Abstract: A method and an apparatus are disclosed for applying frequency layer convergence (FLC) to connected mode user equipments (UE) having no dedicated channel for a multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) service in a mobile communication system employing a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) scheme. The method and apparatus prevent uplink signaling congestion which may occur when the UEs located in non preferred frequency layers (NPL) of the MBMS service move to a preferred frequency layers (PL) when a MBMS service session starts. If the MBMS service session starts in a situation of applying the FLC, a radio network controller (RNC) notifies the UEs desiring to receive the MBMS service and located in NPLs for the MBMS service of FLC information including a PF value and a timer value, with reference to the number of the NPL UEs joining the MBMS service.

Abstract: Power control methods and apparatus for use in a sectorized cell of an OFDM communications system are described. Each sector of a cell uses the same frequencies and transmission times and is synchronized with the other sectors in the cell in terms of tone frequencies used at any given time and symbol transmission times. Tones are allocated to channels in each cell in the same manner so that each channel in a sector has a corresponding channel in another sector. Power differences between channels in different sectors are maintained to be within a pre-selected power difference. Different channels in a cell are assigned different power levels. Wireless terminals are assigned to channels based on channel feedback information. Wireless terminals with poor channel conditions are allocated to higher power channels than wireless terminals with good channel conditions. Lower power channels often include more tones per symbol time than high power channels.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for global wireless sensor network architecture and protocol for remote supervision, asset control and operational management based on localized clusters of autonomous sensor/supervision/operational sensor nodes capable of ad hoc interconnection with nearby nodes and connection to gateway nodes with increased network functionality. These localized cluster nodes send data to gateway nodes either directly or through multi-hop transactions. The gateway nodes are, in turn, connected to other gateway nodes and operations control centers either through wireless or wired data communications links. Utilizing the Internet for long range interconnectivity, the network is scaleable to a global level. The resulting network is based on an ad hoc mesh topology to allow flexibility in network modification and expansion and is comprised of a tiered structure defined by increasing functionality.

Abstract: A method and system for creating and deploying a mesh network are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises providing a mesh router having a plurality of radios. The mesh router is used in a cell of a plurality of cells that covers a geographic region. Channels are assigned to the plurality of radios. The channels are selected from a plurality of channels to allow channel reuse throughout the plurality of cells.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for Fractional frequency reuse (FFR). A reuse factor of one (f=1) may be used to serve mobile stations located in inner cell regions that do not experience significant inter-cell interference (ICI) and a reuse factor of less than one (f<1) may be used for mobile stations located near the cell edge that tend to experience higher levels of ICI. Dynamic allocation of frequency partitions and adjustment of power levels for each base station sector are provided in order to avoid collisions between neighboring base station sectors and achieve improved capacity and performance. Load balancing may also be provided.

Abstract: A wireless communication device is disclosed. The wireless communication device may include a first station and a second station. The first station is coupled with the second station. The first and second stations are within a first cluster. The stations within the first cluster are configured to operate cooperatively to transmit or receive signals corresponding to the cluster over at least one channel. One of the stations transmits only data signals without transmitting a preamble or a MAP message.

Abstract: A scheme is provided for allocating spectral resource made up of a plurality of resource units in a multiple access wireless link linking a partition of a base station and at least one child user equipment of the partition in a wireless communications network. According to the scheme the same fixed allocation of resource units is made to each user equipment of the network. According to one embodiment a measure of a maximum likely number of child user equipments per partition of the network is determined. Then a fixed allocation of resource units based on the ratio of the number of resource units per unit time to the measure is calculated. Then the same fixed allocation of resource units is allocated to each child user equipment across the network. In one embodiment resource units which are not allocated in the fixed allocation remain unallocated to user equipments.

Abstract: Various schemes for performing inter-system handoff, e.g., from a UTRAN to a cdma2000 radio access network (RAN) are described. For a MAHHO scheme, the UTRAN uses measurements obtained by a multi-RAT device to determine suitable cdma2000 cell(s) for handover. The measurements are obtained by a candidate frequency search procedure, and the handover is accomplished by a handoff execution procedure. For a MDHHO scheme, the UTRAN relies on location information for the multi-RAT device to select suitable cdma2000 cell(s) for handover. For a CRHHO scheme, a new call is established on the cdma2000 RAN and the pending call on the UTRAN is released in a manner such that the handover appears seamless to the multi-RAT device. The multi-RAT device includes two modem processors that perform processing for the UTRAN and cdma2000 RAN and an application processor that controls the modem processors.

