Abstract: A new fuel composition useful for catalytic fuel cells is made up of at least two components. The primary fuel component is a surface active compound, such as methanol, that is a source of and acts to prevent unwanted decomposition of the auxiliary fuel. The auxiliary fuel is a hydrogen-containing inorganic compound with a high reduction potential, such as NaBH4, which acts as a highly reactive source of energy and serves to catalyze the catalytic oxidation of the primary fuel.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a catalyst and an associated process for polymerizing olefins or olefin-containing compounds, to corresponding olefin polymers, to derivatives of the olefin polymers, and to lubricant and fuel compositions that include the olefin polymers or their derivatives. The polymerization catalyst is a metal complex and optional cocatalyst where the metal complex is formed from a bidentate ligand having a nitrogen coordinating group and a second coordinating group selected from oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium groups and a metal compound where the metal is a transition metal, boron, aluminum, germanium or tin. Highly branched and reactive ethylene polymers are formed from the catalyst and process of the present invention. The ethylene polymers and their derivatives are useful in various applications including as performance additives in lubricants and fuels.

Abstract: A new fuel composition useful for catalytic fuel cells is made up of at least two components. The primary fuel component is a surface active compound, such as methanol, that is a source of and acts to prevent unwanted decomposition of the auxiliary fuel. The auxiliary fuel is a hydrogen-containing organic compound with a high reduction potential, such as NaBH4 which acts as a highly reactive source of energy and serves to catalyze the catalytic oxidation of the primary fuel.

Abstract: A method for imparting anti-static characteristics to fuel is provided, the method comprising supplying a hydrocarbon fuel and mixing the fuel with an ion, contained in an inorganic compound, to reduce the electrical resistance of the fuel.

Abstract: This invention relates to fuel oil, especially middle distillate fuel oil, compositions comprising middle distillate fuel oil and at least one fuel-soluble or fuel dispersible calcium and/or magnesium salt.

Abstract: The addition of a magnesium compound to an ash bearing fuel results in a reduction in the formation of deposits in the turbine and extending the interval between turbine washes when burning the ash bearing fuel in a turbine compared to burning the ash bearing fuel in a turbine without the addition of a magnesium compound. The additive is desirably effective with ash bearing fuel having less than 0.5 ppm vanadium by weight, less than 1 ppm sodium and potassium combined by weight, and greater than about 25 ppm ash by weight or greater than 2 ppm calcium by weight. The additive is blended with the ash bearing fuel to give a mass ratio of magnesium to ash of between about 0.5 to 1 and about 3 to 1, and desirably about 1 to 1 on a mass basis after mixing.

Abstract: A method for selecting an effective removal agent and a method of removing drag reducer additive from liquid hydrocarbon fuels, preferably gasoline or jet fuel.

Abstract: A new fuel composition useful for catalytic fuel cells is made up of at least two components. The primary fuel component is a surface active compound, such as methanol, that is a source of and acts to prevent unwanted decomposition of the auxiliary fuel. The auxiliary fuel is a hydrogen-containing inorganic compound with a high reduction potential, such as NaBH4, which acts as a highly reactive source of energy and serves to catalyze the catalytic oxidation of the primary fuel.

Abstract: A method for imparting anti-static characteristics to fuel is provided, the method comprising supplying a hydrocarbon fuel and mixing the fuel with an ion, contained in an inorganic compound, to reduce the electrical resistance of the fuel.

Abstract: A method for selecting an effective removal agent and a method of removing drag reducer additive from liquid hydrocarbon fuels, preferably gasoline or jet fuel.

Abstract: This invention relates to lamp fuel composition for colored flames and manufacturing method thereof, comprising solvents, coloring agents, capillary linkers, supporters, and flavors. The lamp fuel composition for colored flames presented by this invention provides sustained powerful flames of various colors, such as green, red, yellow, blue, or pink, producing a decorative lighting, wherein the said composition is prepared through a series of process, such as stirred-blending, heating, and then cooling.

Abstract: A method of producing oxygenated fuel. The method operates on a sulfur-free base fuel. Oxygen gas is introduced into the base fuel, which is heated, using a sparging process. Water is then removed from the resulting oxygenated fuel.

Abstract: Improved fuel compositions containing carbon nanotubes in from 0.01% to 30.0% by weight of fuel have improved burn rate and other valuable properties. Improved lubricant compositions containing carbon nanotubes in from 0.01 to 20.0% by weight of lubricant have improved viscosity and other valuable properties.

Abstract: Improved fuel compositions containing carbon nanotubes in from 0.01% to 30.0% by weight of fuel have improved bum rate and other valuable properties. Improved lubricant compositions containing carbon nanotubes in from 0.01 to 20.0% by weight of lubricant have improved viscosity and other valuable properties.

