Abstract: The present invention provides synthetic fuels, additives for use in preparing synthetic fuels and methods for producing synthetic fuel. The synthetic fuels include low levels of a chemical change additive selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth oxides and hydroxides and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the synthetic fuel further includes low levels of a second chemical change additive, which is a petroleum hydrocarbon material.

Abstract: A hydrocarbonaceous fuel additive, fuel composition, and method all lower both carbon particulate emissions and improve slag properties in combustion systems including, for instance, utility furnaces and boiler systems. The mixed metal catalyst may include a transition metal-containing compound, an alkali metal compound, and a magnesium-containing compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition and process for improving the combustion of any kind of combustible. Also the invention relates to a process and device for obtaining such composition. The variant destined to the firing installations using common liquid/gaseous combustible as well as those ones using solid combustibles and, simultaneously liquid/gaseous combustibles for enhancing the combustion contain ?20% of 6% watery solution of potassium dichromate, treated with monochromatic light having/=480?490. 10?9 m; 0.02 ammonia; 0.3% non-additivated mineral oil and ?80% demineralized water. The variant destined to the firing installations using solid combustibles ?10% of 5% watery solution of potassium permanganate, treated with monochromatic light having/=595?625. 10?9 m; 0.05% urea 0.3% non-additivated mineral oil and ?90% de-mineralized water.

Abstract: A method of reducing smoke and particulate emissions from steam boilers and process heaters operating on solid fuel by adding a fuel additive which contains an oil-dispersible iron compound and an over-based magnesium compound to the solid fuel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fuel conditioning process for internal combustion engines of motor vehicles. According to the present invention, on board a motor vehicle at a temperature of from 20° C. to 150° C. and at atmospheric pressure, nitrous gases essentially including nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, or dinitrogen monoxide, or gaseous mixtures thereof are passed through the liquid fuel of the motor vehicle, nitro compounds being formed in the fuel as a result of the passing through of the nitrous gases through the fuel.

Abstract: The invention provides a device containing an ion-exchange resin to which is chemically bound a fuel additive material which will gradually be released from the resin into a fuel in which the device is placed.

Abstract: A fuel article, suitable for barbecuing, allowing greater burning efficiency and the method of making such a fuel article. The fuel article includes anthracite coal for cleaner burning and utilizes an accelerant covering containing nitrates to be amenable to easy ignition.

Abstract: This invention relates to a solid combustible element and a method for manufacturing it, whereby in the element an open or closed internal space is provided, and in this space is placed a chemical product for disintegrating a combustion deposit layer. When burning this element in a combustion device, such as e.g. a hearth or a stove, the product is released so that a combustion deposit layer (e.g. consisting of soot, ash and tar) formed on the walls of the combustion device or the smoke flue is disintegrated. The element is preferably formed by compressing an amount of loose particles of one or several solid combustible materials, such as among others wood waste and sawdust, without adding any binding agent. Such an element can be manufactured at lower raw material and production costs than the known elements in which such a product is incorporated.

Abstract: The present invention re lates to a liquid synfuel additive composition which is used as an additive to coal fines to enhance the complete combustion of the coal after turning it into a synthetic fuel. The composition is a chemical change agent in that it converts the coal/composition mix into a different material which, when burned, results in lower noxious emissions. The composition includes a wax, a base for ph adjustment and water.

Abstract: A lighter fluid composition usable for starting barbecues and the like that comprises naturally occurring combustible materials, which is clean burning and results in low volatile organic compound (VOC) emission during combustion, which is biodegradable and easily disposable, and which burns with a pleasant aroma and does not impart any unpleasant hydrocarbon odor or flavor to food cooked on a barbecue. The composition preferably comprises between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 90 weight percent of a terpene or terpenoid oil, and between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 98.5 weight percent of short chain alcohol, between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 60 weight percent of water, between approximately 0.1 weight percent and approximately 10 weight percent of surfactant, and between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 10 weight percent of thickening agent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical change reagent which is used as an additive to coal to enhance the complete combustion of the coal after turning it into a synthetic fuel. The composition is a chemical change agent in that it converts the coal/composition mix into a different material which, when burned, results in lower NOx emissions. The composition includes a wax, a base for ph adjustment and water and is mixed with the coal prior to combustion.