Abstract: A weighting parameter estimation system for estimating a weight parameter for the antenna elements of a mobile terminal is provided. The system includes a prohibited space forming part to which electromagnetic waves should not be directed when the mobile terminal transmits a signal in wireless communications, and a weighting parameter determination unit configured to determine the weighting parameter for each of the antenna elements of the mobile terminal such that the power level of a test wave transmitted from or received in the prohibited space becomes the minimum.

Abstract: Data is transmitted via time division multiple access methods and every radio cell includes one base station each for the radio coverage of a plurality of mobile stations assigned to the radio cell. The base station receives, in addition to mobile station signals of its own radio cell, mobile station signals of neighboring radio cells and determines, on the basis of the mobile station signals received, a time synchronization value and/or a frequency synchronization value to which the base station synchronizes itself.

Abstract: System and method for use in a hybrid multispot satellite broadcasting system comprising at least one satellite (S; S1; S2) for multibeam broadcasting of beams in respective frequency bandwidths (F1; F2; F3), the system further comprising a plurality of terrestrial repeater (R1; R2; R3) for receiving, processing and re-transmitting said beams in a frequency bandwidth which is different from that of the bandwidth of the beam received. Each terrestrial repeater (R1; R2; R3) re-uses for terrestrial re-transmission a combination of bandwidths corresponding to different beams broadcast from said satellite to different beams.

Abstract: A system is described. The system includes a fixed microwave path pair between a first site and a second site and an additional microwave path between the first site and a third site. A transceiver portion of the first site and a transceiver portion of the second site are configured to transmit on the fixed microwave path pair on TDD-FDD reversed paired frequencies. The transceiver portion of the first site is configured to transmit to the transceiver portion of the third site on one frequency of the paired frequencies using the side lobe radiation of an antenna at the first site.

Abstract: Data is transmitted via time division multiple access methods and every radio cell includes one base station each for the radio coverage of a plurality of mobile stations assigned to the radio cell. The base station receives, in addition to mobile station signals of its own radio cell, mobile station signals of neighboring radio cells and determines, on the basis of the mobile station signals received, a time synchronization value and/or a frequency synchronization value to which the base station synchronizes itself.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus for facilitating handover control using resource reservation with frequency reuse are provided. In one embodiment, the method can include: transmitting scheduling information for the transmission of information on frequencies corresponding to an unreserved portion of a frequency band. The method can also include transmitting scheduling information for the transmission of information on frequencies corresponding to a reserved portion of the frequency band. A frequency reuse scheme can be employed over the frequencies corresponding to the reserved portion of the frequency band, and the information transmitted on the frequencies corresponding to the reserved portion of the frequency band can be handover signalling information.

Abstract: A radio communication terminal includes a detection unit configured to detect a plurality of usable frequencies of a frequency range, in which the radio communication terminal plans to transmit, at least depending on whether or not a power of a first received signal is greater than a first threshold, a selection unit configured to select, when a first frequency band from f0+f1 to f0+f1+?f1 (f1 is a first frequency, and ?f1 is a first bandwidth) and a second frequency band from f0?f1??f1 to f0?f1 are simultaneously usable with respect to a center frequency f0 of a utilizing frequency range including the usable frequencies, the first frequency band and the second frequency band as a pair of utilizing frequency bands, and a transmission unit configured to transmit different signals in the pair of utilizing frequency bands.

Abstract: Techniques are provided herein to optimize up-link transmission power from a wireless terminal to a base transceiver station in a multicarrier system. A pathloss between the wireless terminal and the base transceiver station is determined. A determination is made if the pathloss is less than or larger than a predetermined value. One or more sub-carriers are assigned to the wireless terminal based on whether the pathloss between the wireless terminal and the base transceiver station is less than or larger than the predetermined value. A power cap command signal is sent from the base transceiver station to the wireless terminal for limiting a maximum allowable power transmitted by the wireless terminal to a predetermined level based on proximity of the one or more sub-carriers to an edge of a frequency band used for up-link transmissions made by the wireless terminal.