Abstract: This invention is a mixture of low-vapor-pressure hydrocarbon fuels and carbon dioxide mixed at normal pressures and temperatures in a ratio that facilitates the production of micro-droplets that enhance combustion in diesel and similar fuel burning engines resulting in a reduction of particulates ejected and a gain in efficiency. The presence of the gas in the fuel also decreases flammability in the atmosphere above the fuel surface.

Abstract: A method of producing synthetic fuels by hydrogenating carbon monoxide comprising contacting a feed gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a metal sulfide catalyst comprising:

Abstract: A method of producing oxygenated fuel. The method operates on a sulfur-free base fuel. Oxygen gas is introduced into the base fuel, which is heated, using a sparging process. Water is then removed from the resulting oxygenated fuel.

Abstract: Improved fuel compositions containing carbon nanotubes in from 0.01% to 30.0% by weight of fuel have improved burn rate and other valuable properties. Improved lubricant compositions containing carbon nanotubes in from 0.01 to 20.0% by weight of lubricant have improved viscosity and other valuable properties.

Abstract: A water-in-oil-type oil-water emulsion fuel which is obtained by mixing heavy oil and water together with sn inorganic component, wherein said inorganic component consists of four kinds of substance of sodium, magnesium, calcium and chlorine, which is characterized in that once the emulsion is obtained, oil-water separation does not occur and the emulsion state is maintained even if any temperature is added in the combustion, and a stable state of the combustion is always attained.

Abstract: A process for controlling the composition of a subgrade gasoline so that the subgrade will yield an alcohol-containing gasoline which precisely meets desired specifications when mixed with the desired amount of alcohol. The process involves blending a plurality of blendstocks to produce a subgrade, withdrawing a sample of the subgrade, mixing it with a known amount of alcohol, analyzing the properties of the resulting mixture, and using the analysis results to control and optimize the blending process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an additive for a fuel for the neutralization of SO2 and/or SO3 in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines operated with the fuel, and a method for the neutralization of SO2 and/or SO3 in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. According to the invention, the additive contains one or more metal compounds soluble in the fuel. In the combustion of the fuel these compounds form stable sulfates which are present in solid particles in the exhaust gas. The method of the invention is characterized in that one or more of these additives are added to the fuel and the combustion of the fuel takes place in an oxidizing atmosphere.

Abstract: New process designs are presented for reforming reactions of steam with hydrocarbons (such as methane, natural gas, light hydrocarbon feedstocks with one to four carbon atoms in each molecule), also for the water gas shift reaction that is of steam with carbon monoxide; also for carbon dioxide reforming of hydrocarbons (such as methane, acidic natural gas, coal gas, landfill gas, light hydrocarbon feedstocks with one to four carbon atoms in each molecule), and the combined reaction of steam carbon dioxide with same hydrocarbons. The processes employ organic polymer, organic polymer-inorganic support, and inorganic membrane permeators for species separation, with the permeators placed after the reactors where the above named reactions take place. The membranes in permeators separate selectively the H.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 species exiting from the reactors from the non-permeated reactants and products.

Abstract: A low emission diesel fuel suitable for use in underground diesel-engined mining equipment comprises a straight run distillate fuel having an end point not greater than 300.degree. C. (about 660.degree. F.), a cetane number in the range of 55 to 60 a specific gravity not greater than 0.83 a sulfur content not greater than 0.1 wt percent and an aromatics content of 18 to 30 wt. percent. The T.sub.90 of the fuels is typically in the range of 255.degree. to 270.degree. C. (about 490.degree. F. to 525.degree. F.), with an initial boiling points typically in the range of 170.degree. to 190.degree. C. (about 340.degree. to 374.degree. F.). Ten percent points (T.sub.10) are typically in the range from about 200.degree. to 220.degree. C. (about 390.degree. to 430.degree. F.). The API gravity of the fuel is at least 38 and is typically in the range of 38 to 42 and the specific gravity is typically in the range of 0.82 to 0.83.

Abstract: A low emission diesel fuel suitable for use in underground diesel-engined mining equipment comprises a straight run distillate fuel having an end point not greater than 300.degree. C. (about 660.degree. F.), a cetane number in the range of 55 to 60 a specific gravity not greater than 0.83 a sulfur content not greater than 0.1 wt percent and an aromatics content of 18 to 30 wt. percent. The T.sub.90 of the fuels is typically in the range of 255.degree. to 270.degree. C. (about 490.degree. F. to 525.degree. F.), with an initial boiling points typically in the range of 170.degree. to 190.degree. C. (about 340.degree. to 374.degree. F). Ten percent points (T.sub.10) are typically in the range from about 200.degree. to 220.degree. C. (about 390.degree. to 430.degree. F.). The API gravity of the fuel is at least 38 and is typically in the range of 38 to 42 and the specific gravity is typically in the range of 0.82 to 0.83.

