Abstract: L60 is a novel monoclonal antibody that will react with Leu 22. It is equally reactive in formalin, ZnSO.sub.4 or Bouin's fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues as well as in frozen tissues.

Abstract: A DNA sequence wherein a DNA segment coding for a signal peptide of the formula:M-R-S-F-L-L-L-A-L-C-F-L-P-L-A-A-L-Gis bound to the 5' end of a DNA segment coding for human lysozyme, a cell transformed with the above DNA sequence and a process for producing human lysozyme, which comprises cultivating the above cell accumulating human lysozyme in the culture and recovering the same are disclosed.The above techniques make the mass production of human lysozyme useful as pharmaceuticals possible. The present signal peptide is superior to that of hen egg white lysozyme for secretive production of human lysozyme.

Abstract: This invention is concerned with the specific processing of secreted proteins in genetically modified yeast cells. The yeast KEX1 gene was cloned and the KEX1 product was shown to be a serine protease, evidently a carboxypeptidase B-like protease. A probable site of processing of polypeptides by the KEX1 gene product is at the C-terminus of the .alpha. subunit of the killer toxin, where the mature toxin subunit is followed in the precursor by a pair of basic amino acid residues. Processing likely involves an endoprotease cut following these basic residues, and their subsequent C-terminal trimming by a carboxypeptidase. Consistent with the KEX1 product being this carboxypeptidase is the finding that it is also involved in .alpha.-factor pheromone production. In wildtype yeast, KEX1 is not essential for .alpha.-factor production, as the final hormone repeat in the prepro .alpha.-hormone precursor does not need C-terminal processing to form one copy of the active hormone. However, in a mutant strain where .

Abstract: A process for preserving the phosphorylating activity of brewer's yeast by means of the intracellular immobilization of the glycolytic enzymes by glutaraldehyde. The process provides the following steps:permeabilization of the cell wall by the combined effect of temperature and the osmotic shock caused by the addition of a concentrated solution of dextrose and phosphates;immobilization of the glycolytic enzymes by cross-linking with intracellular proteins;protection of the SH groups against possible oxidation by the addition of deproteinized yeast extract.

Abstract: Human insulin precursors containing the peptide chain B(1-29)-A(1-21) of human insulin and derivatives thereof with a bridging chain connecting the carboxyl terminus of the B(1-29)-chain with the amino terminus of the A(1-21)-chain are prepared by culturing a yeast host transformed with a replicable expression vehicle capable of expressing a DNA-sequence encoding the insulin precursor. The bridging chain is preferably relatively short and contains preferably from 2 to 8 amino acid residues. The bridging chain must not contain two adjacent basic amino acid residues (Lys or Arg) and has one Lys or Arg connected to the amino terminus of the A(1-21)-chain. Human insulin is prepared from the insulin precursors by in vitro conversion.

Abstract: A yeast strain with high power to produce alcohol by fermentation is produced by a method comprising directly conjugating the haploid of the strain No. 909-1 with each tetrad of the ascospores of the strain No. 180 by spore-to-cell mating, acclimating the resultant zygote in the medium of waste after alcohol fermentation, and acclimating the surviving cells of the zygote in the medium of the beet molasses containing 2-deoxyglucose. The yeast strain produced is designated as Strain M-9 (FERM BP 1481) of genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Alcohol is produced by culturing the Strain M-9 in a medium of beet molasses.

Abstract: A continuous process of optimized fermentation of sugars for the production of alcohol is disclosed, which comprises the following process steps and operational conditions:(a) continuously feeding a wort with a controlled concentration of sugars in the range of 100 to 160 g/l into one or more fermentation vessels arranged in parallel and containing a culture with a concentation of yeast cells in the range of 10.sup.11 to 10.sup.12 cells per liter, and completely stirring the fermentation medium;(b) controlling the conditions of the fermentation medium by fixing the temperature in the range of 30.degree. to 39.degree. C. and the pH in the range of 3.2 to 4.

Abstract: Rapid identification of different species of microorganism selected from fungi and yeast like algae is accomplished by culturing the microorganism for several hours under normal conditions on a non-inhibitory mycological medium which stimulates the microorganism to make characteristic enzymes by which the microorganism can be identified, distributing the culture (in suspension) onto several supports containing different substrates which are capable of reacting with the enzymes so produced by the different species of microorganisms; and rapidly incubating the admixture to produce a distinctly colored or colorable reaction product.

