Abstract: An apparatus for repeating signals includes a receive antenna for receiving input signals, processing circuitry for processing the input signals to form repeated signals, and a transmit antenna for transmitting the repeated signals. The processing circuitry includes an adaptive digital filter configured to generate cancellation signals that are added to the input signals to cancel unwanted feedback signals from the input signals. A frequency shifting circuit adds a frequency shift to the input signals, after the addition of the cancellation signals, to form repeated signals that are frequency shifted from the input signals. A digital signal processor is coupled to the adaptive digital filter for digitally adapting the filter. The digital signal processor utilizes the frequency shift of the transmission signals to adapt the adaptive digital filter.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a packet of N input bits includes encoding all of the N bits as a single entity, such as with an interleaver of length N within a turbo coder, outputting M encoded bits, channel interleaving the M bits, splitting the M encoded bits into a parallel first and second portion, and transmitting them over separate channels to achieve spatial diversity. The size of the first and second portion is determined based on a closed feedback loop that provides some knowledge of the channel, preferably a measure of channel capacity. The feedback loop may also provide channel knowledge to a subpacket selector associated with each transmit antenna, which determines an appropriate rate for that channel and selects subpackets to fill a transmission packet for that channel. The subpacket selectors choose a subpacket of systematic bits and fill the remaining transmission packet size with subpackets of parity bits.

Abstract: A transmitter beamforming technique for use in a MIMO wireless communication system determines a partial description of a reverse channel without determining a full dimensional description of the reverse channel. A correction matrix is developed from the partial description of the reverse channel and a description of the forward channel. The correction matrix is used to process signals to be transmitted via the forward channel, and a steering matrix is used to perform beamforming in the forward channel.

Abstract: An electron source excellent in the uniformity in current emission distribution is provided certainly and at a low cost. A process for producing an electron source having an electron emitting portion at one end of a rod, which comprises a step of forming the electron emitting portion by machining, and a step of removing a damaged layer at the surface of the formed electron emitting portion by chemical polishing or electrolytic polishing.

Abstract: An adaptive filter suitable for fabrication on an RF integrated circuit and used for transmit (TX) leakage rejection in a wireless full-duplex communication system is described. The adaptive filter includes a summer and an adaptive estimator. The summer receives an input signal having a TX leakage signal and an estimator signal having an estimate of the TX leakage signal, subtracts the estimator signal from the input signal, and provides an output signal having the TX leakage signal attenuated. The adaptive estimator receives the output signal and a reference signal having a version of the transmit signal, estimates the TX leakage signal in the input signal based on the output signal and the reference signal, and provides the estimator signal. The adaptive estimator may utilize an LMS algorithm to minimize a mean square error between the TX leakage signal in the input signal and the TX leakage signal estimate in the estimator signal.

Abstract: A wireless device connected to a plurality of wireless control devices connecting with a monitoring device, and controlled and monitored by the monitoring device via the wireless control device, the wireless device includes a transmitting and receiving unit transmitting and receiving a signal to and from the wireless control device. The wireless device includes a selecting unit selecting, from within the plurality of wireless control devices, the one wireless control device which transmits and receives a control and monitor signal, contained in the signal, by which the monitoring device controls and monitors a self-device.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a beamforming RF repeater includes: a beamforming controller; a first array of antennas organized into a plurality of first sub-arrays; a plurality of first RF combiner and decombiner circuits corresponding to the plurality of first sub-arrays, wherein each first RF combiner and decombiner circuit is configured to phase shift in the RF domain a received RF signal from the corresponding first sub-array according to a first beamforming command from the beamforming controller such that a first combined signal formed from the phase-shifted signals from the plurality of first RF combiner and decombiner circuits is received in a first desired beam direction; a second array of antennas organized into a plurality of second sub-arrays; and a plurality of second RF combiner and decombiner circuits corresponding to the plurality of second sub-arrays, wherein each second RF combiner and decombiner circuit is configured to phase shift in the RF domain the first combined signal according to a second beam

Abstract: A booster capable of preventing itself from adversely influencing a base station. This booster comprises a plurality of downstream signal amplifying parts (111-1 to 111-4) and a plurality of upstream signal amplifying parts (112-1 to 112-4). A received signal analyzing part (116) analyzes the perch channel information of a signal received from a base station to generate analysis information. When the analysis information shows that the reception quality of the received signal is below a threshold value, halt control parts (118,124) halts the operations of those ones of the downstream signal amplifying parts (111-1 to 111-4) and upstream signal amplifying parts (112-1 to 112-4) that are related to that analysis information.

