Abstract: Disclosed are devices and methods related to flat gas discharge tubes (GDTs). In some embodiments, a plurality of GDTs can be fabricated from an insulator plate having a first side and a second side, with the insulator plate defining a plurality of openings. Each opening can be covered by first and second electrodes on the first and second sides of the insulator plate to thereby define an enclosed gas volume configured for GDT operation. Various examples related to such GDTs, including electrode configurations, opening configurations, pre-ionization features, grouping of a GDT with another GDT or device, and packaging configurations, are disclosed.

Abstract: The manufacture of an electrodeless bulb involves one end of a tube closed off, and a first neck is formed in the tube close to the closed end. A second neck is formed in the tube, close to the still open end; a metal halide pellet of known size is dropped into the tube and the tube is evacuated. With the vacuum being maintained heat is applied to the closed end, causing the metal halide pellet to sublime and with it the impurities. The impurities are drawn off, the vacuum being maintained and the metal halide condenses in the tube between the necks. Once the tube is cool, the evacuation is discontinued and the tube is refilled with noble gas and the quartz tube is sealed off at the second neck.

Abstract: A technique for mounting single or double ended quartz halogen or HID burner on threaded incandescent lamp base facilitating high volume production and use of existing manufacturing equipment. The pinched end portion of the burner is received in a slot formed in an end of a ceramic tubelet and secured therein and supported thereon by cementing or elastic adhesive bond material. The tubelet has its opposite end secured over a reduced diameter portion of a stem extending from the incandescent lamp base. An outer bulb of translucent or transparent material is received over the base-burner sub-assembly and the bulb secured to the base.

Abstract: A flat lamp comprising a flat discharge vessel, which encloses a discharge volume with two plates (1, 2) which are separated from one another by way of a frame (3), wherein the frame (3) includes a region which is elastically deformable in the direction of the spacing between the plates.

Abstract: The present application discloses high intensity discharge (“HID”) lamps, arc tubes, and methods of manufacture. The application relates to HID lamps, arc tubes, and methods of manufacture wherein a precise amount of fill gas may be contained in the light-emitting chamber of the arc tube so that the pressure of the fill gas contained in the arc tube at substantially room temperature may be precisely controlled at pressures greater than about one-half atmosphere.

Abstract: A glass panel assembly sealing method and sealing process furnace used therewith wherein coordinated control of temperature and pressure enables the removal of impure gas and the like from the glass panel assembly and reduces the amount of residual impure gas and the like remaining in the glass panel assembly after the sealing process is complete. A seal frit is applied between two mutually overlaid glass substrates comprising a glass panel assembly. The internal temperature of the glass panel assembly is raised, through a forcefully circulated environment, to a preliminary temperature T1 which is near the initial melting temperature of the seal frit. The pressure (P1) of the internal environment is then reduced while the preliminary temperature is maintained. The temperature is then increased from the preliminary temperature up to the sealing temperature T2 by the forcefully circulated environment, after which the glass panel assembly is cooled by the forceful circulated environment.

Abstract: The present application discloses high intensity discharge (“HID”) lamps, arc tubes, and methods of manufacture. The application relates to HID lamps, arc tubes, and methods of manufacture wherein a precise amount of fill gas may be contained in the light-emitting chamber of the arc tube so that the pressure of the fill gas contained in the arc tube at substantially room temperature may be precisely controlled at pressures greater than about one-half atmosphere.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a first gas in a lamp, including: cooling at least a first portion of a lamp below the condensation temperature of the first gas contained in the lamp while operating the lamp; maintaining the temperature of the first portion below the condensation temperature of the first gas until essentially all the available first gas contained in the lamp condenses on the surface of at least the first portion of the lamp; removing a second portion of the lamp, the second portion containing the condensed first gas; and analyzing at least one of the condensed first gas or the remaining bound gas.

Abstract: A discharge bulb including: an arc tube having a light emitting portion constructed in a manner that a light emitting substance is enclosed therein by pinch-sealing the arc tube, and discharge electrodes are oppositely arranged therein; and a shroud glass tube hermetically sealing and covering the arc tube, so as to form a space between the shroud glass tube and the arc tube. And a water content or pressure of gas enclosed in the sealed space is specified.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an arc tube for a discharge lamp unit, incorporating a primary pinch-sealing step for mounting an electrode assembly in an open end of a glass tube W with a chamber portion 12. The electrode assembly comprises an electrode rod 6, a connecting foil 7 and a lead wire 8 integrally connected in series. The electrode assembly is inserted into an open end of the glass tube W such that a leading end of the electrode rod projects into the chamber portion 12. A temporary pinch seal region L1 of the glass tube W is pinch-sealed such that a portion of the connecting foil that is connected to the lead wire is contacted by the glass tube W. A vacuum is maintained inside the glass tube and a main pinch seal region L2 of the glass tube is pinch-sealed such that a portion of the connecting foil connected to the electrode rod is contacted by the glass tube.

