at C-24 utilizing microbiological means by including an exogenous source of bicarbonate ion (HCO.sub.3 --) in the medium in which the degradation is being carried out.

Abstract: Microbiological conversions of cyclodextrins are intensified by adding to the reaction mixture 0.2 to 3 moles of .alpha.-, .beta.- or .gamma.-cyclodextrin or an optical mixture thereof pro mole of the steroid substrate, before, at the beginning or during the conversion. The cyclodextrin if desired, can be removed after the reaction. In this way the reaction velocity can be increased, the reaction time is reduced, the substrate concentration in the solution, i.e. its solubility is increased or the so called product inhibition may be avoided. In certain cases of more alternatives the desired reaction can be catalyzed and in this manner the selectivity is increased.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the fermentation of bile which includes the step of cultivating one or more aerobic microorganisms which have the ability to selectively degrate bile acids or bile acid conjugates contained in bile. The fermentation is carried out in a cultivation medium containing or consisting of unfractionated bile under aerobic conditions to prepare a compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein .about. is a bond chosen from one which is alpha or beta to the ring, X is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl or oxo, may be either a double or single bond, and R is selected from oxo, hydroxy or a propionic acid residue, attached at the 2-position ##STR2## The invention also includes within its scope certain compounds as described herein prepared by the process of the invention.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of a concentrate containing sterol compounds of natural origin, which concentrate is suitable as a starting material for the transformation of sterol compounds by fermentation, which comprises the steps of:(a) transesterifying distillation residues from the processing of natural fats and/or oils with a lower alcohol; and(b) subjecting the product of step (a) to molecular distillation to produce a main fraction having a content of up to about 50 percent by weight of sterol compounds.The invention also relates to sterol concentrates produced thereby and their transformation to valuable secondary products.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for enhancing the degradation of the side chain of sterols possessing branched chains at C-24 utilizing microbiological means by including an exogenous source of bicarbonate ion (HCO.sub.3 --) in the medium in which the degradation is being carried out.

Abstract: A process for the microbiological conversion of steroids to (2+)-(7aS) 2,3,7,7-tetrahydro-7a-methyl-(1H)-indene-1,5(6H)-dione, hereinafter referred to as the indenedione.

Abstract: The subject invention concerns a novel fermentation process for making the novel useful steroid intermediate 9-hydroxy-3-oxo-4,17(20)-pregnadiene-20-carboxyaldehyde (I). This compound can be used as in the synthesis of valuable corticoids.

Abstract: The subject invention concerns a novel fermentation process for making the useful steroid intermediate 24-nor-1,4-choladiene-3,22-dione (I). Compound (I) can be converted to valuable corticoids by known methods.

Abstract: Androstane steroids are produced by microbiological conversion of a sterol substrate with a microorganism belonging to the genus Mycobacterium wherein the medium used contains at least 0.1% by weight of egg yoke as a dry weight.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of a concentrate containing sterol compounds of natural origin, which concentrate is suitable as a starting material for the transformation of sterol compounds by fermentation, which comprises the steps of:(a) transesterifying distillation residues from the processing of natural fats and/or oils with a lower alcohol; and(b) subjecting the product of step (a) to molecular distillation to produce a main fraction having a content of up to about 50 percent by weight of sterol compounds.The invention also relates to sterol concentrates produced thereby and their transformation to valuable secondary products.

Abstract: For the production of 17-C-steroid-.alpha.-propionic acid compounds by microbial side chain degradation on 17-C-side chain steroid substrates wild strain microorganisms selected in predetermined manner are subjected to a multi-stage mutation and selection. The resultant mutant strains are capable of supplying the desired compounds, e.g. .DELTA.-4 BNC and/or .DELTA.-1,4 BNC in high yields even in the absence of inhibitors arresting the growth and/or degradation of the steroid ring. Wild strains and mutants particularly suitable, and their choice, production and use, are described.

Abstract: Mutant which is used in a novel microbiological process to selectively transform steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, inclusive, to yield sole transformed product. AD is a valuable intermediate to make useful steroids.

Abstract: Mutants which are used in a novel microbiological process to selectively degrade steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, inclusive, to androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD). ADD and AD are valuable intermediates to make useful steroids.

Abstract: Mutant which is used in a novel microbiological process to selectively degrade steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, inclusive, to yield predominantly androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) and small amounts of androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD). AD is a valuable intermediate to make useful steroids.

Abstract: A process for the production of useful steroids obtained by side chain degradation of sterol source materials through the use of microorganisms is described.

Abstract: Mutant which is used in a novel microbiological process to selectively degrade steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, inclusive, to yield predominantly androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) and small amounts of androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD). AD is a valuable intermediate to make useful steroids.

Abstract: Mutant which is used in a novel microbiological process to selectively transform steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, inclusive, to yield androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) as essentially the sole transformed product. AD is a valuable intermediate to make useful steroids.

Abstract: Mutants which are used in a novel microbiological process to selectively degrade steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, inclusive, to androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD). ADD and AD are valuable intermediates to make useful steroids.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for the microbiological transformation of steroids, especially cholesterol, by employing culture media which contain hydrocarbons rather than carbohydrates. Paraffinic hydrocarbons, particularly normal paraffins from 15 to 20 carbon atoms, are used as the only carbon and energy sources. SP2T (NRRL B-11, 112), SP3T bis (NRRL B-11, 113), SP5T (NRRL B-11, 114), SP7T/1 (NRRL B-11, 115), SP742XXA (NRRL B-11, 116), SP731RD (NRRL B-11, 117), and SP734D (NRRL B-11, 118) are bacterial strains which can be used to this purpose.

Abstract: A method for activating immobilized living microorganisms applied to transformations of steroids, antibiotics and other compounds characterized by the addition of peptone, glucose or a mixture of peptone and glucose to the reaction mixture.

Abstract: Valuable steroid intermediates, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17.beta.-ol-3-one (9.alpha.-OH testosterone), 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (9.alpha.-OH BN alcohol) and 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-oic methyl ester (9.alpha.-OH BN acid methyl ester), prepared by microbiological conversion of steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of 8 to 10 carbons.

Abstract: Steroidal alcohols are produced by cultivating a microorganism belonging to the genus Mycobacterium and capable of producing 20 .alpha.-hydroxymethylpregna-1,4-dien-3-one or 20 .alpha.

Abstract: Valuable steroid intermediates, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17.beta.-ol-3-one (9.alpha.-OH testosterone), 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (9.alpha.-OH BN alcohol) and 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-oic methyl ester (9.alpha.-OH BN acid methyl ester), prepared by microbiological conversion of steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of 8 to 10 carbons.

Abstract: Valuable steroid intermediates, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17.beta.-ol-3-one (9.alpha.-OH testosterone), 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (9.alpha.-OH BN alcohol) and 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-oic methyl ester (9.alpha.-OH BN acid methyl ester), prepared by microbiological conversion of steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of 8 to 10 carbons.

Abstract: Valuable steroid intermediates, 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17.beta.-ol-3-one (9.alpha.-OH testosterone), 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (9.alpha.-OH BN alcohol) and 9.alpha.-hydroxy-3-ketobisnorchol-4-en-22-oic methyl ester (9.alpha.-OH BN acid methyl ester), prepared by microbiological conversion of steroids having 17-alkyl side chains of 8 to 10 carbons.