Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for identifying a user device. In one implementation, a method may include the steps of monitoring one or more user devices operating on a Wi-Fi network, analyzing usage parameters with respect to each of the one or more user devices, and identifying the one or more user devices based on the usage parameters. Also, according to additional implementations, the method may include analyzing, over time, the usage parameters with respect to each of the one or more user devices. Based on the usage parameters analyzed over time, the method may include the step of creating one or more behavioral models associated with one or more users, where each behavioral model may represent a usage pattern of a respective user according to how the user uses at least one of the user devices.

Abstract: A computing node to implement an RL management entity in an NG wireless network includes a NIC and processing circuitry coupled to the NIC. The processing circuitry is configured to generate a plurality of network measurements for a corresponding plurality of network functions. The functions are configured as a plurality of ML models forming a multi-level hierarchy. Control signaling from an ML model of the plurality is decoded, the ML model being at a predetermined level (e.g., a lowest level) in the hierarchy. The control signaling is responsive to a corresponding network measurement and at least second control signaling from a second ML model at a level that is higher than the predetermined level. A plurality of reward functions is generated for training the ML models, based on the control signaling from the MLO model at the predetermined level in the multi-level hierarchy.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a base station apparatus and a method of operating a base station apparatus capable of improving accuracy of beam steering (steerability) in performing beamforming using an antenna based on multiple input multiple output (MIMO).

Abstract: Provided herein are systems for controlling a network of distributed non-terrestrial nodes including a control framework operative to train and control a plurality of the non-terrestrial nodes, the control framework including a control interface in communication with a network operator to receive one or more specified control objectives, and a learning engine operative to train a virtual non-terrestrial network, wherein the control framework is further operative to transfer knowledge gained through the training of the virtual non-terrestrial network to the network of distributed non-terrestrial nodes as data-driven logic unit configurations tailored for the specified control objectives.

Abstract: Methods and systems for sharing aerial assets amongst terrestrial network operators. Embodiments enable sharing of aerial assets amongst the terrestrial network operators and facilitate on-demand deployment of the aerial cells to improve coverage and capacity of the terrestrial network operators. Embodiments allow sharing of aerial assets such as aerial cell mount, backhaul, an aerial RAN, and aerial spectrum using sharing architectures. Embodiments provide a managing entity for forecasting data traffic pertaining to the terrestrial network operators and optimizing the deployment of the aerial cells, based on the forecasted data traffic, for enabling strategic deployment of the aerial cells. Embodiments ensure that the resources of the aerial cells are effectively utilized and the number of aerial cells required for enhancing the capacity of the terrestrial network operators is minimized.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for predicting locations of utility assets. One of the methods includes receiving an input image of an area in a first geographical region; generating, from the input image and using a generative adversarial network, a corresponding reference image; and generating, by an object detection model and from the reference image, an output that identifies respective locations of one or more utility assets with reference to the input image.

Abstract: Systems and methods to identify whether user traffic is generated indoors (e.g., from within a building) or outdoors for a variety of applications, including improving capacity planning, identifying new products offerings, troubleshooting/planning, competitive analysis, planning optimum locations of capacity planning solution deployment, traffic offload analysis, etc. are disclosed. The method receives and aggregates data from a variety of sources, including customer geolocation data, network data, street/building maps, indoor/outdoor classification of traffic, etc. to generate demand density maps that depict network traffic usage patterns at a building level. The method can then use the demand density maps to identify hotspots, evaluate in-building coverage, and select and rank optimum solutions and/or locations for capacity improvement solutions deployment.

Abstract: The system obtains multiple KPIs and multiple configuration parameters directly from a wireless telecommunication network. The multiple KPIs indicate an observed performance associated with the wireless telecommunication network. The multiple configuration parameters indicate a configuration of the wireless telecommunication network. The system predicts a value of a difficult to predict attribute of the wireless telecommunication network, where the difficult to predict attribute depends on multiple other attributes associated with the wireless telecommunication network. To make the prediction, the system provides the multiple key performance indicators and the multiple configuration parameters to a machine learning model. The machine learning model predicts the value of the difficult to predict attribute associated with the wireless telecommunication network based on multiple key performance indicators and the multiple configuration parameters.

