Abstract: A spectrum resource determining method includes obtaining sharing information. The sharing information indicates that N first cells and one second cell share a first frequency band, a coverage area of each first cell among the N first cells overlaps a coverage area of the second cell, and N is an integer greater than 1. The method also includes determining a spectrum resource of each first cell among the N first cells in the first frequency band and a first spectrum resource of the second cell. The first spectrum resource is located in the first frequency band, and the first spectrum resource does not overlap the spectrum resource of each first cell among the N first cells in the first frequency band.

Abstract: Time Division Duplex (TDD) Configuration Selection for CBRS operation with TDD Configuration Mismatch methods and apparatus are disclosed. The methods and apparatus allocate CBRS bandwidth and select TDD configurations in a manner that allows maximum cooperation between GAA and PAL CBSDs, and includes procedures that avoid forcing the procedures into a fallback mode whenever a TDD configuration mismatch occurs. The methods and apparatus allocate an appropriate TDD configuration across all of the CBSDs (BS/APs) in the CBRS network so that there is minimal interreference between the CBSDs and so that there is uniform usage of the bandwidth in terms of use cases across all of the CBSDs in a given CBRS network. The disclosed methods and apparatus determine how to select the correct TDD configurations for the CBSDs (or BS/APs) based on the constitution of the CBSDs, and taking the GAA and PAL CBSD requirements into account.

Abstract: A communication control apparatus allocates, to a plurality of operators, a band of each of a plurality of radio units that are shared by the operators and that are connected to a plurality of baseband units managed by the operators. The communication control apparatus includes: a memory; a processor that allocates the band of each of the radio units to the operators in accordance with an upper band use limit that is set for each of the radio units such that a use band used by the operators does not exceed the upper band use limit; and an output unit that outputs allocation information indicating the band allocated to the operators by the processor to each of the baseband units.

Abstract: The present application is at least directed to an apparatus including a non-transitory memory with stored instructions for beam link pairing the apparatus to a gNB in a new radio. A processor of the apparatus, operably coupled to the non-transitory memory, executes an instruction of detecting synchronization signal blocks (SS). Another executed instruction includes receiving PRACH resource information in a master information block on a PBCH or system information block (SIB) on the secondary PBCH. Another executed instruction includes transmitting PRACH preambles through a set of uplink transmission beams in a subframe including the group of SS blocks. The PRACH preambles may be obtained from the PRACH resource information. Even another executed instruction including determining the apparatus is in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state.

Abstract: Disclosed are techniques and systems including a number of nodes operable to detect radio frequency signals within a radio frequency environment, and a central unit operable to communicate with each of the plurality of nodes. Each node is operable to receive a set of trigger conditions along with recording configurations, check the trigger conditions based on the sensed or measured signals in the radio frequency environment, determine that at least one of its trigger conditions to be true, and in response to determining that at least one of its trigger conditions is true, send a trigger to all other nodes of the plurality of nodes. The trigger indicates which of the trigger conditions is true. In-phase and Quadrature-phase data is recorded according to a recording configuration of received recording conditions, and the recorded IQ data is uploaded from each respective node to a central unit for further processing.

Abstract: Systems and methods to identify a growth classification/categorization for a geographic area that helps a network provider to solve for what types of planning opportunities are available at various area granularities is disclosed. The system computes values for a set of growth criteria for a geographic area. The growth criteria are related to planning, usability, customer experience, sales, population, and so on. Based on the growth-criteria values, the system identifies a classification/categorization for the area. For example, the system classifies an area as an invest area (e.g., requiring engineering action), a grow area (e.g., requiring sales action/being sales ready), a defend area (e.g., requiring engineering and sales actions to continue current trend), or a fix area (e.g., likely requiring both engineering and sales actions to improve current trend). Based on the area classification, the system can then provide actionable insights to drive improvement in network coverage and customer experience.

Abstract: In an embodiment of the present invention, a method for indicating, by an access point (AP) associated with a first basic service set (BSS), spatial reuse (SR) in a wireless LAN (WLAN) system includes transmitting a trigger frame which requests uplink multi-user (UL MU) transmission of a plurality of stations (STAs) and receiving an UL MU physical protocol data unit (PPDU) generated based on the trigger frame from the plurality of STAs. The trigger frame may include SR indication information for indicating the SR of an overlapping BSS (OBSS) STA. The first high efficiency (HE)-signal (SIG) A field of the UL MU PPDU may include SR support information generated based on the SR indication information.

Abstract: The present application relates to a method and apparatus for uplink data transmission or reception. One embodiment of the subject application provides a method for uplink data transmission performed by a User Equipment (UE), comprising: receiving, from a base station (BS), a first signalling indicating a first channel access priority class value, wherein the first channel access priority class value is used by the BS for initiating a channel occupancy; receiving, from the BS, a second signalling scheduling a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) for transmitting uplink data; performing a channel access procedure; and transmitting, to the BS, the uplink data on the PUSCH in response to the channel access procedure being successful.