Abstract: Spectrum monitoring measurements are made by microcell base stations in a layered cellular network, while not serving calls or engaged in processing calls. The microcell base station transmits a first control message from to a microcell mobile station, to increase the duration for the mobile station to reside in the camping state on a control channel of the microcell base station. The microcell base station transmits a second control message from the microcell base station to the microcell mobile station, to increase the duration for the mobile station to reside in a call origination state while attempting to access a control channel of the microcell base station. Then, to perform the spectrum monitoring measurement, the base station's transmitter is turned off, the receiver is retuned to the frequency to be monitored, a signal strength measurement taken on that frequency, the receiver is retuned back to its assigned frequency, and the transmitter is turned back on, all in a short time interval.

Abstract: When a cell load becomes higher than a call setup threshold value for a first channel (CS channel), a second channel (PS channel) is changed into a channel having a low transmission rate. Consequently, the cell load is reduced and no cell loss occurs in the first channel. Therefore, the call loss rate of a first communication service is lowered. Simultaneously, a handover threshold value is higher than the call setup threshold value for the first channel so that a failure rate of handover is lowered.

Abstract: A packet-based, hierarchical communication system, arranged in a spanning tree configuration, is described in which wired and wireless communication networks exhibiting substantially different characteristics are employed in an overall scheme to link portable or mobile computing devices. The network accommodates real time voice transmission both through dedicated, scheduled bandwidth and through a packet-based routing within the confines and constraints of a data network. Conversion and call processing circuitry is also disclosed which enables access devices and personal computers to adapt voice information between analog voice stream and digital voice packet formats as proves necessary. Routing pathways include wireless spanning tree networks, wide area networks, telephone switching networks, internet, etc., in a manner virtually transparent to the user.

Abstract: A method allocates radio channel resource in an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access network including a set of base stations (BS) and a set of mobile stations (MS). For each BS, a diversity set is maintained for the sets of MS. Each BS determines possible interference at the MS based on the diversity set. A graph is constructed, in which nodes represent the sets of MS, and each edge between a pair of nodes represents channel interference between the MS represented by the pair of nodes. A weight is assigned to each edge, which reflects interference and signal strength on the subchannel between the two MSs connected by the edge. Channel resources are allocated to the MS based on the graph.

Abstract: A cellular communications system comprising a space based system comprising a first set of cells, and a ground based system comprising a second set of cells. The space and ground systems can optionally function substantially autonomously, with each using spectrum from at least one predetermined frequency band.

Abstract: A data rate determining method and apparatus in a smart-antenna mobile communication system are provided. A ratio of other-cell interference to AWGN in total noise received at an MS is estimated and a power margin is applied in proportion to highly time-variant other-cell interference. Therefore, despite a change in the other cell interference between a rate decision time and an actual data transmission time, a successful data transmission rate is increased.

Abstract: A method allocates radio channel resources in an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access network including a set of base stations (BS) and a set of mobile stations (MS). For each BS, a diversity set is maintained for the sets of MS. Each BS determines possible interference at the MS based on the diversity set. A graph is constructed, in which nodes represent the sets of MS, mid each edge between a pair of nodes represents channel interference between the MS represented by the pair of nodes. A weight is assigned to each edge, which reflects interference between the two MSs connected by the edge. The interference graph is partitioned into non-overlapping clusters of nodes based on a structure of the interference graph, the potential interference, so that a sum of the weights of the edges between each cluster is maximized. Based upon the graph partitioning, the channel resources are allocated to the mobile stations in order to maximize the system capacity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses for controlling cell configuration in a cellular network, wherein a cell identity and a local cell spectrum resource entity or profile are assigned to an access device in response to a result of sensing a local radio environment at said access device to detect possible neighbor cells. The assigned local cell spectrum resource entity or profile is used to allocate cell spectrum resource from a shared multi-operator spectrum to said access device.