Abstract: Systems and methods for telecommunications network coverage optimization are disclosed. The network coverage optimization system computes a usability index value for a geographic area using measured values of telecommunications network usability indicators. The telecommunications network usability indicators are related to network coverage (e.g., whether the user has enough bars and can make a call), quality of service (e.g., whether the speech and data quality are good), and data speed (e.g., the amount of buffering the user is experiencing). The telecommunications network usability indicators can be selected based on an importance rating associated with them. Then, for each geographic area, the network coverage optimization system computes a score value and a weight value for each selected telecommunications network usability indicator. Using the computed score values and the computed weight values, the network coverage optimization system computes a usability index value for the geographic area.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are system, method, and computer program product embodiments verifying legitimate victim-aggressor pairs in remote interference management operation. In an embodiment, a first even report is generated by a victim base station based detection of an atmospheric duct and it transmits a victim reference signal with the first event report. The first event report includes an ID of the victim base station. An aggressor base station is triggered to begin monitoring for transmission of the victim reference signal. The aggressor base station sends a second event report if it detects the victim reference signal. The central entity tries to verify that the victim and aggressor are legitimate. If the verification passes, then the central entity sends a message to the aggressor to start of remote interference mitigation. If verification fails, the remote interference mitigation is not triggered and the victim reference signal is ignored.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to a non-coordinated shared spectrum system. One or more processors are configured receive data associated with a notification from a device experiencing interference on an assigned channel. The one or more processors may determine a coverage area of an antenna providing the assigned channel to the device and determine based on the data associated with the notification, available channels within the coverage area of the antenna. The one or more processors may generate a map based on the data associated with the notification, wherein the map indicates the available channels within the coverage area of the antenna.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for data-driven network roll-out planning. Network data associated with a network that includes a plurality of cells may be analyzed, with the analyzing including assessing throughput of users on a sector-by-sector basis in the network. Prioritization information on per-sector basis for the network may be generated, and based on the prioritization information, a network roll-out plan for use in the network may be optimized. The prioritization information may be generated based on a valuation scheme and/or a congestion level. Cost optimization information, for use in the optimizing of the network roll-out plan, may be generated. One or more actions may be recommended based on the network data.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods that relate to wireless communication mesh network design and operation.

Abstract: Example embodiments may relate to detection of overshooting cells in a radio network. A computer-implemented method may comprise: communicating data traffic via a first cell of a first access node of a communication network, wherein a sector of the first access node comprises the first cell and a second cell of the first access node; restricting amount of data traffic communicated via the first cell; and determining that a third cell of a second access node is overshooting, in response to determining, after restricting the amount of data traffic communicated via the first cell, that at least part of the data traffic is communicated via the third cell and not via the second cell.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a dynamic transmission bandwidth allocation method having dynamic transmission bandwidth allocation mechanism used in a wireless communication apparatus is provided that includes the steps outlined below. Interference information and transmission ability information of remote wireless communication apparatuses is retrieved. A predetermined transmission bandwidth range that includes resource units is set. The remote wireless communication apparatuses are allocated in the predetermined transmission bandwidth range to generate an allocation result. Whether the allocation result satisfies resource unit allocation criteria is determined. When the allocation result does not satisfy the resource unit allocation criteria, the predetermined transmission bandwidth range is shrunk to another allocatable transmission bandwidth range to determine whether the allocation result satisfies the resource unit allocation criteria.

Abstract: A system and a method for identifying and tagging individuals present in an image are disclosed. The method comprises detecting a second device present in proximity of a first device, for establishing a connection. The connection may be established while the first device enters in a camera mode. Immediately after the first device captured an image, the first device may receive identity information of individuals from the second device. The identity information of individuals may comprise at least one of images and personal details of the individuals. Based on the received identity information, the first device may identify the individuals present in the image. The identified individuals present in the image may be tagged using their corresponding identities. Such tagging information may be stored in metadata of the image for a later usage.

