Abstract: The light-emitting device has: a display region; a peripheral region; a first light-emitting element having a light-emitting region in which a lower electrode, a light-emitting layer, and an upper electrode are laminated; a first laminated section, between the substrate and the lower electrode of the first light-emitting element, in which there are laminated a first high-reflection layer and a first low-reflection layer that has a lower reflectance than the first high-reflection layer; a peripheral laminated section, in the peripheral region, in which there are laminated on the substrate; a peripheral lamination layer in which a peripheral high-reflection layer and a peripheral low-reflection layer that has a lower reflectance than the peripheral high-reflection layer are laminated. For at least a portion of the first laminated section that overlaps in plan view with the light-emitting region, the first low-reflection layer has an opening such that the first high-reflection layer is exposed.

Abstract: Metal gate cutting techniques for fin-like field effect transistors (FinFETs) are disclosed herein. An exemplary method includes receiving an integrated circuit (IC) device structure that includes a substrate, one or more fins disposed over the substrate, a plurality of gate structures disposed over the fins, a dielectric layer disposed between and adjacent to the gate structures, and a patterning layer disposed over the gate structures. The gate structures traverses the fins and includes first and second gate structures. The method further includes: forming an opening in the patterning layer to expose a portion of the first gate structure, a portion of the second gate structure, and a portion of the dielectric layer; and removing the exposed portion of the first gate structure, the exposed portion of the second gate structure, and the exposed portion of the dielectric layer.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide a full-color pixel arrangement for a device, the full-color pixel arrangement including a plurality of sub-pixels, each having an emissive region of a first color, where the full-color pixel arrangement comprises emissive regions having exactly one emissive color that is a red-shifted color of a deep blue sub-pixel of the plurality of sub-pixels. Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter may also provide a full-color pixel arrangement for a device, the full-color pixel arrangement including a plurality of sub-pixels, each having an emissive region of a first color, where the full-color pixel arrangement comprises emissive regions having exactly one emissive color, and where the plurality of sub-pixels comprise a light blue sub-pixel, a deep blue sub-pixel, a red sub-pixel, and a green sub-pixel.

Abstract: A thermionic (TI) power cell includes a heat source, such as a layer of radioactive material that generates heat due to radioactive decay, a layer of electron emitting material disposed on the layer of radioactive material, and a layer of electron collecting material. The layer of electron emitting material is physically separated from the layer of electron collecting material to define a chamber between the layer of electron collecting material and the layer of electron emitting material. The chamber is substantially evacuated to permit electrons to traverse the chamber from the layer of electron emitting material to the layer of electron collecting material. Heat generated over time by the layer of radioactive material causes a substantially constant flow of electrons to be emitted by the layer of electron emitting material to induce an electric current to flow through the layer of electron collecting material when connected to an electrical load.

Abstract: Metal gate cutting techniques for fin-like field effect transistors (FinFETs) are disclosed herein. An exemplary method includes receiving an integrated circuit (IC) device structure that includes a substrate, one or more fins disposed over the substrate, a plurality of gate structures disposed over the fins, a dielectric layer disposed between and adjacent to the gate structures, and a patterning layer disposed over the gate structures. The gate structures traverses the fins and includes first and second gate structures. The method further includes: forming an opening in the patterning layer to expose a portion of the first gate structure, a portion of the second gate structure, and a portion of the dielectric layer; and removing the exposed portion of the first gate structure, the exposed portion of the second gate structure, and the exposed portion of the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A transparent conductor includes a transparent substrate, a first metal oxide layer, a metal layer containing a silver alloy, a third metal oxide layer, and a second metal oxide layer in the order presented. The first metal oxide layer is composed of a metal oxide which is different from ITO, the second metal oxide layer contains ITO, and the work function of the surface of the second metal oxide layer opposite to the metal layer side is 4.5 eV or higher.

Abstract: An LED string light includes: a first conducting wire, a second conducting wire, a third conducting wire arranged in parallel, insulation layers of the first and second conducting wires are removed at intervals of the predetermined length along axial direction of the conducting wire to form a plurality of first and second welding spots; a plurality of SMD LEDs respectively disposed at the plurality of lamp welding regions, two welding legs of each SMD LED being respectively welded onto a first welding spot and a second welding spot at one corresponding lamp welding region, the plurality of the SMD LEDs being connected in series, in parallel or in hybrid; and a plurality of encapsulation colloids respectively coating the plurality of the SMD LEDs and surfaces of portions of the third conducting wire corresponding to positions of the plurality of the SMD LEDs, to form a plurality of lamp beads.