Abstract: A disclosed radio relay apparatus receives signals from a transmitter via multiple receive antennas and transmits relay signals derived from the received signals to a receiver via multiple transmit antennas.

Abstract: In a wireless communication apparatus adopting a time division duplex system for executing transmission and reception using a plurality of antennas, deviation of amplitude and phase occurring between transmission and reception circuits is detected and corrected using a communication signal. Channel estimation means 105 detects channel information based on reception output of reception circuits 104-1 to 104-N provided in a one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of antennas 101-1 to 101-N. Correction value detection means 110 finds a correction value for correcting deviation occurring between each of transmission circuits 103-1 to 103-N and each of the reception circuits 104-1 to 104-N based on the channel information. A wireless communication apparatus 100 transmits an already known signal (training signal) to a base station with which the wireless communication apparatus conducts communications.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for transmitter leak-over cancellation. In one example, a method includes transmitting a signal via a transmit chain in a wireless device, where a portion of the signal leaks over into a receive chain of the wireless device. A portion of the signal is diverted from the transmit chain into cancellation circuitry coupled to the receive chain to manipulate an amplitude and phase of the portion before combining the manipulated portion with the signal and other portion to at least partially cancel interference caused by the leak-over portion. After downconverting, a remainder portion is filtered from the received signal. A power level of the remainder portion is detected and compared to a threshold value. An amplitude and phase configuration of the cancellation circuitry is modified based on a result of comparing the power level to the threshold value.

Abstract: Various embodiments are disclosed relating to a wireless transceiver. In an example embodiment, a wireless transceiver may include a transmitter adapted to output a signal at an image frequency (e.g., a simulated image) for a channel during a first mode (e.g., calibration mode) of operation. The wireless transceiver also includes a receiver adapted to receive, via loopback from the transmitter, the (e.g., simulated) image frequency signal and to determine digitally a receiver in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) signal calibration adjustment based on the (simulated) image frequency signal to improve a match in amplitude and a predetermined phase shift between I and Q signals of the receiver during the first (e.g., calibration) mode of operation. The I/Q calibration adjustment may be applied to received signals during a second mode (e.g., operation mode) of operation to improve image rejection.

Abstract: A method for relaying data packets to a subscriber station (SS) by taking a relay station (RS) into consideration when a base station (BS) establishes a data packet scheduling is disclosed. According to the method, a data packet is relayed by RSs, which have a signal intensity greater than a threshold value for all RSs appointed by the BS. Each SS determines whether the SS receives the data packet directly from the BS or via an RS, based on signal intensities between the SS and the BS and between the SS and RSs, and feeds channel information corresponding to the determination back to the BS, thereby allowing the data packet to be transmitted.

Abstract: An on-channel repeater has a receiving antenna for receiving an RF signal and a transmitting antenna for transmitting on the same frequency as the input signal. An amplification path between the antennas provides substantially linear processing and includes a combiner, a decorrelating delay and a power amplifier. A filter estimator receives a reference signal and the combiner output and generates a plurality of control coefficients which are applied to an adaptive filter which filters the reference signal accordingly and applies its output to the combiner. The reference signal is derived not from the output of the decorrelating delay but rather from the output antenna after the power amplifier. Where there is an adjacent transmitter generating potentially interfering signals, the transmitter output is coupled to the same transmitter antenna.

Abstract: An OFDM receiver apparatus mounted on a movable object for receiving an OFDM signal, includes a plurality of directional antennas which receive an OFDM signal, an estimator to estimate a center frequency of a spectrum of a Doppler component from one of the received signals or a multiplexed signal obtained by multiplexing the received signals, a shift quantity calculator to calculate a shift quantity from the estimated center frequency of the estimator and directivity information representing directivity directions of the directional antennas, a plurality of frequency shifters to subject the received signals to frequency shift according to the shift quantity to compensate for Doppler shift, a combining unit to diversity-combine frequency shifted signals of the frequency shifters, and a demodulator/decoder to demodulate and decode combining diversity signals of the combining unit.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a radio frequency (RF) repeater comprising an analog signal processing unit and a digital signal processing unit, wherein the analog signal processing unit includes a filtering unit; an amplification unit on receiving side; a frequency conversion unit on receiving side; a frequency conversion unit on transmitting side; and an amplification unit on transmitting side, and the digital signal processing unit includes a receiving signal detection unit; the automatic gain control unit; a feedback signal detection unit; a feedback signal combining unit; a feedback signal elimination unit; an automatic delay control unit; and the control unit. According to the RF repeater and repeating method, installation cost is reduced, limitations in output magnitude and installation are overcome, and ensuring high output power characteristics.