Abstract: A method for routing and switching operator RF signals includes providing one or more Digital Remote Units (DRUs) and providing at least one Digital Access Unit (DAU) configured to communicate with at least one of the one or more DRUs. A first DRU is operable to communicate using a first set of frequencies characterized by a first frequency band over a first geographic footprint and a second set of frequencies characterized by a second frequency band different from the first frequency band over a second geographic footprint including and surrounding the first geographic footprint. A second DRU is operable to communicate using the first set of frequencies over a third geographical footprint and a third set of frequencies characterized by a third frequency band different from the first frequency band and the second frequency band over a fourth geographic footprint including and surrounding the third geographic footprint.

Abstract: A base station apparatus includes a centralized station apparatus and a plurality of access points connected to the centralized station apparatus via optical fibers. Based on propagation delay times in the optical fibers, the centralized station apparatus performs grouping such that access points, among a plurality of access points, with a difference in propagation delay time within a threshold value, belong to the same group. The plurality of access points perform connection processing for each of the groups, to communicate with wireless terminals subordinate to the plurality of access points.

Abstract: Systems and methods of radio frequency data mapping are provided. An exemplary method includes moving a mobile mapping system through the environment, the mobile mapping system comprising a location detection element and a radio frequency (RF) instrument which receives data from an antenna of the mobile mapping system; collecting data from the RF instrument at one or more collection locations within the environment, the collected data including received signal strength indicator (RSSI) data; mapping the collected data at least in part based on data received from the location detection element and the RF instrument to form an RF fingerprint of the environment; and using the mapped data to confirm an anticipated environmental RF fingerprint associated with the environment, adjust one or more RF components associated with the environment, or both.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and storage media are provided for exiting conditional handovers and for estimating a user equipment mobility state. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Abstract: A wireless transceiver having radios which radios that support wireless communications with associated stations on a corresponding wireless local area network (WLAN). The wireless transceiver also includes: a utilization monitoring circuit, an association targeting circuit, and a power backoff circuit. The utilization monitoring circuit monitors communications between each of the radios and its associated stations. The association targeting circuit identifies, from the monitored communications of the utilization monitoring circuit, an underutilized one of the radios as a target radio for re-associating stations currently associated with at least one other radio and initiates the re-association with the target radio of the stations currently associated with the at least one other radio. The power backoff circuit reduces power to the at least one other radio.

Abstract: A fifth generation (5G) network can provide testing capabilities by employing a test server to generate requests for testing at remote locations of the 5G network. The test server can be used to initiate tests, determine test conditions for conducting the tests, direct test locations, and receive test data from test tools remote from the server. The test server can initiate, establish, maintain, format, or otherwise determine tests that are usable to improve operation of the 5G network.

Abstract: A computing device includes a processing unit, a memory unit, a NIC that is for receiving a packet, and a network virtualization platform accommodating a plurality of virtual network applications. The NIC, the processing unit and the memory unit are collectively defined as a hardware layer for the network virtualization platform to operate thereon. The network virtualization platform includes a virtual network layer having a UPF plugin installed therewith. The UPF plugin performs rule matching according to a packet header of the packet, and determines which one of the following steps is to be performed: offloading the packet to one of the virtual network applications in the application layer for the virtual network application to provide services; and re-packaging the packet and forwarding the packet to the another computing device.

Abstract: The invention proposes a method of transmitting a multimedia broadcast multicast service reception status message, wherein a terminal receives a radio resource control message from a base station; determines whether the radio resource control message satisfies a predetermined condition; and if the radio resource control message satisfies the predetermined condition, then the terminal transmits the multimedia broadcast multicast service reception status message to the base station, wherein the multimedia broadcast multicast service reception status message is used for identifying a multimedia broadcast multicast service being received by the terminal With the technical solution of the invention, the base station can obtain a reception status message, transmitted by the terminal, of at least one multimedia broadcast multicast service at the terminal side to thereby count the number of broadcast or multicast receiving users of the multimedia broadcast multicast service in operation and perform other relevant pro

Abstract: A method of wireless communication performed by a first transmission device incudes receiving a first set of observations from a first receiving device based on transmissions from the first transmission device to the first receiving device at a previous time slot of a fixed contention-based spectrum sharing system. The first transmission device shares a spectrum with a second transmission device. The method also includes measuring an energy level from an ongoing data transmission of the second transmission device at a current time slot. The method further includes generating, at an artificial neural network of the first transmission device, at least one of a transmission determination, a set of transmission parameters, or a combination thereof, based on a second set of observations, the energy level, and a counter.