Abstract: An electrical device comprising a substrate of diamond material and elongate metal protrusions extending into respective recesses in the substrate. Doped semiconductor layers, arranged between respective protrusions and the substrate, behave as n type semiconducting material on application of an electric field, between the protrusions and the substrate, suitable to cause a regions of positive space charge within the semiconductor layers.

Abstract: A process of fabricating a discrete-dynode electron multiplier (DDEM) including the steps of mounting an insulator block to a conductor block, and forming a series of ion-optics geometrical structures in the conductor block, each ion-optics geometrical structure having a smallest dimension of less than 1 millimeter. The forming step may be performed by electrical discharge machining (EDM), laser cutting, and/or water jet cutting.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus for sensing a radiation image, includes a radiation imaging panel including a plurality of imaging substrates and a scintillator having a first face and a second face which oppose each other, a housing configured to house the radiation imaging panel and including a first plate-shaped portion and a second plate-shaped portion, a first support member located between the first face of the scintillator and the first plate-shaped portion of the housing so as to support the scintillator via the plurality of imaging substrates, and a second support member located between the second face of the scintillator and the second plate-shaped portion of the housing so as to support the scintillator.

Abstract: Provided are a field emission device and a method of manufacturing the same. The field emission device includes an anode electrode and a cathode electrode which are opposite to each other, a counter layer provided on the anode electrode, and a field emitter provided on the cathode electrode and facing the counter layer. Herein, the field emitter includes a carbon nanotube emitting cold electrons and a photoelectric material emitting photo electrons.

Abstract: An electron emission element (1) includes an electrode substrate (2) and a thin film electrode (3), and emits electrons from the thin film electrode (3) by voltage application across the electrode substrate (2) and the thin film electrode (3). An electron accelerating layer (4) containing at least insulating fine particles (5) is provided between the electrode substrate (2) and the thin film electrode (3). The electrode substrate (2) has a convexoconcave surface. The thin film electrode (3) has openings (6) above convex parts of the electrode substrate (2).

Abstract: A lamp including a first and second lamp substrate with a first and second external electrode, respectively, and a first and second internal phosphor coating, respectively, wherein the first phosphor coating is a phosphor monolayer. A method of manufacturing a lamp, including screen-printing a phosphor monolayer on a first lamp substrate; screen-printing a phosphor layer on a second lamp substrate; joining the phosphor-coated faces of the first and second lamp substrates together with a seal; and joining a first and second electrode to the uncoupled exterior faces of the first and second lamp substrates, respectively.

Abstract: The present application relates to a method for making a carbon nanotube field emitter. A carbon nanotube film is drawn from the carbon nanotube array by a drawing tool. The carbon nanotube film includes a triangle region. A portion of the carbon nanotube film closed to the drawing tool is treated into a carbon nanotube wire including a vertex of the triangle region. The triangle region is cut from the carbon nanotube film by a laser beam along a cutting line. A distance between the vertex of the triangle region and the cutting line can be in a range from about 10 microns to about 5 millimeters.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrode (16) for a high-pressure discharge lamp (10), comprising the following steps: a) scanning at least part of the electrode surface for producing an oxide layer (step 120); b) at least partially sublimating the oxide layer formed in step a) (step 120); and c) reducing the rest of the oxide layer.

Abstract: Methods of the invention can form microtip microplasma devices having the first and second metal microtips and metal oxide in a monolithic, unitary structure. Methods can form arrays that can be flexible, can be arranged in stacks, and can be formed into cylinders, for example, for gas and liquid processing devices, air filters and other applications. A preferred method of forming an array of microtip microplasma devices provides a metal mesh with an array of micro openings therein. Electrode areas of the metal mesh are masked leaving planned connecting metal oxide areas of the metal mesh unmasked. Planned connecting metal oxide areas are electrochemically etched to convert the planned connecting metal oxide areas to metal oxide that encapsulates opposing metal microtips therein. The mask is removed. The electrode areas are electrochemically etched to encapsulate the electrode areas in metal oxide.

Abstract: Solid state flow control devices, solid state heating sources, and plasma actuators are provided. A plasma actuator can include at least one powered electrode separated from at least one grounded electrode by a dielectric material. The dielectric material can be a ferroelectric material or a silica aerogel. Solid state flow control devices and solid state heating sources can include at least one such plasma actuator.