Abstract: A process for producing a variety of chemical products, e.g., ethanol, by fermentation in which the product is removed from the fermentation medium as it is formed by liquid-liquid extraction using an extractant for the product which is immiscible with water. The extractant employed is chosen from the following groups: (A) double bond unsaturated aliphatic alcohols having 12 or more carbon atoms; (B) saturated branched chain aliphatic alcohols having 14 or more carbon atoms or mixtures thereof; (C) double bond unsaturated aliphatic acids having 12 or more carbon atoms; (D) aliphatic and aromatic mono-, di- or tri-esters having 12 or more carbon atoms, other than dibutyl phthalate; (E) aliphatic noncyclic ketones and aliphatic aldehydes having 12 or more carbon atoms; and (F) mixtures of extractants from groups (A) to (E) above or mixtures of at least one of the above extractants and at least one other extractant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the Rhizopus derived glucoamylase gene, a novel recombinant vector comprising said gene, and a microorganism transformed by said vector, as well as a process for reproducing Rhizopus glucoamylase by cultivating the transformed microorganism, especially yeast, in a liquid medium.

Abstract: Ethanol is prepared from a saccharide such as glucose by a fermentation process. The efficiency of the fermentation is improved by feeding a residual fermented liquid obtained from an evaporator used to vaporize ethanol to a reverse osmosis unit, and then subjecting the residual liquid to reverse osmosis to remove water therefrom. This residual liquid is then recycled to the original fermenter, or to a second fermenter having a smaller volume than the first fermenter.

Abstract: The invention is directed to the production of ethanol by the fermentation of molasses in the presence of the yeasts S. cerevisiae and Schwanniomyces castellii (R69), which is capable of growing and producing amylase in a molasses-containing meduim. The amylase converts starch and higher sugars in the unfermentable component of the medium to a hexose sugar which is converted to ethanol by S. cerevisiae.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plasmid vector for cloning and expression of a protein in a microorganism, which comprises at least one structural gene which codes the synthesis of the said protein and elements which ensure the expression of the said structural gene in a microorganism, and wherein the promotion of the structural gene is ensured by the expression promotor of the .beta.-glucosidase gene in yeasts.The present invention also relates to microorganisms transformed by the said vectors, in particular a transformed strain of S. cerevisiae, a fermentation process using the said vectors, and the enzymes prepared by the said process, in particular .beta.-glucosidase.

Abstract: The manufacture of optically active compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 signifies alkyl, phenyl or benzyl and R.sup.2 signifies hydrogen or a customary ester residue,by the fermentative reduction of compounds of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 have the above significance. The compounds obtained are valuable intermediates in organic syntheses.

Abstract: A process for preparing an integral Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell culture containing the cell bodies and all the products which form during the cell multiplication process, and for stabilizing the resultant product in order to maintain the cell integrity and biological activity unaltered for a long period.The product obtained is useful in human and animal feeding as a growth factor and regulator of bacterial and enzymatic imbalance of the intestine, and as a protein additive in the cosmetics industry.

Abstract: A DNA segment containing a GAL1 promoter linked to a gene other than the galactokinase gene for directing the expression of the gene within a yeast cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is a new protease having the following properties: (1) it is able to hydrolitically cleave a peptide bond between two adjacent basic amino acids in a peptide chain; (2) it has a molecular weight of about 43,000 as determined by electrophoresis; (3) it is inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and diisopropyl fluorophosphate, but is not inhibited by monoiodoacetate, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1,10-phenanthroline, tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, and leupeptin. The protease can be produced by culturing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and recovering purification by conventional methods, and is useful as a processing enzyme for conversion of a prohormone to an active hormone.

Abstract: Novel biologically pure quick acting bakers yeast strains NRRL Y-15338 and NRRL Y-15339 are provided which show good performance in sweet, regular, and lean doughs, and superior performance in sweet and lean doughs, particularly when used in the active dry yeast form. A method of obtaining these and other novel bakers yeast strains by hybridization via protoplast fusion of petite mutants is also provided. Improved methods of baking using these novel bakers yeasts especially in the active dry yeast form are also provided.

Abstract: Plasmid vectors capable of transforming Saccharomyces cerevisiae to phenotypes characterized by resistance to selective concentrations of sulfonylurea herbicides are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for producing glutathione, involves cultivating a strain belonging to the genus Saccharomyces and having both an ability to produce glutathione and a resistance to 1,2,4-triazole or sodium azide in a culture medium accumulating glutathione in the microbial cells, harvesting the cells, and recovering the glutathione therefrom.