Abstract: A method of transmission in a wireless communication system including a transmitter, a transceiver and a receiver. The transmitter transmits a first signal to the receiver. The transceiver also receives the first signal and retransmits the first signal to the receiver by modifying the signal characteristics, such that the first signal and the retransmitted signal are received substantially uncorrelated at the receiver.

Abstract: An interference relay channel (IRC) utilizes a single relay to assist communications between multiple source-destination links under the half-duplex (HD) constraint. It is assumed that each source has an independent message and its transmitted signal may cause interference at the other destinations. It is also assumed that each node only estimates its backward channels and has no knowledge of its forward channels as well as the other links. The role of the relay is to generate signals to cooperate with the intended signal and mitigate the interference at all destinations.

Abstract: A system and method for channel estimation and echo cancellation in wireless system repeaters. A repeater with improved echo cancellation comprises an input radio control element having a receiving antenna and an output radio control element having a transmitting antenna; a power amplifier connected between the input radio control element and the output radio control element; and a signal processing unit connected between the input radio control element and the output radio control element. The signal processing unit is configured to estimate the communication channel from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna to produce a channel estimation. The signal processing unit is further configured to perform echo cancellation based on the channel estimation.

Abstract: In a mobile phone terminal, in which a sound, such as the audio, may be synchronized with a moving picture even in case a sound processor unit processing the sound, such as audio, is controlled by a controller differing from the controller controlling a moving picture processing unit processing the moving picture, there is provided a synchronization controller which calculates the transmission time of a signal transmitted between an audio processing CPU and a moving picture processing CPU, transmits an audio processing start signal, commanding the start of the audio processing, to the audio processing CPU through the moving picture processing CPU, and transmits, at a timing when the previously calculated transmission time has elapsed as from the transmission of the sound processing start signal, a moving picture processing start command signal, commanding the start of the moving picture processing, to the moving picture processing CPU.

Abstract: An adaptive feedback estimation and cancellation (AFEC) apparatus includes: a controller for generating and outputting control information by using a synchronization signal from an external synchronization acquisition unit and base station information, in order to remove a feedback signal that exists in a forward/reverse repeater signal to be repeated and then send the forward/reverse repeater signal; a first feedback prediction canceller for adaptively removing a feedback signal that exists in the forward repeater signal based on the control information from the controller and automatically adjusting the gain of the forward repeater signal; and a second feedback prediction canceller for adaptively removing a feedback signal that exists in the reverse repeater signal based on the control information from the controller and automatically controlling the gain of the reverse repeater signal.

Abstract: In a method for the error-monitored transmission of data via interfaces of a multi-step communication system, the data is transmitted from a transmitter station to a data-receiving station via at least two relay stations which are connected therebetween and receive and further transmit the data parallel to each other. The data is retransmitted if the transmission has been insufficient due to a request from the receiver end and/or due to the lack of a confirmation from the receiver end. In order to increase performance while reducing power consumption of the system, the request or confirmation is generated only by the receiver station and is sent back to the transmitter station. The relay stations consequently do not generate any confirmations or requests.

Abstract: A flat-panel repeater includes a housing having a pair of oppositely facing surfaces, at least one antenna element mounted to each of the surfaces for radiating energy in a direction opposite to that of an antenna element mounted to the other of the surfaces, and an electronic circuit mounted within the housing and operatively coupling signals between at least one antenna element on each of the oppositely facing surfaces of the module. Isolation between the antennas on opposite sides of the repeater is improved by various techniques, such as use of adaptive cancellation which removes a significant portion of the feedback signal power, therefore increasing the total system isolation by the same amount. This additional isolation can be used to achieve greater system gain, and therefore significantly extend the range of the system.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal display panel, a light source, a wire, a light guide plate, a bottom chassis, and a light source container. The liquid crystal display panel displays an image, and the light source generates a light. The wire connected to the light source, and the light guide plate guides the light from the light source to the liquid crystal display panel. The bottom chassis receives the light guide plate and the light source, and the bottom chassis is divided into two parts separable with each other. The light source container is integrally formed with the bottom chassis and surrounding at least a portion of the light source. The light source container includes a fixing section fixing the wire.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the strength of a signal (18) at the input of a tuner (1a.) In this, the frequency-dependent amplification characteristic for the tuner is measured and stored in a memory assigned to the tuner. With the help of this characteristic the frequency-dependent variation of the amplification can be compensated during tuner operation, in order that the input signal strength can be deduced more precisely. For a tuner with automatic gain control (AGC), the frequency dependence of the AGC can also be recorded and stored in the memory by representative characteristics. The consideration of the AGC characteristics results in a further improvement to the precision of estimation of the input signal strength.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a manner in which feedback from remote units (120-122) involved in a broadcast/multicast service session can be obtained using shared wireless resources and/or shared signaling sequences. Having feedback information from at least some of the remote units involved in the session enables the network equipment (101) to dynamically manage the session and potentially improve the performance of the session. Moreover, utilizing shared wireless resources and/or shared signaling sequences may reduce the overhead cost of obtaining the feedback as compared to utilizing dedicated resources.