Abstract: The disclosed system adjusts performance of a network. The system obtains a configuration and historical performance of the network. Based on the historical performance, the system identifies a time window and a location associated with the network. Based on the configuration and the historical performance, the system identifies a parameter associated with the network, parameter adjustment, success criterion, failure criterion, and deployment duration. Based on the time window, the location, and the deployment duration, the system determines a testing time window within the time window, where the testing time window satisfies a density threshold indicating low impact to UEs associated with the network. The system deploys the parameter adjustment at the location during the testing time window, and monitors the performance of the network. The system determines whether the success or failure criterion is satisfied, and preserves the parameter adjustment or terminates the test, respectively.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a first node may transmit transmit power information for a distributed unit (DU) to a central unit (CU). The first node may receive, from the CU in connection with transmitting the transmit power information, an indication of a transmit power parameter to use for transmitting a communication. The first node may transmit the communication with a transmit power that is based at least in part on the transmit power parameter. Numerous other aspects are described.

Abstract: A system and a method for identifying and tagging individuals present in an image are disclosed. The method comprises detecting a second device present in proximity of a first device, for establishing a connection. The connection may be established while the first device enters in a camera mode. Immediately after the first device captured an image, the first device may receive identity information of individual from the second device. The identity information of individuals may comprise at least one of images and personal details of the individual. Based on the received identity information, the first device may identify the individual present in the image. The identified individuals present in the image may be tagged using their corresponding identities. Such tagging information may be stored in metadata of the image for a later usage.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus and a computer program for tracking location of users without disclosing Personally Identifiable Information (PII). The method comprises analyzing sequences of location events of a user over time to determine a Point Of Interest (POI) of the user. In response to determining that the POI is PII-revealing POI; obfuscating the POI, by generating a pseudolocation identifier of the POI indicative of a semantic meaning thereof to the user without revealing a geographic location of the POI. The method further comprises generating an anonymized sequence of location events of the user based on the sequence of location events, that comprises the pseudolocation identifier to represent location events associated with the POI, and absent of the geographic location thereof. The anonymized sequence of location events may be provided a third party to analyze behavior of the user without divulging identity of the user.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a processing device configured to receive a service request for a given computing device, the service request comprising a given image of a given computing device, to generate a given image embedding for the given image utilizing a machine learning model, and to determine similarity measures between the given image embedding and other image embeddings for other images of computing devices utilizing an angular similarity metric. The processing device is configured to identify whether the given image exhibits at least a threshold level of similarity to at least one other image based at least in part on the determined similarity measures, to classify the given image as potentially fraudulent responsive to identifying the given image as exhibiting at least the threshold level of similarity to at least one other image, and to modify processing of the service request responsive to classifying the given image as potentially fraudulent.

Abstract: Measures for managing satellite bearer resources of a satellite telecommunications network. A corpus of data based on historical satellite bearer resource allocations is maintained. A machine learning agent is trained with the corpus to determine a plurality of weights for use in directing satellite bearer resource management in the satellite telecommunications network. A satellite bearer resource allocation request is received. A set of features is extracted from a current environment of the satellite telecommunications network. The set of features defines currently allocated satellite bearer resources. On the basis of the determined plurality of weights and the set of features, satellite bearer resources of the satellite telecommunications network are managed to satisfy the request.

Abstract: Maintaining network connectivity of aerial devices during unmanned flight is facilitated. An example method may include providing, to an access point of a radio access network (RAN) during flight of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on a flight route, channel allocation instructions for connecting the UAV to the radio access network via communication channels. The method may further include detecting an interference event associated with a portion of the flight route of the UAV during the flight. The method may further include adjusting, during the flight, the channel allocation instructions in response to detecting the interference event. The method may further include providing the adjusted channel allocation instructions to an access point of the radio access network during the flight.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program product are provided to accelerate the estimation of a radio model of a beamforming access point within a radio environment, such as a beamforming access point that has been newly added to or relocated. In a method, the presence of a first beamforming access point in a radio environment is determined and information is obtained regarding one or more of a plurality of beams that are transmitted by the first access point. The method then estimates the radio model of the first access point based at least upon: (i) at least some of the information regarding the one or more of the beams transmitted by the first access point and (ii) signal propagation characteristics of one or more existing access points in the radio environment as represented by respective radio models of the one or more existing access points.