Abstract: A bandwidth information indication method includes generating, by a first communications device, a first frame, where the first frame includes a channel bandwidth field, a first channel center frequency segment field, a second channel center frequency segment field, a third channel center frequency segment field, and a fourth channel center frequency segment field, where the channel bandwidth field indicates a basic service set (BSS) bandwidth, and the first channel center frequency segment field, the second channel center frequency segment field, the third channel center frequency segment field, and the fourth channel center frequency segment field indicate a location of an operating channel of a BSS, and sending, by the first communications device, the first frame.

Abstract: A dual band LTE small cell base station communicates on both licensed bands and unlicensed bands. The small cell base station modifies the communication protocol utilized by the licensed band to enable communication over an unlicensed band. This modification involves replacing the physical (PHY) layer of the licensed band communication protocol with the PHY layer of a to-be-used protocol in an unlicensed band.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses for providing dynamic, prioritized spectrum utilization management. The system includes at least one monitoring sensor, at least one data analysis engine, at least one application, a semantic engine, a programmable rules and policy editor, a tip and cue server, and/or a control panel. The tip and cue server is operable utilize the environmental awareness from the data processed by the at least one data analysis engine in combination with additional information to create actionable data.

Abstract: Aspects are provided which allow a first wireless device such as a UE or base station to prioritize beams which are simultaneously received from or transmitted to cells of different numerologies or which are asynchronous to each other. The device determines an overlap in time between a first signal from a first cell and a second signal from a second cell, where the second cell includes at least one of a different numerology than the first cell or an asynchronous timing relative to the first cell. The device applies a beam prioritization rule for selecting a beam associated with the first signal or the second signal carrying information in separate beams. The device transmits information to or receives information from a second wireless device based on the selected beam. Thus, simultaneous beam conflict resolution may be improved for cells having different numerologies or asynchronous timing.

Abstract: This disclosure discloses an information transmission method for a random access procedure and a terminal. The method includes: obtaining a mapping relationship between interlaces of physical random access channel PRACH resources and physical uplink shared channel PUSCH resources, where the interlace includes at least one PRACH resource unit; and sending a random access message on a random access resource according to the mapping relationship, where the random access resource includes the PUSCH resources and the PRACH resources.

Abstract: A method and network node for determining a Radio Frequency (RF) propagation model for a coverage area from an image view of the coverage area. The method selects a coverage area for a transmission point of a transmitter and obtains an image view of the selected coverage area. The method further recognizes, from a plurality of morphology types, a morphology type for the selected coverage area from the obtained image view using a machine learning model; and determines a RF propagation model for the selected coverage area based on the recognized morphology type.

Abstract: A system that incorporates aspects of the subject disclosure may perform operations including, for example, receiving, via an antenna, a signal generated by a communication device, detecting passive intermodulation interference in the signal, the interference generated by one or more transmitters unassociated with the communication device, and the interference determined from signal characteristics associated with a signaling protocol used by the one or more transmitters. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a random access processing method and apparatus. The method includes: monitoring, on at least one carrier in a pre-configured first carrier group, whether a time-frequency resource for transmitting a physical random access channel (PRACH) is idle, wherein the first carrier group comprises at least two carriers; and when there is an idle time-frequency resource for the PRACH, sending a random access preamble on the idle time-frequency resource for the PRACH to request random access.

Abstract: A communication device includes an acquisition unit configured to acquire first information for communication in which a first frequency band has been used, the first frequency band being an unlicensed band in which a plurality of communication schemes can be mixed, from a second frequency band different from the first frequency band, and a communication control unit configured to control communication in a predetermined communication scheme in which the first frequency band has been used, on the basis of the first information.

Abstract: A monitoring device (120) is provided at a building (100) in which an elevator (110) is provided and communicates with a center via an IP network (401). The monitoring device (120) includes a communication unit (143) and a selecting unit (133). The communication unit (143) can perform wireless communication in a plurality of communication modes. The selecting unit (133) selects a connection mode on the basis of a first evaluation value and a second evaluation value. The communication unit (143) transmits voice data and state data indicating a state of the elevator (110) to the center in the connection mode.

Abstract: A base station may be associated with a primary cell to communicate with a user equipment (UE) in a licensed frequency band and at least one secondary cell to communicate with the UE in an unlicensed frequency band. The base station may receive a traffic flow associated with an application executing at the UE and assign the traffic flow to either the primary cell or the at least one secondary cell based on a classification associated with the traffic flow. For example, the traffic flow may be assigned to the primary cell based on the classification indicating that the application is executing at the UE in a foreground state or to the at least one secondary cell based on the classification indicating that the application is executing at the UE in a background state.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer-readable media are provided for a user equipment (UE) device that includes one or more processors configured to determine, based on a DL signal in an LTE-TDD radio frame, that an eNB has assessed, based on a Cat-2 listen before talk (LBT) procedure, that a radio frame is valid; and in response to determining that the radio frame is valid, transmitting a UL burst within a predetermined period of time after a DL burst in the radio frame.