Abstract: Comprehensive transportation fuel additive compositions are designed to improve low-quality transportation fuels, particularly for underdeveloped countries. A preferred formula of the present invention comprises at least one octane booster, at least one combustion modifier, at least one corrosion inhibitor, at least one water demulsifier, at least one detergent, at least one solvent, at least one fuel stabilizer, at least one biocide, and at least one fuel lubricant. Under appropriate circumstances, such as, for example, use in cold climates, the preferred formula may also comprise at least one low temperature additive. The comprehensive fuel additives of the present invention have a novel capability of substantially correcting all of the detrimental aspects of low-quality transportation fuel, thereby lowering pollution, improving fuel efficiency, and reducing vehicle maintenance costs. The comprehensive fuel additive formula is preferably tailored and adjusted to meet local needs.

Abstract: The addition of a magnesium compound to an ash bearing fuel results in a reduction in the formation of deposits in the turbine and extending the interval between turbine washes when burning the ash bearing fuel in a turbine compared to burning the ash bearing fuel in a turbine without the addition of a magnesium compound. The additive is desirably effective with ash bearing fuel having less than 0.5 ppm vanadium by weight, less than 1 ppm sodium and potassium combined by weight, and greater than about 25 ppm ash by weight or greater than 2 ppm calcium by weight. The additive is blended with the ash bearing fuel to give a mass ratio of magnesium to ash of between about 0.5 to 1 and about 3 to 1, and desirably about 1 to 1 on a mass basis after mixing.

Abstract: A lighter fluid composition usable for starting barbecues and the like that comprises naturally occurring combustible materials, which is clean burning and results in low volatile organic compound (VOC) emission during combustion, which is biodegradable and easily disposable, and which burns with a pleasant aroma and does not impart any unpleasant hydrocarbon odor or flavor to food cooked on a barbecue. The composition preferably comprises between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 90 weight percent of a terpene or terpenoid oil, and between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 98.5 weight percent of short chain alcohol, between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 60 weight percent of water, between approximately 0.1 weight percent and approximately 10 weight percent of surfactant, and between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 10 weight percent of thickening agent.

Abstract: A method of improving fuel efficiency in combustion chambers, for simultaneously enhancing combustion of hydrocarbon fuels while inhibiting nitrogen oxidation. A mixture of vaporous metallic compounds is introduced into the flame zone of a combustion chamber, such that this mixture is held by gases in the flame zone prior to and during the combustion of the fuel, and the mixture is thereby ionized prior to or during the combustion. The ionized mixture of compounds contains platinum, rhodium, rhenium, molybdenum, aluminum and ruthenium.

Abstract: A method of producing oxygenated fuel. The method operates on a sulfur-free base fuel. Oxygen gas is introduced into the base fuel, which is heated, using a sparging process. Water is then removed from the resulting oxygenated fuel.

Abstract: Non-fossil gaseous fuel, evolved in underwater carbon arcing, and characterized by significant heat content and substantial freedom of its combustion effluents from noxious gases and/or particulates, is similarly useful in whole or part as an additive to predominantly hydrocarbon fuels—whether in bulk storage or transport, flowing in a pipeline, fueling a cutting/welding torch, or fueling an internal-combustion engine. Dosing a predominantly hydrocarbon fuel with all or a selected part of such gaseous fuel mixture inhibits leakage and substantially diminishes noxious effluent gases and particulates as characteristic of the combustion of predominantly hydrocarbon fuels.