Abstract: A wireless mobile terminal includes an antenna, a power amplifier coupled to the antenna, a power detector coupled to an output of the power amplifier, a phase shifter coupled between the output of the power amplifier and the antenna, and a controller coupled to the phase shifter. The power detector is configured to detect a power of a signal provided by the power amplifier. The controller is configured to adjust the phase shifter responsive to the detected signal power. More particularly, the controller may be configured to adjust the phase shifter to modify a phase component of a reflection coefficient of a load impedance at the power amplifier output without substantially altering a magnitude of the reflection coefficient. Related methods and computer program products are also discussed.

Abstract: A method of generating a normalized matrix for use in determining one or more read accuracies of an RFID tag at selected points in space relative to a transmitter associated with the RFID tag. The method may further include using the normalized matrix to determine a particular read accuracy of the RFID tag at a particular point in space relative to the transmitter. Also, a method of generating a power scaling factor for determining the read accuracy of an RFID tag.

Abstract: For a weighting circuit for adjusting a feedback control loop to an input signal of the feedback control loop the feedback control loop comprises a system under control and a device for generating a control difference signal by subtracting a weighted feedback signal from the input signal. The control difference signal is fed to the system under control which generates an output signal. The output signal is multiplied, by means of a weighting circuit by a sequence of multiplication factors for generating the weighted feedback signal. A frequency bandwidth of the feedback control loop is reduced step by step by the sequence of multiplication factors.

Abstract: An on frequency repeater for wireless networks with feedback oscillation detection is disclosed. The on frequency repeater includes an automatic gain control loop which samples amplified signal envelope. The automatic gain control loop is monitored and a characteristic saw tooth pattern in the gain control loop indicating feedback oscillation is detected. A nonlinear gain expander circuit may be periodically activated to allow feedback oscillation detection in repeater applications employing linearized amplifiers.

Abstract: A repeater for re-transmitting uplink and downlink signals in a wireless network. The repeater uses antenna cross-polarization, signal cancellation and digital processing techniques to reduce or eliminate coupling of echo signals between the receive and transmit antennas of the downlink and uplink signal paths in the repeater.

Abstract: A wireless relaying network having a number of network nodes including a designated originating node, at least one relaying node, and at least two receiving nodes. The designated originating node transmits a pilot signal, and the relaying node(s) receives and forwards the pilot signal to the receiving nodes, each of which measures channel quality based on the received pilot signal. At least part of the receiving nodes feed information on the measured channel quality all the way back to the designated originating node, and the originating node then schedules data for transmission to at least one selected node of the receiving nodes based on the received channel quality information. Subsequently, the designated originating node transmits data to the selected receiving node(s) via the same relaying node(s) that forwarded the pilot signal. In this way, multi-user diversity scheduling is introduced to relaying networks that provides significant data rate enhancements.

Abstract: A circuit for optimizing the transmission of data on a communication channel is disclosed. According to one embodiment of the invention, a circuit comprises a transmitter circuit having a programmable output characteristic and being coupled to a transmission media. The transmission media receives serial data from the transmitter circuit and couples the data to a receiver circuit by way of the transmission media. A signal quality monitor associated with the receiver circuit generates received signal quality data. Finally, a feedback path couples the received signal quality data to the transmitter circuit.

Abstract: In a wireless repeater apparatus communicating with wireless communication apparatuses, a switching circuit transfers a data packet received through any one of antennas to any one of antennas for transmission. A correspondence table memory stores a correspondence table that includes relations of an identifier of each antenna between an identifier of each wireless communication apparatus. A wireless repeater apparatus control circuit controls transfer of the data packet by the switching circuit based on the correspondence table.