Abstract: A must is fermented with a combination of at least one yeast and at least one lactobacillus, the former being selected from the group of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis and the latter being selected from the group of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus hilgardii for their symbiotic ability and capability to produce a synergistic organoleptic effect which eliminates all after-taste of yeast. The must is inoculated such that the respective numbers of yeast germs and lactobacilli germs per ml have a ratio of from 1:10 to 1:500.

Abstract: A yeast culture containing at least 10% by weight, based on the dry cell, of S-adenosyl methionine; and a process for producing S-adenosyl methionine, which comprises cultivating a yeast having the ability to produce S-adenosyl methionine in a liquid culture medium containing methionine to accumulate at least 10% by weight, based on the dry yeast cells, of S-adenosyl methionine in the yeast cells, separating the yeast cells from the culture medium, and thereafter obtaining S-adenosyl methionine in a stable form from the yeast cells.

Abstract: A continuous alcohol manufacturing process using yeast comprising a zone where a conventional yeast (Yeast B) which has an alcohol producing activity is mainly present (zone of Yeast B); a zone disposed in the fore part of said zone of Yeast B where a yeast (Yeast A) which has an alcohol producing activity and is superior in sugar resistance as compared with Yeast B is mainly present (zone of Yeast A); and a zone disposed in the rear part of said zone of Yeast B where a yeast (Yeast C) which has an alcohol has an alcohol producing activity and is superior in alcohol resistance as compared with Yeast B is mainly present (zone of Yeast C), wherein a substrate solution is supplied to said zone of Yeast A thereby to effect alcohol fermentation; the resulting fermentation liquid is introduced in said zone of Yeast B thereby to effect alcohol fermentation; the resulting fermentation liquid is further introduced in said zone of Yeast C thereby to effect alcohol fermentation; and then a product alcohol broth is obtai

Abstract: A process for fermentation of sucrose wherein sucrose is extracted from sugar cane, and subjected to stoichiometric conversion into ethanol by yeast.

Abstract: A process for preparing selenium yeast having a high intracellular selenium content is provided which comprises the continuous incremental feeding of nutrients and selenium compounds to yeast during the growth cycle.

Abstract: In an ethanol fermentation process in which an aqueous solution of fermentable sugar is converted by an ethanol-producing microorganism such as a yeast to a dilute aqueous solution of ethanol with the ethanol being present in the solution at a concentration which does not exceed a predetermined maximum level, an improvement is provided which comprises selectively sorbing ethanol present in the solution within a hydrophilic crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite so that the non-sorbed ethanol present in the solution does not exceed the predetermined maximum level of concentration therein, and thereafter removing sorbed ethanol from the zeolite.

Abstract: A process for obtaining ethanol directly from D-xylose through fermentation of D-xylose by xylose-fermenting yeast mutants. The process provides for obtaining ethanol from hemicellulose hydrolyzates through yeast fermentation of D-xylose to ethanol. In addition, a process for producing yeast mutants capable of utilizing D-xylose to ethanol in high yields is described. Furthermore, the process also provides for obtaining ethanol from a mixture of cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolyzates through yeast fermentation of D-glucose and D-xylose directly and simultaneously to ethanol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of the alpha-galactosidase enzyme by culturing yeasts of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genus in a temperature range from 20.degree. C. to 40.degree. C.The invention also relates to a process for enzymic hydrolysis of raffinose by alpha-galactosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Such hydrolysis may take place with the yeast cells being present or also in the presence of enzymic extracts, both as such and enriched. An important advantage of the invention is the high alpha-galactosidasic activity of the selected microorganisms, together with the absence of any invertasic activity.

Abstract: A process for expression of the gene for bovine growth hormone in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bovine growth hormone can be used to increase milk production in cows.

Abstract: The enzyme alpha-galactosidase is prepared from a constitutive mutant of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL-Y-12057, said mutant being marked by the identification number NRRL-Y-12533.

Abstract: A process for expression of a gene, foreign to the host organism, coding for a protein in a suitable vehicle which comprises taking said gene and fusing it in the correct orientation relative to a transcriptional initiation region present in said vehicle, and inserting said vehicle into a eukaryotic host. Via the subject process, the gene for chicken ovalbumin is expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chicken ovalbumin can be used in the food, i.e., baking, industry and also as a protein supplement for animals.