Abstract: A method of improving fuel efficiency in combustion chambers, for simultaneously enhancing combustion of hydrocarbon fuels while inhibiting nitrogen oxidation. A mixture of metallic compounds is introduced into the flame zone of a combustion chamber, such that this mixture is held by gases in the flame zone during the combustion of the fuel, and the mixture is thereby ionized prior to or during the combustion. The ionized mixture of compounds contains platinum, rhodium, rhenium, and molybdenum.

Abstract: According to the present invention, the ignition, combustion and explosion of hydrogen-air mixtures are dependent primarily on the presence of active intermediates (free atomic hydrogen, atomic oxygen and hydroxyl radicals) that serve as chain carriers and enable the propagation of reaction chains. These active intermediates rather than thermal energy are of primary importance to the oxidation process. The proposed inhibitor molecules capture these active intermediates. This capturing in turn suppresses the reaction chains. As a result, the oxidation of hydrogen in air, including the transition to combustion, the intensity of combustion, the transition from combustion to explosion and the intensity of explosion vary inversely with the inhibitor content. Even when the amount of inhibitor is too small to prevent ignition, a greater ignition source is needed and the intensity of combustion is reduced. The transition from combustion to explosion is also made more difficult or prevented.

Abstract: A method of operating a combustion unit of a coal-fired power plant operating according to a slag tap furnace firing method, which includes supplying a titanium-containing material in addition to coal to a melting chamber for accelerating coal burn-up, burning the titanium-containing material together with the coal in the melting chamber at a temperature above 1500.degree. C., and generating fly ash and molten ash as a result of combustion in the melting chamber. Additionally, a combustion unit for a coal-fired power plant, including a melting chamber that has a combustion zone for receiving coal. The combustion zone produces fly ash.

Abstract: A catalyst for improving combustion of fluid fuels which comprises three layers. An inner or core layer of complex oxides of a mixture of Mn, Ni, Co and Cu; an intermediate layer containing alumina and silicate and optionally silicon carbide and an outer layer comprising a fired mixture of a Pt--Pd,Rh alloy on Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, Mo--Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, mixed oxides of La--Sr--Co and at least one of Vanadium oxide on alumina and Ag on Alumina. The catalyst can contact the fluid fuel in a storage tank, in a pipeline or in a combustion chamber. The invention also comprises combustion engines which incorporate the described catalyst.

Abstract: A method and composition for improving the mechanical efficiency of a engine is provided. Ultra-high molecular weight polyisobutylene (PIB) added to the fuel changes the momentary mechanical properties of the fuel during induction. The additive provides a more uniform spray droplet size, increases the extensional viscosity of the fuel, and adapts other physical properties, under induction conditions.

Abstract: A novel process is disclosed by which petroleum cokes and cracked oil can be produced by thermal cracking of a heavy petroleum oil to which a rare earth metal compound is added. The process produces petroleum cokes with an improved combustibility and promotes the yield of cracked oil at the same time.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel, environmentally safe fluids for the ignition of charcoals, the fluids consisting of either liquid terpenes or mixtures of terpenes and aliphatic alcohols, water, and surfactants, as well as methods of using the novel environmentally safe fluids.

Abstract: Boiler fouling, particularly in air preheater section, is minimized by combining with a substance designed to neutralize acids a detergent builder such as the sodium, potassium and ammonium phosphates, polyphosphates, silicates, metasilicates, borates, metaborates and sesquicarbonates.

Abstract: The generation of clinker ash from exhaust gas dust in a boiler, furnace or the like which employs dust coal as a fuel can be controlled with excellent results by adding to a fuel at least one iron compound in a relatively small amount, and, preferably, at least one compound of a metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Mn, Co, Ni and Cr, and, preferably, at least one compound of a metal selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal and an alkaline earth metal, in the form of an aqueous solution or a water slurry in which the particles are capable of passing through a 100-mesh screen.

Abstract: By providing a combination of manganese and magnesium to the combustion area, where the amounts of the two substances are within certain limits, noxious and undesirable emissions are greatly reduced, internal boiler conditions are greatly improved, and lesser amounts of cold end additives need be employed to obtain still greater improvements.