Abstract: A repeater environment is provided operative to deploy a feedback cancellation loop that is adaptively coupled with an antenna array such that a selected metric can be derived by deploying a selected filter bank operative to process the signal on a bin by bin basis and the derived metric can be applied to the antenna array and feedback cancellation loop combination to improve signal integrity and amplification. In an illustrative implementation, an exemplary repeater environment comprises, a transmitter, a receiver, an equalized feedback cancellation loop circuitry comprising a filter bank, the cancellation loop being operatively coupled to an antenna array. In the illustrative implementation, the feedback cancellation loop can receive signals as input from a cooperating antenna array and provide output signals such as a feedback leakage signal to a cooperating antenna array.

Abstract: A repeater environment is provided to deploy a feedback cancellation loop that is adaptively coupled with an antenna array such that a selected metric can be derived by deploying a one or more of selected metrics (e.g., composite metrics) comprising a selected filter bank operative to process the signal on a bin by bin basis and the derived metric can be applied to the antenna array and feedback cancellation loop combination to improve signal integrity and amplification, beam forming operations, and pilot control and overhead channel control operations. In an illustrative implementation, an exemplary repeater environment comprises, a transmitter, a receiver, an equalized feedback cancellation loop circuitry comprising a filter bank, the cancellation loop being operatively coupled to an antenna array.

Abstract: A method for temperature compensation of transmit power of a wireless communication device begins by measuring transmit power of the wireless communication device at a first temperature-based biasing condition to produce a first measured transmit power. The method continues by measuring transmit power of the wireless communication device at a second temperature-based biasing condition to produce a second measured transmit power. The method continues by determining ambient temperature of at least a portion of the wireless communication device based on the first and second measured transmit powers and a relationship between the first and second temperature-based biasing conditions. The method continues by compensating transmit power level of the wireless communication device based on the ambient temperature.

Abstract: The invention is a terminal, system and method for providing inter-frequency and inter-system handovers. A terminal 20? in accordance with the invention includes at least one radio transceiver including P radio receivers and at least one transmitter (16) with P being an integer at least equal to 2. Each radio receiver includes an antenna (41) which receives M encoded data streams. A terminal controller 18 controls the that at least one radio transceiver.

Abstract: A system and method for substantially reducing oscillation produced by a network amplifier. An exemplary method includes receiving a cellular signal at a first antenna of a network amplifier and applying a first amplification factor to the cellular signal. The resultant amplified cellular signal is transmitted to a target destination via a second antenna. A first signal level of the cellular signal is measured while the first amplification factor is being applied to the cellular signal. Then, a second amplification factor that is less than the first amplification factor is applied to the cellular signal, during which a second signal level of the cellular signal is measured. If the second signal level is significantly less than the first signal level, the first amplification factor is reduced by a predetermined amount.

Abstract: A wireless repeater includes an input antenna for receiving an input signal, an output antenna for outputting an amplified signal, and an amplifier for amplifying the received input signal and providing the output amplified signal to the output antenna. Radiated coupling between the input and output antennas causes echoes to be transmitted by the repeater. A filter is used for applying a weighting function to a power spectrum of a measured signal in the wireless repeater thereby obtaining a weighted power spectrum of the measured signal. An internal feedback path is employed for adaptively canceling the echo by implementing an adaptive algorithm based on a autocorrelation of the input signal employing the weighted power spectrum of the measured signal.

Abstract: A position determination system for movable objects or personnel comprising at least one portable position sensor built into a wearable item of a member of personnel having an identification number, or embedded into a movable object having an identification number, and Mobile Initialization Station (MIS). The Mobile Initialization Station (MIS)/Portable Initialization Station (PIS) selected from the group consisting of: {(SATPS)/transceiver unit; (GPS)/transceiver unit; and a TVPS transceiver unit} is configured to provide a set of high accuracy initialization data. The portable position sensor is configured to utilize the high accuracy initialization data to generate and broadcast the positional data of at least one member of personnel having an identification number, or of at least one movable object having an identification number.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a Radio Frequency Repeater to prevent oscillation with canceling a feedback interference signal between transmitting and receiving antenna with built-in transmitting and receiving antenna in wireless mobile communication repeater. A radio frequency repeater for canceling a feedback interference signal has a downlink path from a base station to a terminal and an uplink path from a terminal to a base station, and said downlink path and said uplink path is separated and combination by a duplexer.