Abstract: A wireless communications system includes a space-based component (SBC) and an ancillary terrestrial component (ATC) configured to communicate with radioterminals using a common satellite service link frequency band and respective first and second different sets of channel separation codes. The first and second sets of channel separation codes may include, for example, respective sets of scrambling codes, respective sets of frequency assignment codes, respective sets of channel assignment codes, respective sets of sub-channel assignment codes and/or respective sets of spreading codes.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods and apparatus for providing channel feedback information based at least in part on predicted future channel states is disclosed and described. In various embodiments, future channel states may be predicted based at least in part on received channel sounding signals, and amounts of delay in time in transmission and receipt between a subscriber station and a base station. Other embodiments may be described and claimed.

Abstract: In a wireless communications system operating according to CDMA or the like, when one terminal simultaneously performs communication using multiple wireless resources (e.g., multiple carriers), there was a problem that when it was attempted to guarantee network mobility by the same soft handoff system as in the case where communication was performed using only one wireless resource, efficiency suffered from the viewpoint of network forwarding load, processing load and wireless resource occupancy time. Soft handoff termination is judged and soft handoff is forcibly terminated according to whether or not the data rate obtained for all resources on the network side satisfies a requested rate, based on a reception state notification from a terminal concerning wireless resources.

Abstract: A method, NodeB (320) and User Equipment (330) for TDD operation in a communication system operating in TDD mode in a frequency band allocated for FDD operation. Preferably, operation is in TDD uplink and downlink mode in a first frequency band designated or normally used for FDD uplink communication, and in TDD downlink-only mode in a second frequency band designated or normally used for FDD downlink communication. The invention provides the following advantages: Provides a flexible method to deploy a time division duplex architecture in frequency division duplex spectrum. Allows flexible use of system capacity by adjusting the uplink and downlink capacity split. Removes previous FDD duplex restrictions.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses enable selective operation in an extended bandwidth channel of a wireless communication band. For example, a client station can be selectively authorized to operate on a 40 MHz channel in a 2.4 GHz band. The client station or an access point or both can determine whether interference exists in the wireless communication band. If potential interference exists, the client station may operate on a non-extended bandwidth channel. If potential interference does not exist, the client station may operate on an extended bandwidth channel. Operation between the two channels can be dynamic based on continued monitoring of the wireless communication band for potential interference.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for a femtocell to reduce interference with an overlapping macrocell. The femtocell determines soft-frequency-reuse (“SFR”) information of the macrocell. From that information, the femtocell determines which frequency sub-channels are assigned by the macrocell for its cell-center users and which frequency sub-channels are assigned for cell-edge users. (Cell-edge users are given a higher transmission power profile in order to overcome potential interference with neighboring macrocells.) Then, the femtocell selects from the cell-center user frequency sub-channels for transmission to the femtocell's users. By transmitting on the cell-center user frequency sub-channels, the femtocell reduces interference with the overlapping macrocell. The femtocell continues to update its knowledge of the macrocell's SFR information and re-assigns frequency sub-channels as the SFR changes.

Abstract: A technique of operating a wireless communication system includes determining respective geometries of multiple subscriber stations, which include a first subscriber station and a second subscriber station, with respect to a serving base station. Respective channel sounding bandwidths for sounding the channel between the multiple subscriber stations and the serving base station are then scheduled, based on the respective geometries. The respective channel sounding bandwidths include a first channel sounding bandwidth (associated with the first subscriber station) and a second channel sounding bandwidth (associated with the second subscriber station). The first channel sounding bandwidth is greater than or equal to the second channel sounding bandwidth and the first subscriber station has a lower geometry than the second subscriber station.

Abstract: A method reduces channel interference in a communication system that includes base stations and terminal stations with each base station having a plurality of sectors, each sector having a channel, and with each terminal station associated with a sector of a base station. A first set of terminal stations associated with a first sector that may potentially interfere with a second set of terminal stations associated with a second sector is determined. A first frequency sub-channel for use by the first set of terminal stations is selected and a second frequency sub-channel for use by the second set of terminal stations is selected. Transmissions by the first set of terminal stations are coordinated with transmissions by the second set of terminal stations, thereby reducing channel interference between the terminal stations of the first set and the terminal stations of the second set, as seen by a base station in the first or second sector.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for balancing the distribution of interference between radio cells in a wireless communication system comprising cells in which subcarrier blocks are used for communication. A number of adjacent cells build a cell cluster. Moreover, the present invention relates to a corresponding method adapted for use in a system in which multi beam antennas or multiple antennas are used. Furthermore, the present invention relates to base stations performing the above method as well as a communication system comprising the base stations.