Abstract: A plasma generator according to an embodiment of the present invention is provided to generate a high density and stable plasma at near atmospheric pressure by preventing a transition of plasma to arc. The plasma generator includes a plate-shaped lower electrode for seating a substrate; and a cylindrical rotating electrode on the plate-shaped lower electrode, wherein the cylindrical rotating electrode includes an electrically conductive body that is connected to a power supply and includes a plurality of capillary units on an outer circumferential surface of the electrically conductive body; and an insulation shield layer that is made of an insulation material or a dielectric material, exposes a lower surface of the plurality of capillary units, and shields other parts.

Abstract: Provided herein are electron emission devices and device components for optical, electronic and optoelectronic devices, including cantilever-based MEMS and NEMS instrumentation. Devices of certain aspects of the invention integrate a dielectric, pyroelectric, piezoelectric or ferroelectric film on the receiving surface of a substrate having an integrated actuator, such as a temperature controller or mechanical actuator, optionally in the form of a cantilever device having an integrated heater-thermometer. Also provided are methods of making and using electron emission devices for a range of applications including sensing and imaging technology.

Abstract: An electric field emitting source is equipped with an electron emitting film which comprises a nano-sized electron emitting substance and has a first surface and a second surface constituting the surface opposite thereto, and a cathode which secures one end of the electron emitting film and comprises a first block and a second block respectively corresponding to the first surface and the second surface of the electron emitting film.

Abstract: An novelly designed gas discharge tube (GDT) comprising at least two electrodes and at least one hollow insulating ring fastened to at least one of the electrodes, wherein the hollow insulating ring has an inductive property or a variable resistance property, thereby the new gas discharge tube can provide another possibility of a circuit design.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for forming a PDP front electrode by applying a particular type of photopolymerizable black paste, drying the black paste, and applying a particular type of photopolymerizable white paste on top of the dried black paste.

Abstract: A light deflector which deflects incident light and emits the deflected light, by changing a refractive index of a liquid crystal: a pair of ITO films; a plurality of prisms which are provided between the pair of transparent electrodes and are arranged on a facing surface of one of the pair of transparent electrodes, the facing surface facing a surface of the other one of the pair of transparent electrodes; two spacers arranged between the pair of transparent electrodes, and having, in a direction from one of the pair of transparent electrodes toward the other, widths which (i) are greater than widths of the prisms and (ii) are identical to each other; and a liquid crystal which is provided, within a space between the pair of transparent electrodes, in a portion other than a portion where the prisms and the two spacers exist.

Abstract: A device for lighting a room is described. The device has an envelope with a transparent face, the face having an interior surface coated with a cathodoluminescent screen and a thin, reflective, conductive, anode layer. There is a broad-beam electron gun mounted directly to feedthroughs in a base of the envelope with a heated, button-on-hairpin, cathode for emitting electrons in a broad beam towards the anode, and a power supply mounted on the feedthroughs at the base of the envelope that drives the cathode to a multi-kilovolt negative voltage. A two-prong snubber serves as an anode contact to permit the power supply to drive the anode to a voltage near ground. A method of manufacture of the anode uses a single step deposition and lacquering process followed by a metallization using a conical-spiral tungsten filament coated with aluminum by a thermal spray coating process.

Abstract: Systems and methods in accordance with embodiments of the invention proficiently produce carbon nanotube-based vacuum electronic devices. In one embodiment a method of fabricating a carbon nanotube-based vacuum electronic device includes: growing carbon nanotubes onto a substrate to form a cathode; assembling a stack that includes the cathode, an anode, and a first layer that includes an alignment slot; disposing a microsphere partially into the alignment slot during the assembling of the stack such that the microsphere protrudes from the alignment slot and can thereby separate the first layer from an adjacent layer; and encasing the stack in a vacuum sealed container.

Abstract: A light-emitting device comprises a substrate; a light-emitting layer formed on the substrate; a transparent electrode layer formed on the light-emitting layer, the transparent electrode layer having a curved surface; and a reflective layer formed on and along the curved surface of the transparent electrode layer such that the curved surface of the transparent electrode layer is transferred so as to reflect the light generated from the light-emitting layer toward the light-emitting layer.