Abstract: A method is discussed for generating feedback information for controlling transmission from a transmitting end using a set of feedback symbols. The feedback information comprises a set of feedback words. At least one feedback symbol is determined based on at least one signal received from the transmitting end. A feedback word to be transmitted to the transmitting end is determined, the feedback word relating to the determined feedback symbol, by a mapping between said set of feedback symbols and said set of feedback words. This mapping takes into account the effect of at least one possible transmission error in transmitting the feedback word to the transmitting end. Furthermore, the mapping is different from a mapping relating to Gray encoding.

Abstract: A power controlled repeater is disclosed for use in a wireless communication system to control the forward link gain. The power controlled repeater includes a forward link for communications from a base station to a mobile station. In addition, the power controlled repeater includes a reverse link for communications from the mobile station to the base station. An embedded subscriber unit is used at the power controlled repeater and is inserted into the forward link. A microprocessor is in electronic communications with the subscriber unit and implements a method for controlling the forward link gain. The method for controlling the forward link gain includes using the embedded subscriber unit in the power controlled repeater to control the forward link gain.

Abstract: A novel single frequency repeater is disclosed that eliminates the problems of feedback and concurrent oscillation. The single frequency repeater of the present invention comprises a backplane, a first antenna, a filter, an amplifier, a power supply, a switch, and a second antenna. The first antenna, filter, amplifier, power supply, and switch are mounted to one side of the backplane. Preferably, the backplane is electrically grounded. The second antenna is mounted on the second side of the backplane, in an orthogonal direction to the first antenna on the first side of the backplane. By placing the first antenna in the back lobe of the second antenna, separating the first antenna and the second antenna with the grounded backplane, and mounting the second antenna in an orthogonal orientation to the first antenna, problems with feedback and concurrent oscillation have been overcome.

Abstract: A base station and a method of configuring a base station are provided in a cellular telecommunication system, wherein the base station comprises an electrically tunable duplex filter with a tuning range covering at least two parallel sub-bands used in the telecommunication system. The electrically tunable duplex filter is tunable on site to a sub-band allocated to the base station, thus enabling an increased flexibility in selecting a fixed frequency band to be used in the lower frequency stages in the transceiver and the base band parts of the base station.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, signal information representative of a first set of information to be transmitted more than one time over at least one link is stored as a priori known signal information. This could be previously received and/or, detected information, own transmitted information or otherwise available relevant signal information in the node. Signal information representative of a second set of information is received, wherein a transmission of the first set of information interferes with the reception of the second set of information. In spite of the interference, at least part of the second set of information can still be successfully be detected by exploiting the received signal information and at least part of the previously stored a priori known signal information. The information is detected by interference cancellation based on the received signal information and relevant parts of the a priori known information.

Abstract: Specific detection of proteolytic enzymes is achieved by extinguishing dye fluorescence by the amino acid tryptophan. Ttyptophan is disposed on one side of the cutting site of a proteolytic enzyme while an amino acid marked with a dye is arranged on the other side. Extinction of fluorescence occurs prior to enzyme cutting. Spatial separation of the tryptophan and the dye takes place after cutting, whereby fluorescence extinction does not occur. The dye can then fluoresce and a signal increase occurs thereby indicating that cutting has been carried out and the presence of the enzyme.

Abstract: In a transceiver comprising a time-division-duplex (TDD) of transmit and receive functions, the characteristics of unwanted image signal energy being transmitted from the transceiver are determined, and thereafter feedback is provided to the transmitter to reduce this unwanted image signal energy. The image signal energy is measured by the receiver component of the transceiver and fed back to the transmitter component of the transceiver. The transmitter component uses the fed back information to adjust the gain and or phase relationship between the quadrature signals that are subsequently quadrature-phase modulated and transmitted. A variety of techniques can be employed to allow the image signal energy to be measured directly by the receiver component. The phase modulation signals at the transmitter can be interchanged, so that the unwanted image signal energy is transmitted in the sideband of the intended signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method, apparatus and system for handling unreliable feedback information in a wireless network. The present invention adjusts one or more communications (202) with a receiving unit (272) in a wireless communication network by receiving feedback information (302) relating to the receiving unit (102), determining a feedback information offset for the receiving unit (272), and adjusting the one or more communications (202) with the receiving unit (272) based on the feedback information and the feedback information offset (306).