Abstract: In an ethanol fermentation process in which an aqueous solution of fermentable sugar is converted by an ethanol-producing microorganism such as a yeast to a dilute aqueous solution of ethanol with the ethanol being present in the solution at a concentration which does not exceed a predetermined maximum level, an improvement is provided which comprises selectively sorbing ethanol present in the solution within a hydrophilic crystalline aluminosilicate ZSM-5 or HZSM-5 zeolite so that the non-sorbed ethanol present in the solution does not exceed the predetermined maximum level of concentration therein, and thereafter removing sorbed ethanol from the zeolite.

Abstract: Disclosed are an improved process for preparing yeast from molasses. In its preferred aspects, final molasses is adjusted to a density of from about 20.degree. to about 40.degree. brix, desludged, passed through an ultrafiltration device effective to reject molecules having molecular weights greater than about 30,000 daltons to produce a first permeate, and passed through at least one additional filtration device having an average pore diameter within the range of from about 0.2 to about 0.5 microns to produce a yeast culture medium. The filtration steps are effective in combination to reduce the microorganism count to a level effective to produce yeast suitable for food use; preferably, less than 1 organism per gram of medium. Bakers' yeast are propagated in the medium in increased yield of yeast per unit weight of molasses solids.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of the alpha-galactoxidase enzyme by culturing yeasts of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genus in a temperature range from 20.degree. C. to 40.degree. C.The invention also relates to a process for enzymic hydrolysis of raffinose by alpha-galactoxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Such hydrolysis may take place with the yeast cells being present or also in the presence of enzymic extracts, both as such and enriched. An important advantage of the invention is the high alpha-galactoxidasic activity of the selected microorganisms, together with the absence of any invertasic activity.

Abstract: A method and microorganism are set out for producing a fermentation product which contains ethanol but has a lower than usual fusel oil content. The mutant microorganism is of the genus Saccharomyces or Torulaspora.

Abstract: A feed containing a sterilie aqueous solution of fermentable sugar and minor amounts of sugar oligomers and/or sugar repolymerizates is continuously converted by fermentation to dilute aqueous ethanol ("beer") in a series of agitated fermentation vessels employing at least two strains of yeast, the first of which provides relatively high rates of conversion of the fermentable sugar to ethanol and the second of which provides relatively high rates of conversion of the sugar oligomers and/or sugar repolymerizates to ethanol.

Abstract: Active dried baker's yeast is prepared by selecting a yeast strain stable to drying, cultivating the yeast strain in several aerobic fermentation stages and selecting conditions for the last stage that produce a compressed yeast having preferred gas release characteristics, harvesting and carefully washing the yeast from the last stage to obtain compressed yeast having the preferred gas release characteristics, adding to the compressed yeast an emulsion of an emulsifying agent, dividing the resultant mixture into fine particles, and drying the particles by flash pneumatic conveyor drying and/or fluidized bed drying to obtain active dry yeast having greater than 92% dry matter content. The dry yeast have an activity almost equal to fresh yeast on non-sweetened dough or on sweetened dough.

Abstract: This invention relates to a 1-step process for the preparation of fructose polymers and ethyl alcohol from sucrose. The fructose polymers are especially useful for production of high fructose syrups.

Abstract: A process for the production of acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase, comprises culturing an acyl-Coenzyme A-oxidase-producing microorganism belonging to genus Macrophomina, genus Cladosporium, genus Aspergillus, genus Monascus, genus Saccharomyces or genus Arthrobacter in a nutrient medium, and isolating the thus-formed acyl-CoA oxidase therefrom. The preferred species of microorganism are Macrophomina phaseoli ATCC 14383, Cladosporium resinae IFO 6367, Aspergillus candidus M-4815 FERM-P No. 5226, Monascus sp. M-4800 FERM-P No. 5225, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y 0036 FERM-P No. 5174, and Arthrobacter sp. B-720 FERM-P No. 5224, respectively.

Abstract: This invention relates to a 2-step process for the preparation of fructose polymers and ethyl alcohol from sucrose. The fructose polymers are especially useful for the production of high fructose syrups.

Abstract: A fermentable sugar feed containing fermentable sugar oligomers is continuously converted by fermentation to dilute aqueous ethanol ("beer") in a series of agitated fermentation vessels employing at least two strains of yeast, one of which provides a relatively high rate of conversion of fermentable sugar to ethanol and the other of which provides a relatively high rate of conversion of fermentable sugar oligomer to ethanol.

Abstract: A process is disclosed wherein D(-)-.beta.-hydroxyisobutyric acid is produced fermentatively from isobutyric acid or methacrylic acid by the stereoselective action of microorganisms having the ability to convert isobutyric acid or methacrylic acid into D(-)-.beta.-hydroxyisobutyric acid in an aqueous medium, and D(-)-.beta.-hydroxyisobutyric acid is recovered from the aqueous medium.