Abstract: An anode 2 is formed on an element substrate 1. By using a film-forming solution containing a stacking material that forms an organic layer 43, a film is formed on a donor substrate 10 to form a transfer layer 11, thereby fabricating a transfer substrate 12. The transfer substrate 12 and the element substrate 1 are placed so as to face each other with spacers 13 interposed therebetween, such that the surface of the transfer substrate 12, which has the transfer layer 11 formed thereon, faces the element substrate 1 having the anode 2 formed thereon. The transfer substrate 12 and the element substrate 1 facing each other are held under vacuum conditions. The transfer substrate 12 is heated by the heat source 15 under the vacuum conditions to transfer the transfer layer 11 to the element substrate 1.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube device has a substrate (1), a layer (3) having a space (5) which penetrates in the vertical direction of the substrate (1), and carbon nanotubes (7) formed on the surface of the substrate facing the space (5) in such a manner as to have number density distributions successively changed according to the distances from the center of the space (5), the supply amount of catalyst substances is diluted by supplying the catalyst substances through an opening of a coating film (4) opposite to the substrate (1) and the hole (5), a catalyst having a nominal thickness distribution according to the way how the space (5) appears is formed on the substrate (1) facing the space (5), and a carbon source is supplied, thereby forming carbon nanotubes having the number density distribution are formed on the substrate (1).

Abstract: A substrate bearing, on one main face, a composite electrode, which includes an electroconductive network formed from strands made of an electroconductive material based on a metal and/or a metal oxide, and having a light transmission of at least 60% at 550 nm, the space between the strands of the network being filled by a material referred to as an insulating fill material. The composite electrode also includes an electroconductive coating covering the electroconductive network, and in electrical connection with the strands and in contact therewith, having a thickness greater than or equal to 40 nm, of resistivity ?1 less than 105 ?·cm and greater than the resistivity of the network, the coating forming a smoothed outer surface of the electrode. The composite electrode additionally has a sheet resistance less than or equal to 10?/?.

Abstract: In a preferred method of formation embodiment, a thin metal foil or film is obtained or formed with microcavities (such as through holes). The foil or film is anodized symmetrically so as to form a metal-oxide film on the surface of the foil and on the walls of the microcavities. One or more self-patterned metal electrodes are automatically formed and simultaneously buried in the metal oxide created by the anodization process. The electrodes form in a closed circumference around each microcavity, and electrodes for adjacent microcavities can be isolated or connected. If the microcavity is cylindrical, the electrodes form as rings around each cavity.

Abstract: In order to provide an organic electroluminescent light-emitting device with less uneven brightness, which can be manufactured at low cost, a plurality of ribbon-like organic electroluminescent elements are connected to wires, which are connected to electrode terminals for energization at specific locations in a terminal region and mounted on a base material which has a substantially plate-like shape.

Abstract: A spark plug includes an inner conductor, an ignition tip connected to the inner conductor, an insulator surrounding the inner conductor and having a front end and a rear end, a spark plug body having a front end and a rear end, and at least one ground electrode connected to the front end of the spark plug body. The spark plug has a longitudinal direction extending parallel to the inner conductor. The spark plug body comprises a passage extending in the longitudinal direction and in which the insulator is disposed. A sleeve composed of metal is disposed between the insulator and the spark plug body. The sleeve is tightly connected to the insulator and the spark plug body and is referred to below as the “first sleeve”. At least one second sleeve is disposed at a distance from the first sleeve) and, in fact, between the first sleeve and the rear end of the insulator. The second sleeve is connected to the insulator and touches the spark plug body in the passage thereof.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge lamp comprises a discharge vessel and two electrode rods having substantially flat ends facing to each other in opposite positions within the discharge vessel. A spiral coil of wire is wound at least on a part of the surface of at least one of the electrode rods. The spiral coil protrudes over said end of the corresponding electrode rod and thus forms a hollow cavity for extending dimmable wattage range of the lamp.

Abstract: A substrate structure for a plasma display panel (PDP), a method of manufacturing a PDP substrate structure of the PDP, and a PDP including the PDP substrate are provided. The PDP substrate structure includes a substrate, an electrode on the substrate and including a first layer and a second layer, the second layer including an aluminum (Al) material, the first layer being between the substrate and the second layer and including a conductive material, the first layer having lower specific resistance than that of the second layer; and a light absorbable layer on the substrate. The light absorbable layer is an oxidization product of the conductive material of the first layer.