Abstract: A tipless arc tube for a high intensity discharge lamp and method of manufacture wherein the arc tube may remain open to an uncontrolled atmosphere during the step of hermetically scaling the arc tube. The novel arc tube and method obviate the need to perform any process steps within a controlled atmosphere. The pressure of the fill gas sealed within the arc tube may be controlled by controlling the temperature of the fill gas during the step of hermetically sealing the arc tube. The novel arc tube and method obviate the need to use a pump to control the fill gas pressure.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a luminescent screen assembly on an interior surface of a faceplate panel 12 for a color CRT 10 includes the steps of uniformly applying a solution of a material to form an organic conductive (OC) layer and overcoating the OC layer with a solution to form an organic photoconductive (OPC) layer, on the interior surface of the faceplate panel. The OPC layer 34 is conditioned by directing a stream of dry gas thereon to warm the OPC layer to a preheat temperature, while maintaining the panel at a panel temperature less than the preheat temperature. The OPC layer is exposed to IR radiation to rapidly increase the temperature of the OPC layer to a curing temperature, greater than the preheat temperature, to remove some of the volatilizable constituents from the OPC layer, without substantially increasing the temperature of the panel.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an arc discharge capsule from a tubular blank, and a mold used in such fabrication, is provided wherein a first electode is sealed in a first press seal in one end of the blank, and a preform designed to facilitate insertion and positioning of a second electrode is formed in an opposite end of the blank, in a single pressing and blowing step.

Abstract: A method for producing a gas discharge light source for emitting an electromagnetic radiation comprising a gas discharge tube filled with at least one discharge gas material and having a means for generating a gas discharge includes the following method steps: igniting the gas discharge tube filled with the discharge gas material, performing a forming operation in which the electrical operating power of the gas discharge light source is at least as high as the desired continuous operation power, the gas discharge tube is held at a temperature which is at least as high as the subsequent operating temperature, the intensity of the emitted electromagnetic radiation in the region of the desired wavelengths is monitored and the partial pressure of the vaporized discharge gas material is varied until the intensity of the selected electromagnetic radiation has reached a maximum value, whereupon a reservoir with excess discharge gas material is separated from the gas discharge tube in such a manner that the gas disch

Abstract: To make a small high-pressure discharge lamp, for example of 50 W rating or less, and suitable, for example, for automotive applications, a quartz glass tube is heated, formed with constrictions, and a gas passed therebetween to expand the portion of the tube between the constrictions into olive shape to form the discharge vessel (6). A preformed first electrode system is introduced through one of the constrictions. The electrode system preferably has a zig-zag lead (9) slightly larger than the internal diameter of the tube to provide for self-centering. The tube is then isolated from atmosphere, for example by being placed in a glove box or coupled to a pumping head (15), for introduction therein of a fill substance, for example in pellet form, of a metal halide and, if desired, mercury; and a fill gas, such as argon or, preferably, xenon, preferably after cleaning and flushing the tube.

Abstract: Flush and pump flush processes yielding light sources for incandescent and metal vapor discharge lamps are disclosed. The flush and pump flush processes also yield lamps that are particularly suitable for deposition of a reflective coating on its outer surface. For such reflective coated light sources, the associated lamp leads are encased in glass and therefore are protected against any deleterious reactions that may otherwise result from the deposition of the reflective coating process. The light source yielded by the flush and pump flush processes of the present invention are advantageous in reducing the mounting arrangement of the lamps in which the light sources are housed.