Abstract: A system, a method, and a computer program product for coordinating communication of data packets between a user device and a core network are disclosed. The system includes a first device communicatively coupled to the core network, a second device communicatively coupled to the first device. The second device receives signals from the user device. The first device and the second device share at least one functionality associated with layer 2 of a long term evolution radio access network.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, network deployment or radio-propagation computation based on a combination of photon mapping and machine learning including supporting near-real-time computation of the radio transmissions for different layouts of antennas and allowing examination of a large variety of antenna locations and layouts, changing configuration details, e.g., tilting antennas or optimally selecting the sector that each antenna covers, and so on. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for testing wireless connections is provided. The method comprises obtaining (500) a three-dimensional model of a given environment; obtaining (502) ray tracing calculations describing propagation of radio frequency signals in the given environment; locating (504) one or more devices in the given environment; determining (506) utilising ray tracing calculations the radio frequency signal properties of one or more devices communicating with the device under test; transmitting (508) control information to the radio frequency controller unit for updating the connections between one or more devices and a set) of antenna elements to match with the determined properties; obtaining (510) information on the location and propagation environment of the one or more devices and updating (512) the radio frequency signal properties of the one or more devices if the location or propagation environment changes.

Abstract: A method for locating a source of interference external to a wireless telecommunications network includes assigning first and second elevation values to each pixel in a grid of pixels that represents an area associated with a plurality of cellular antennas, and calculating at least one probability value that the source of interference external to the wireless telecommunications network is located at an associated pixel by calculating respective probability values for pixels in the grid using the first elevation value and the second elevation value of the associated pixel and vertical gain values for each of the plurality of cellular antennas.

Abstract: A wireless base station setting position calculation method includes a step S1 for assuming the setting area to be a rectangle, receiving an input of longitudinal and lateral lengths of a setting area and the number of wireless base stations to be set “s”, and determining one or more candidates of a number of divisions “d” of the setting area according to the number of wireless base stations “s”, a step S2 for representing the number of divisions “d” in a division ratio x:y and selecting, for each number of divisions “d”, according to the longitudinal and lateral lengths of the setting area, a division ratio at which diagonal line lengths of divided areas are minimized, a step S3 for performing, for each number of divisions “d”, adjustment of a division pattern until a difference m between the number of divisions “d” and the number of wireless base stations “s” decreases to 0, a step S4 for calculating, for each number of divisions “d”, a sum of the diagonal line lengths of the divided areas and selecting the

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, identifying geographic clusters that are similar based on metrics and geo-spatial association. Embodiments of the disclosure are directed to operations that include obtaining data corresponding to a communication network, applying a first algorithm to the data to generate a plurality of bins, generating a respective score for each bin of the plurality of bins, applying a second algorithm, based on the respective scores, to generate a plurality of clusters, and generating a graph for each cluster of the plurality of clusters, wherein vertices of each graph are represented by the bins of the cluster, and wherein edges of each graph connect the bins of the cluster to adjacent bins of the cluster. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment may receive, from a base station, a configuration of at least one measurement gap based at least in part on a gap request associated with a network-assisted antenna calibration procedure; and perform, during the at least one measurement gap, a calibration measurement corresponding to the network-assisted antenna calibration procedure. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: Various embodiments comprise systems, methods, architectures, mechanisms and apparatus for automatically coordinating time domain duplex (TDD) configurations and transmission parameters among wireless network providers operating on adjacent TDD channels and/or bands in proximity of each other to avoid cross link interference (CLI).