Abstract: A method for planning a radiocommunications network includes computing cell coverage in turn including dividing a region around a radio base station into a number of large environment pixels, dividing each large environment pixel into a number of small environment pixels, and, for each target small environment pixel, computing a second quantity indicative of the coverage within the target small environment pixel, wherein each second quantity is computed for the respective target small environment pixel as a function of a mixed environment profile describing the environment between the radio base station and the target small environment pixel along a propagation path of a radioelectric signal radiating out from the radio base station and passing through the target small environment pixel, wherein the mixed environment profile describes the environment within small environment pixels close to the radio base station and the target small environment pixel, and within large environment pixels along the remaining s

Abstract: An apparatus for frequency planning for a cellular communication system comprises a receiver (201) receiving measurement reports from remote stations. An interference processor (203) determines, for each of a plurality of cells, a neighbour cell interference relationship between at least a first and a second neighbour cell for the cell in response to measurement reports from remote stations served by the cell. The neighbour cell interference relationship is indicative of interference from the first to the second neighbour cell. The first and second cells are both neighbours of an intermediate cell but are not (necessarily) neighbours of each other. A frequency planner (205) determines a frequency plan in response to the neighbour cell interference relationships. The invention may allow the interference impact on neighbours of neighbour cells to be estimated and taken into account in the frequency plan thereby leading to improved frequency plans and performance of the cellular communication system.

Abstract: A cellular phone system where a random access channel burst has a preamble comprising two Zadoff-Chu sequences to mitigate the effects of Doppler Frequency Offset. Upon reception of a random access channel burst by a base station, division is applied to the two sequences recovered from the preamble of the received burst to provide a quotient sequence. For some embodiments, the base station correlates the quotient sequence with a Zadoff- Chu sequence to identify the user equipment that transmitted the random access channel burst. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A frequency planning method for use in an IEEE 802.11 wireless network is described. The frequency planning method obtains traffic load information associated with access points belonging to a multi-cell wireless network and assigns channels to the access points based on the traffic load information.

Abstract: A method for planning a radiocommunications network includes computing cell coverage in turn including dividing a region around a radio base station into a number of large environment pixels, for each large environment pixel, computing a first quantity indicative of the coverage within the large environment pixel, dividing each large environment pixel into a number of small environment pixels, and, for each small environment pixel, computing a second quantity indicative of the coverage within the small environment pixel, wherein each second quantity is computed for the respective small environment pixel as a function of the first quantity computed for the large environment pixel containing the small environment pixel, and of data describing the environment within the small environment pixel and within small environment pixels within the large environment pixel and arranged upstream the small environment pixel along a radioelectric signal propagation path passing through the small environment pixel.

Abstract: A base station for use in a wireless network capable of communicating according to a multi-carrier protocol. The base station communicates with subscriber stations using a first pre-defined set of subcarriers. If the base station determines that no additional subcarriers are available in the first pre-defined set to communicate with a first subscriber station, the base station borrows subcarrier resources by selecting a first subcarrier in a second pre-defined set of subcarriers used by a first neighboring base station and allocates the first subcarrier in the second pre-defined set to communicate with the first subscriber station.

Abstract: A cellular communications system comprising a space based system comprising a first set of cells, and a ground based system comprising a second set of cells. The space and ground systems can optionally function substantially autonomously, with each using spectrum from at least one predetermined frequency band.

Abstract: For a radio transmission between a subscriber station and a base station in accordance with a hybrid multiple access method (e.g. CDMA, FDMA, TDMA), unambiguous descriptions for the usable transmission resources in the uplink and downlink are proposed to obtain efficient utilization of resources in the access of symmetric and/or unsymmetric services, the channel description containing information on the order of channel utilization during the radio transmission.