Abstract: A carbohydrate polymer such as starch and/or cellulose is converted to ethanol by a process in which an aqueous slurry of the carbohydrate polymer acid hydrolyzed to provide a sterile fermentable sugar solution is thereafter continuously converted by fermentation to dilute aqueous ethanol ("beer") in a series of agitated fermentations vessels which contain progressively more ethanol and less fermentable suger employing at least two strains of yeast for the fermentation, one of which provides a high rate of ethanol production in a fermentation medium containing a relatively low concentration of ethanol and a relatively high concentration of fermentable sugar and the other of which provides a high rate of ethanol production in a fermentation medium containing a relatively high concentration of ethanol and a relatively low concentration of fermentable sugar.

Abstract: A method for the continuous culturing of microbes in a plug-flow reactor which comprises the steps of:A. supplying medium to microbes immobilized on a porous inorganic support at a rate sufficient to maintain such microbes substantially in a logarithmic growth stateandB. removing microbe-containing effluent from the immobilized microbes at a rate equal to the medium supply rate, wherein the microbes are selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeasts, and fungus-like organisms; such reactor is operated continuously in a substantially plug-flow mode; the immobilized microbes are substantially covered by said medium; and such porous inorganic support has a controlled porosity such that at least 70% of the pores, on a pore size distribution basis, have a pore diameter,a. in the case of bacteria, at least as large as the smallest major dimension of the microbes but less than about five times the largest major dimension of the microbes;b.

Abstract: A process for treating sulfide ores to reduce the sulfur content or recover the metal content therefrom comprises the use of enzymatic action to solubilize the sulfur and metal content.A nutrient, such as a saccharide, is used along with yeast spores which feed on the sugar and produce enzymes which act on sulfur in the sulfide ore to cause the sulfur to go into solution and to dissolve those metals which are soluble in strongly acidic solution. Sulfuric acid can be formed from the sulfide ores or from free sulfur by reaction with water, with evolution of hydrogen sulfide gas. Oxidation of at least a portion of the hydrogen sulfide can be achieved to regenerate sulfuric acid.

Abstract: A carbohydrate polymer such as starch and/or cellulose is converted to ethanol by a process in which an aqueous slurry of the carbohydrate polymer acid hydrolyzed to provide a sterile fermentable sugar solution is thereafter continuously converted by fermentation to dilute aqueous ethanol ("beer") in a series of agitated fermentations vessels which contain progressively more ethanol and less fermentable sugar employing at least two strains of yeast for the fermentation, one of which provides a high rate of ethanol production in a fermentation medium containing a relatively low concentration of ethanol and a relatively high concentration of fermentable sugar and the other of which provides a high rate of ethanol production in a fermentation medium containing a relatively high concentration of ethanol and a relatively low concentration of fermentable sugar.

Abstract: According to the proposed method, the starting material is separated into ncentrated suspension and clarified liquid fraction. The concentrated suspension is heated and hydrolyzed under excess pressure in the presence of a mineral acid as a catalyst. The clarified liquid fraction of the starting material is sterilized and mixed with the hydrolysate. The mixture is then neutralized to the required pH. The neutralized mixture is then separated from harmful volatile admixtures and cooled to obtain nutrient medium suitable for cultivating microorganisms.

Abstract: Acid whey, the by-product from the manufacture of fresh cheeses such as cottage cheese, is clarified, filtered and subjected to lactose hydrolysis, splitting the lactose disaccharide into the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. The liquid is sterilized and cultured with Baker's yeast and used as a growth medium for that yeast. After yeast growth is substantially completed the yeast solids are separated and the liquid remaining is discharged into waste-water receiving systems, the liquid significantly reduced in organic waste loading as compared to untreated acid wheys.

Abstract: A method for preparing vitamin B.sub.1 in a fermentation process involves cultivating mutants of yeast of the genus Saccharomyces Meyen emend Reess that synthesize this vitamin from sugars and inorganic salts and excrete it from living cells into fermentation media.

Abstract: An insolubilized antibody suitable for an enzyme immuno assay or radio immuno assay, which has characteristic infrared absorptions at around 1,040 cm.sup.-1, 1,540 cm.sup.-1 and 1,640 cm.sup.-1 and is prepared by chemically binding an antibody to cell wall debris of bacteria or yeasts whose shape is globular or rod-like. There is further disclosed an enzyme immuno assay or radio immuno assay using the insolubilized antibody and a kit containing the insolubilized antibody.