Abstract: A method for encapsulating electromagnetic propagation model features to create composable prediction models includes obtaining electromagnetic (EM) impediment data for a geographical area. The method also includes dividing the geographical area into a plurality of tiles. Each tile of the plurality of tiles includes a geometric shape that encompasses a distinct non-overlapping portion of the geographical area. For each tile of the plurality of tiles, the method also includes determining one or more composable EM attenuation values for EM signals propagating through the distinct non-overlapping portion of the geographical area encompassed by the tile using the EM impediment data and caching the one or more composable EM attenuation values determined for the corresponding tile.

Abstract: The disclosed system remotely tests performance of a wireless telecommunication network. The system sends an instruction to a device to interact with the wireless telecommunication network. The system can obtain a log generated by a wireless communication chip of the mobile device, where the log indicates attributes of the communication using the wireless telecommunication network, such as a frequency and a signal strength associated with the frequency. Based on the log generated by the wireless communication chip of the mobile device, the system can determine the performance of the wireless telecommunication network without obtaining a second log generated by a second device, such as an eNodeB, involved in enabling the communication through the wireless telecommunication network. Upon determining that the performance of the wireless telecommunication network is below a predetermined threshold, the system can send a notification indicating the problematic performance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for classifying V2X messages and to a vehicle arranged to receive V2X messages and using the method to classify the received V2X messages. A method according to the invention for processing a message in a vehicle (100) comprises the steps of: receiving a signal (920) containing the message by means of a first antenna (111) and a second antenna (112); determining a relevance of the message (930) on the basis of signal characteristics and on the basis of navigation information of the vehicle (100); and processing the message with a ranking (940) corresponding to the determined relevance, wherein an attenuation map (300) assigns attenuation values to the vehicle environment on the basis of static objects (210) and dynamic objects (220) section by section. A vehicle according to the invention is arranged to use the relevance-based method for processing a message.

Abstract: A method includes monitoring for a radio link failure associated with a secondary cell of a secondary base station. This may be a PScell. A user device may select a second secondary cell as a target secondary cell. The user device initiates a relocation procedure with the target secondary cell.

Abstract: A method of performing economic analyses on cellular network including receiving a user selection of network criterion and receiving a user selection of a threshold service level corresponding to the network criterion. The method includes determining a network service projection based on a growth projection and determining an updated network architecture that satisfies the threshold service level. The method includes generating an updated network architecture report indicating changes to an infrastructure of the cellular network to satisfy the threshold service level including a network architecture map of the geographical region with visual representations of the updated network architecture. The updated network architecture includes a base station and a fixed wireless device, and the fixed wireless device is configured to provide network connection to subscriber devices associated with the cellular network.

Abstract: Architectures and techniques are presented that improve or enhance a network planning procedure such as by selecting a more efficient test buffer that is used to identify objects that might intersect a Fresnel zone between two transceivers. An improved test buffer (e.g., buffer region) can be one that is constructed from a plurality of rectangles situated along a line of sight of the two transceivers and that are oriented according to cardinal directions.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) is configured to perform a method for adjusting a reception beam. The UE performs receiving first communication signals from a base station using the reception beam having the first reception beam direction, wherein the first communication signals comprise beam direction change information; adjusting the reception beam from the first reception beam direction to a second reception beam direction in accordance with the beam direction change information; and receiving second communication signals from the base station based on the reception beam having the second reception beam direction. Through the method, the UE may actively adjust the reception beam direction based on relative movement between base station beam and itself.

Abstract: Disclosed is a beacon-based positioning system. A beacon position in which a beacon is installable is defined in a target space, and a path loss model of radio frequency (RF) signals between all beacon positions and all observation positions of a scanner is determined. Among all possible installation plans for the beacon positions, an installation plan in which different beacon signals, whose RSSIs calculated using the path loss model have significant values, are received in a number greater than or equal to a minimum reference number and a total number of the beacons installed is minimum is determined as an optimal installation plan. The optimization problem of determining the optimal installation plan may be expressed by binary linear programming.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for enabling interference coordination in a communication network. A base station includes a plurality of antenna ports. Each antenna port is configured to transmit a reference signal, and each antenna port is associated with a respective cell. The base station determines a set of cells where transmissions of reference signals is to be performed from a reduced set of the plurality of antenna ports. The base station determines a subset of antenna ports in at least one cell of the determined set of cells to enable interference coordination in the network, and transmits the reference signal from the subset of antenna ports.