Abstract: In a spectrum allocation method in a cellular communication system, a cell pattern is divided into clusters each containing a plurality of adjacent cells. A pool of forward and return link bearers is allocated to each cluster and may be shared among cells within the cluster. Bearers are reused between blusters having a sufficiently high mutual isolation. Preferably, the same time slot in a return link bearer is allocated to multiple users within the cluster. The receiver of the shared return link bearer uses multi-user detection techniques to separately decode the signals from each user sharing a time slot, using the spatial diversity of the individual cells.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus enable a femto radio base station (28f), initially connected to a first or default radio network controller node (261), to be redirected/reconnected to a second or correct radio network controller node (262) for use as an active radio network controller node for the femto radio base station (28f). The redirection/reconnection is accomplished by using location-indicative information obtained from a user equipment unit (30) which is in radio communication with the femto radio base station (28f). The technique of redirection is particularly valuable when the femto radio base station (28f) does not have its own receiver for ascertaining the radio access network (RAN) environment.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a signal by a transmitter in a frequency overlay communication system. The method includes generating y first signal groups by shuffling input information data with a length yN on an N-by-N grouping basis according to a first shuffling scheme; generating y second signal groups by performing N-point IFFT on each of the first signal groups; generating y third signal groups by multiplying each of the second signal groups by preset values; generating N fourth signal groups by de-shuffling the third signal groups on a y-by-y grouping basis according to a de-shuffling scheme; generating N fifth signal groups by performing y-point IDFT on each of the fourth signal groups; generating y sixth signal groups by shuffling the fifth signal groups according to a second shuffling scheme, and serial-converting the sixth signal groups; and performing a transmission RF process on the serial-converted signal and transmitting the RF-processed signal to a receiver.

Abstract: Space-based wireless radiotelephone communications are provided in a satellite footprint over a satellite radiotelephone frequency band. The satellite footprint is divided into satellite cells in which satellite radiotelephone frequencies of the satellite radiotelephone frequency band are spatially reused. At least one of the satellite radiotelephone frequencies that is assigned to a given satellite cell in the satellite footprint is terrestrially reused outside the given satellite cell. A radiation pattern of at least the given satellite cell is modified to reduce interference with the at least one of the satellite radiotelephone frequencies that is terrestrially reused outside the given satellite cell.

Abstract: Assigning CDMA channel codes in a multiple beam zone sector such that they may be reused within the same sector. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes configuring directional antennas in a cell sector to provide multiple beam zones in a cell sector and assigning channel codes for use within the beam zones such that each channel code is assigned for use in only one beam zone of any set of three consecutive beam zones in the cell sector. This effectively reduces the inter-user interference by ensuring at least two intervening beam zones are located between zones that are using the same channel codes. The channel codes may be Walsh codes or quasi-orthogonal functions (QOFs).

Abstract: A signal strength that is associated with a first wireless communications channel is detected. Electromagnetic energy is transmitted over the first wireless communications channel in response to the signal strength being sufficiently weak. A determination is made whether a handoff should be made to a second wireless communications channel having a signal that is weaker than a signal of the first wireless communications channel. Related systems and methods are described.

Abstract: A method is provided for paging a mobile station (40) served by a wireless telecommunications network (A). The method includes: using a plurality of band-classes to selectively communicate with the mobile station (40); remembering which one of the plurality of band-classes was last used to communicate with the mobile station (40); and, selectively paging the mobile station (40) over the wireless telecommunications network (A) when the mobile station (40) is being sought, the paging covering at least the remembered band-class for the mobile station (40) being paged.

Abstract: A method (200, 300, 400) according to the invention is a method for determining a condidate cell for an active set, where the quality factor of each cell in the active set is determined (202), a quality factor of a test cell is determined (203), and the test cell is accepted (205) as a candidate cell for the active set if an acceptance criterion is fulfilled.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and apparatus for reducing co-channel interference. The present invention includes a powerful means for eliminating co-channel interference from base stations in a wireless communication system. The present co-channel interference reducing method and apparatus utilizes frame synchronization between selected time frames (e.g., odd and even time frames) to reduce co-channel interference. Advantageously, the present invention reduces co-channel interference and, thus, allows robust modulation schemes to operate even at worst case line-of-sight (LoS) interference scenarios of 100%. The present invention can also use an uplink/downlink ratio formula to further improve system capacity (i.e., reduce co-channel interference) in ATDD systems. The present inventive method and apparatus can be used in any type of frame based and frame synchronized communication system.