Abstract: An electron emitting element includes an electrode substrate, a thin-film electrode, and an electron acceleration layer provided between them. The electron acceleration layer includes a fine particle layer containing insulating fine particles, which is provided on a side of the electrode substrate, and a deposition of conductive fine particles, which is provided on a surface of the fine particle layer. In the electron acceleration layer, a conductive path is formed in advance, and the deposition has a physical recess which is an exit of the conductive path and which serves as an electron emitting section. Electrons are emitted via the electron emitting section. With the arrangement, it is possible to realize an electron emitting element which prevents that an electrode on an electron emission side gradually wears off along with electron emission and which can maintain an electron emission characteristic for a long period.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a light emitting device package and a method of manufacturing the same. There is provided a light emitting device package including a metal core; an insulating layer formed on the metal core; a metal layer formed on the insulating layer; a first cavity formed by removing parts of the metal layer and the insulating layer to expose a top surface of the metal core; and a light emitting device directly mounted on the top surface of the metal core in the first cavity and further there is provided a method of manufacturing the light emitting device package.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an organic light emitting device, and the organic light emitting device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a blue subpixel that is larger than a red subpixel and a green subpixel. The red subpixel and the green subpixel have the same layered structure such that the red subpixel and the green subpixel are formed by using the same shadow mask.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the design and fabrication of OLEDs, including high-performance large-area OLEDs, are provided. Variously described fabrication processes may be used to deposit and pattern bus lines and/or insulators using vapor deposition such as vacuum thermal evaporation (YTE) through a shadow mask, and may avoid multiple photolithography steps. Bus lines and/or insulators may be formed with a smooth profile and a gradual sidewall transition. Such smooth profiles may, for example, reduce the probability of electrical shorting at the bus lines. Other vapor deposition systems and methods may include, among others, sputter deposition, e-beam evaporation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A final profile of the bus line and/or insulator may substantially correspond to the profile as deposited. A single OILED devices may also be formed with relatively large dimension.

Abstract: There is provided a method for manufacturing a light emitting device including a plurality of organic EL elements, in which a plurality of rows extending in a row direction different from a predetermined column direction are set at predetermined intervals in the column direction on a plane, and the plurality of organic EL elements are provided in each of the rows at predetermined intervals in the row direction. Each of the plurality of organic EL elements includes a pair of electrodes, and a common layer that is commonly provided for each of the organic EL elements between the electrodes. The method for manufacturing a light emitting device includes a step of forming the common layer. In the step of forming the common layer, the process of applying and forming the common layer is performed (m+1) times at intervals of m row in the column direction to the rows in which the common layer is not formed.

Abstract: In a step of forming one or a plurality of organic layers, an object to be coated to become an organic EL element is arranged such that a surface to form the organic layer faces down, while a nozzle having a plurality of slit-shaped outlets for discharging thereabove a coating liquid containing a material to become the organic layer and downwardly depressed cutouts respectively formed at both end parts of each of the slit-shaped outlets is arranged under the object. A coating step of moving the nozzle and the object relative to each other in a predetermined coating direction while keeping the coating liquid discharged from the nozzle in contact with the object and a non-coating step of moving the nozzle and the object relative to each other in the coating direction while keeping the coating liquid away from the object are alternately repeated.

Abstract: A method for making a field emission device includes the following steps. An insulative substrate is provided. An electron pulling electrode is formed on the insulative substrate. A secondary electron emission layer is formed on the electron pulling electrode. A first dielectric layer is fabricated. The first dielectric layer has a second opening to expose the secondary electron emission layer. A cathode plate having an electron output portion is provided. An electron emission layer is formed on part surface of the cathode plate. The cathode plate is placed on the first dielectric layer. The electron output portion and the second opening have at least one part overlapped, and at least one part of the electron emission layer is oriented to the secondary electron emission layer via the second opening.

Abstract: A spark ignition device and method of construction is provided. The device includes a ceramic insulator and a metal shell surrounding at least a portion of the ceramic insulator. The metal shell extends along a central axis between an upper terminal end and a lower fastening end. The fastening end has a pair of projections diametrically opposite one another extending axially to free ends. A center electrode assembly is received at least in part in the ceramic insulator. In addition, the device includes an elongate ground electrode having opposite sides extending along a length of the ground electrode between opposite ends. The ground electrode has opposite faces with a sparking surface attached to one of the faces, wherein the face with the sparking surface attached thereto is sunk axially into the free ends of the projections with at least a portion of the opposite sides being surrounded by the projections.