Abstract: Catalyzed lower alcohol-water based fuels are presented which are suitable for use in internal combustion engines, said fuels flowing from renewable carbon resources and providing a clean burn which is environmentally safe as compared to conventional fossil fuels. The internal combustion engines can be run on alcohol fuels containing significant amounts of water and a catalyst comprised of the oxides of selected Group IIA and Group IIB elements; and even though the energy densities of the catalyzed lower alcohol-water based fuels are less than gasoline, the catalyzed lower alcohols-water based fuels provide combustion which is more complete which potentially renders these fuels much more environmentally friendly.

Abstract: The invention relates to high energy, oxygenated fuel compositions suitable for use in compression ignition internal combustion engines which fuel compositions contain a synergistic combination of dimethyl ether, methanol, and water, the combination providing a single liquid phase with good ignition characteristics. More particularly fuels comprising from about 72 to about 95 weight percent of dimethyl ether, from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent of methanol, and from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent of water are disclosed.

Abstract: A composition for enhancing combustion of hydrocarbon fuels such as LPG, gasoline and diesel fuel comprises at least one metal oxide catalyst dispersed in a liquid organic carrier compatible with the hydrocarbon fuel. The metal oxide catalyst preferably includes at least one of chromium oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide and mixtures thereof; and the liquid organic carrier preferably includes Stoddard solvent together with at least one of a high temperature lubricant, a surfactant, and a polar organic solvent. The composition permits the hydrocarbon fuel to be combusted substantially completely so as to reduce emissions associated with incomplete oxidation, and also permits the combustion to occur at lower temperatures for avoiding formation of NO.sub.x.

Abstract: A fuel additive concentrate package comprising a detergent/dispersant, an organic nitrate combustion improver, and a corrosion inhibitor comprising dimer and/or trimer acid is provided enhanced shelf life stability by treating the concentrate with a shelf life stability amount, for example 1,500 and 10,000 ppm, respectively of acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid/hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: This invention relates to a catalytic fuel composition capable of reducing pollutants in the combustion gasses generated upon combustion of the same. A catalytic material is combined with a liquid, petroleum-based fuel, mixed and solid particles are separated out to give the catalytic fuel product. The catalytic material predominantly comprises a plagioclase feldspar belonging mainly to the albite-anorthite series, and contains small amount of mica, kaolinite and serpentine, and optionally contains magnetite.

Abstract: Methods for minimizing deposits in boilers, furnaces, incinerators or other systems firing tire derived fuels when burned in combination with other fuels which may include fuel oils are disclosed. These methods include treating the fuels so as to raise the magnesium content of the fuels or their combustion products comprising adding to the fuels one or more magnesium-containing compounds. The methods of treating tire derived fuels when they are burned with other fuels not including fuel oils includes adding to the fuel a suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water. The method of treating tire derived fuels when they are burned in combination with other fuels including fuel oils involves adding to the fuel a compound containing a magnesium-based slag mitigation component and a heavy metal combustion catalyst.

Abstract: Certain chemical elements or compounds, smog inhibitors, added to combustible hydrocarbon-base fuels, can reduce, or eliminate, ozone, O.sub.3, an oxidant necessary for the formation of smog and its irritants. A test program demonstrated that atmospheric ozone was reduced an average of about 75% when exhaust gases derived from an automotive engine burning fuel containing an inhibitor were injected into a sealed chamber as compared to the same engine burning fuel containing no additive. In each of the tests using the fuel additive, ozone concentrations approached, or reached, zero for short periods of time, indicating the viability of this method of ozone, and therefore smog, control. This patent is for the purpose of controlling smog formation by the addition of smog inhibitors, such as, but not limited to, iodine or its compounds to hydrocarbon-base fuels prior to, or during, the combustion cycle of these fuels.

Abstract: To prepare a mixture of oil-soluble iron and magnesium salts of saturated aliphatic C.sub.6 to C.sub.8 monocarboxylic acids, magnesium oxide is reacted with a C.sub.6 to C.sub.8 monocarboxylic acid in a solution of an iron salt of a saturated C.sub.6 to C.sub.8 monocarboxylic acid. The mixture is used as a combustion auxiliary.

Abstract: Boiler fouling, particularly in air preheater section, is minimized by combining with a substance designed to neutralize acids a detergent builder such as the sodium, potassium and ammonium phosphates, polyphosphates, silicates, metasilicates, borates, metaborates and sesquicarbonates.

Abstract: A process for controlling sulfur-oxide formation and emissions when burning a combustible fuel prepared from a hydrocarbon containing sulfur comprising forming a hydrocarbon in water emulsion and adding to the hydrocarbon in water emulsion a water soluble additive selected from the group consisting of Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Li.sup.+, Ca.sup.++, Ba.sup.++, Mg.sup.++, Fe.sup.+++ and mixtures thereof so as to obtain SO.sub.2 emission levels upon combustion of said emulsion of less than or equal to 1.50 LB/MMBTU.