Abstract: To make a lamp of quartz or hard glass which has a bulb (10, 22) which does ot have an exhaust tip, for example a metal halide high-pressure discharge lamp or a halogen incandescent lamp, the glass bulb is formed by blow-molding the bulb to the desired shape, then retaining an electrode system having electrodes (14, 14a) to be placed in the bulb, current supply leads (12, 24) extending externally of the bulb, and sealing foils (13, 23) connecting the current supply leads to the electrodes in a holder die (11, 25), introducing the electrodes by moving the holder die towards the bulb, flushing the bulb by introducing and selectively removing flushing gas through an open end of the tube, introducing a measured quantity of a fill substance, such as mercury, an iodide or the like, into the bulb through the open end thereof, and then heating the bulb in the region of the position of the sealing foils and pinch-sealing the bulb. Excess glass is then cut off and the bulb can be supplied with a base.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device including a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between plates treated to enforce a particular ferroelectric molecular orientation to the plates. The devices employ alone or in combination non-planar boundary conditions, polar boundary conditions, boundaries with multiple physical states, intrinsic spontaneous splay distortion of the polarization orientation field, combined ferroelectric and dielectric torques, layers tilted with respect to the plates. The plates are spaced by a distance sufficiently small to ensure unwinding of the helix typical in a bulk of the material to form either monostable, bistable or multistable states which exhibit novel electro-optic properties. The liquid crystal is responsive to an externally applied electric field, temperature or the like to make a light valve or other electro-optical device.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a miniature tipless halogen lamp having a diameter of 1.0 to 4.0 mm, in which an assembly of a pair of lead wires, a bead welded to the lead wires and a filament connected to the lead wires by pressing flat and crimping the inner ends of the lead wires, the assembly is put in a lamp bulb in place to form an unfinished assembly of the components of the miniature tipless halogen lamp, a plurality of such unfinished assemblies are placed in an apparatus including an integral and airtight combination of a holagen gas introducing sealed box and a heat-sealing box, the lamp bulbs of the unfinished assemblies are sealed by being heated with a heat-sealing carbon plate at a position corresponding to the bead, and then unnecessary portions of the lamp bulbs are cut off to complete the miniature tipless halogen lamps.

Abstract: A lamp bulb has a closed lens-shaped head received in a recess in a bulb holder jig and an open end held by a heating carbon jig. A bead supporting a pair of lead wires with a filament connected thereto is disposed in the open end of the bulb, with the lead wires being supported on a lead wire holder. The jigs and holder are housed in a chamber in which a vacuum is developed. A gas to be filled in the bulb is introduced into the chamber under a desired pressure irrespective of atmospheric pressure. Then, an electric current is passed through the heating carbon jig to heat the latter for fusing the open end of the bulb and the bead, and at the same time the closed end of the bulb is cooled by the bulb holder jig which is supplied with a coolant liquid. After the bulb and the bead have been fused together, the electric current flowing through the heating carbon jig is cut off to stop the heating of the heating carbon jig. Then, the chamber is removed, and the completed lamp is taken out.

Abstract: A lamp bulb has a closed lens-shaped head received in a recess in a bulb holder jig and an open end held by a heating carbon jig. A bead supporting a pair of lead wires with a filament connected thereto is disposed in the open end of the bulb, with the lead wires being supported on a lead wire holder. The jigs and holder are housed in a chamber in which a vacuum is developed. A gas to be filled in the bulb is introduced into the chamber under a desired pressure irrespective of atmospheric pressure. Then, an electric current is passed through the heating carbon jig to heat the latter for fusing the open end of the bulb and the bead, and at the same time the closed end of the bulb is cooled by the bulb holder jig which is supplied with a coolant liquid. After the bulb and the bead have been fused together, the electric current flowing through the heating carbon jig is cut off to stop the heating of the heating carbon jig. Then, the chamber is removed, and the completed lamp is taken out.

Abstract: A method of making a high pressure, tungsten halogen lamp wherein a predetermined quantity of a gas mixture including an inert gas (e.g., argon) and halogen compound (e.g., methyliodide) are introduced into the retained tubular member which eventually comprises the sealed envelope of the lamp. This gas mixture is then cooled sufficiently to form either a pool of liquified gas or, alternatively, a frozen, solidified member. A quantity of nitrogen gas established at a predetermined atmospheric pressure is then introduced into the tubular member through the remaining open end while a press sealing operation is accomplished to seal the end. The result is a finished lamp possessing an elevated internal pressure (e.g., three atmospheres) of the described inert gas, halogen and hydrogen.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a gas-filled discharge tube, designed, e.g., as transient protector, containing tube components comprised of at least two electrodes and an insulating body holding the electrodes joined vacuum-tight, with the electrodes and the insulating body dimensioned and arranged in such a way that at least one discharge gap is present in the tube, is disclosed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device including a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between plates treated to enforce a particular ferroelectric molecular orientation to the plates. The devices employ alone or in combination non-planar boundary conditions, polar boundary conditions, boundaries with multiple physical states, intrinsic spontaneous splay distortion of the polarization orientation field, combined ferroelectric and dielectric torques, layers tilted with respect to the plates. The plates are spaced by a distance sufficiently small to ensure unwinding of the helix typical in a bulk of the material to form either monostable, bistable or multistable states which exhibit novel electro-optic properties. The liquid crystal is responsive to an externally applied electric field, temperature or the like to make a light valve or other electro-optical device.