Abstract: In a preferred method of formation embodiment, a thin metal foil or film is obtained or formed with microcavities (such as through holes). The foil or film is anodized symmetrically so as to form a metal-oxide film on the surface of the foil and on the walls of the microcavities. One or more self-patterned metal electrodes are automatically formed and simultaneously buried in the metal oxide created by the anodization process. The electrodes form in a closed circumference around each microcavity, and electrodes for adjacent microcavities can be isolated or connected. If the microcavity is cylindrical, the electrodes form as rings around each cavity.

Abstract: A device for lighting a room is described. The device has an envelope with a transparent face, the face having an interior surface coated with a cathodoluminescent screen and a thin, reflective, conductive, anode layer. There is a broad-beam electron gun mounted directly to feedthroughs in a base of the envelope with a heated, button-on-hairpin, cathode for emitting electrons in a broad beam towards the anode, and a power supply mounted on the feedthroughs at the base of the envelope that drives the cathode to a multi-kilovolt negative voltage. A two-prong snubber serves as an anode contact to permit the power supply to drive the anode to a voltage near ground. A method of manufacture of the anode uses a single step deposition and lacquering process followed by a metallization using a conical-spiral tungsten filament coated with aluminum by a thermal spray coating process.

Abstract: An anode 2 is formed on an element substrate 1. By using a film-forming solution containing a stacking material that forms an organic layer 43, a film is formed on a donor substrate 10 to form a transfer layer 11, thereby fabricating a transfer substrate 12. The transfer substrate 12 and the element substrate 1 are placed so as to face each other with spacers 13 interposed therebetween, such that the surface of the transfer substrate 12, which has the transfer layer 11 formed thereon, faces the element substrate 1 having the anode 2 formed thereon. The transfer substrate 12 and the element substrate 1 facing each other are held under vacuum conditions. The transfer substrate 12 is heated by the heat source 15 under the vacuum conditions to transfer the transfer layer 11 to the element substrate 1.

Abstract: A fabricating method of an electron-emitting device is provided. The fabricating method of the electron-emitting device includes at least following procedures. Firstly, a substrate is provided. Next, a first electrode and a second electrode are formed on the substrate. Afterward, a conductive layer covering the first electrode and the second electrode is formed on the substrate. Then, a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer and a gap are formed by patterning the conductive layer. The gap is disposed between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer. After that, a plasma process is performed at the first conductive layer and second conductive layer.

Abstract: A flip-chip type light-emitting device and manufacturing method thereof provides a curved surface formed on the transparent electrode layer and a reflective layer transferred with the curved surface of the transparent electrode layer is additionally formed on the transparent electrode layer, so that the light generated from the active layer is incident to the reflective layer through the p-type nitride layer and the transparent electrode layer, and then is reflected from the curved surface of the reflective layer so as to exhibit an effect of extracting a larger amount of light in a vertical direction as compared to the conventional light-emitting device.

Abstract: Some embodiments include methods of forming plasma-generating microstructures. Aluminum may be anodized to form an aluminum oxide body having a plurality of openings extending therethrough. Conductive liners may be formed within the openings, and circuitry may be formed to control current flow through the conductive liners. The conductive liners form a plurality of hollow cathodes, and the current flow is configured to generate and maintain plasmas within the hollow cathodes. The plasmas within various hollow cathodes, or sets of hollow cathodes, may be independently controlled. Such independently controlled plasmas may be utilized to create a pattern in a display, or on a substrate. In some embodiments, the plasmas may be utilized for plasma-assisted etching and/or plasma-assisted deposition. Some embodiments include constructions and assemblies containing multiple plasma-generating structures.

Abstract: The electron-emitting device is configured such that an inclination angle ?2 of a lower portion from a height-direction intermediate portion to the lower end is larger than the inclination angle ?1 of an upper portion from a lower edge of the concave portion to a height-direction intermediate portion. And, an electric resistance of a lower cathode portion which is a portion of the lower portion of the cathode is larger than that of an upper cathode portion which is a portion of the upper portion of the cathode.

Abstract: A method for making a field emission device includes the following steps. An insulative substrate is provided. An electron pulling electrode is formed on the insulative substrate. A secondary electron emission layer is formed on the electron pulling electrode. A first dielectric layer is fabricated. The first dielectric layer has a second opening to expose the secondary electron emission layer. A cathode plate having an electron output portion is provided. An electron emission layer is formed on part surface of the cathode plate. The cathode plate is placed on the first dielectric layer. The electron output portion and the second opening have at least one part overlapped, and at least one part of the electron emission layer is oriented to the secondary electron emission layer via the second opening.