Abstract: A multi-link device (MLD) has a medium access control (MAC) layer management entity (MLME) and a station management entity (SME). The SME indicates a selected link identity (ID) to the MLME. The selected link ID is used to indicate the link being used for frame exchange between an access point (AP) affiliated with an AP MLD and a non-AP station (STA) affiliated with a non-AP MLD. One or more frames are exchanged through the link indicated by the selected link ID.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electronic device and a method for wireless communication and a computer readable storage medium. The electronic device comprises: a processing circuit, configured to: allocate a spectrum resource for a spectrum allocation object of a first set managed by a first level spectrum management device; and to generate spectrum coordination information for a spectrum allocation object of a second set managed by a second level spectrum management device located on a lower level of the first level spectrum management device, so as to provide the same to the second level spectrum management device, wherein the spectrum coordinate information is used for coordination of spectrum allocation executed by the second level spectrum management device and spectrum allocation executed by the first level spectrum management device.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus are provided for automated identification of open space in a wireless communications spectrum, by identifying sources of signal emission in the spectrum by automatically detecting signals, analyzing signals, comparing signal data to historical and reference data, creating corresponding signal profiles, and determining information about the open space based upon the measured and analyzed data in near real-time.

Abstract: A communication control device (40) includes: an acquisition unit (441) that acquires a spectrum grant request following a certain scheme from a plurality of second radio systems that perform a wireless communication using a radio wave of a frequency band used by a first radio system; a classification unit (442) that groups the second radio systems into a plurality of groups according to a scheme of the spectrum grant request; and a calculation unit (443) that calculates a communication parameter of the second radio system for each of the groups.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media described herein can be operable to facilitate location determination, communications with an AFC system, configuring operational parameters in response to an identification of active 6 GHz paths, and timing distribution and low-latency services. Methods, systems, and computer readable media are described herein for implementing and improving use of automated frequency coordination (AFC), operational deployment of the 6 GHz band for unlicensed devices, and use of the 6 GHz band for low-latency services, timing distribution, and QoS.

Abstract: Methods of mapping, indicating, encoding and transmitting uplink (UL) grants and downlink (DL) assignments for wireless communications for carrier aggregation are disclosed. Methods to encode and transmit DL assignments and UL grants and map and indicate the DL assignments to DL component carriers and UL grants to UL component carriers are described. Methods include specifying the mapping rules for DL component carriers that transmit DL assignment and DL component carriers that receive physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), and mapping rules for DL component carriers that transmit UL grants and UL component carriers that transit physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) when using separate coding/separate transmission schemes.

Abstract: A unified radio system for providing wireless communication to a communication device on an aircraft regardless of aircraft altitude may include a terrestrial network including a plurality of terrestrial base stations configured to communicate primarily in a ground communication layer below a first altitude, an ATG network including a plurality of ATG base stations configured to communicate primarily in an ATG communication layer above a second altitude, an air-to-air mesh network for data relays through connected aircraft, and an aircraft with an onboard antenna assembly and a unified radio. The unified radio may be configured to monitor network parameters of the terrestrial network and the ATG network and switch between a currently serving network and a non-serving network based on the network parameters.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide reliable voice connections dual-connectivity environments, given limitations of available spectrum. A system includes a first wireless station and a second wireless station. The first wireless station provides a shared spectrum of a first frequency band, the shared spectrum including a first spectrum for a first cellular wireless standard and a second spectrum for a second cellular wireless standard. The second wireless station is at least partially within a coverage area of the first wireless station and provides a third spectrum for the second cellular wireless standard. The third spectrum is a millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum. The first wireless station broadcasts a parameter barring an end device in an idle mode from camping on the second spectrum. The first wireless station or the second wireless station triggers the end device to swap to the second spectrum when a paging request for a voice call is received.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for downlink channel quality report for narrowband Internet of things user equipment. The method may include determining one or more of a physical random access channel repetition level or a reference signal received power. The method may also include selecting a channel quality table to use based on one or more of the physical random access channel repetition level or the reference signal received power. The method may further include determining a downlink channel quality report by using the selected channel quality table. In addition, the method may include transmitting the downlink channel quality report to the network element.

Abstract: A push notification delivery system includes a server system including a processor, a network interface, and memory storing program instructions having code segments for receiving a received push notification, code segments for determining at least one of a favorable push time and a favorable message format based upon a database of received push information developed from a plurality of prior sent push notifications, and code segments for pushing the message to the destination in accordance with the at least one of a favorable push time and a favorable message format. A method for delivering push notifications includes receiving a received push notification including a message and a destination, sending a sent push notification derived from the received push notification to the destination in accordance with at least one favorable condition, receiving received push information related to the sent push notification, and storing the received push information in a database.

Abstract: Systems and methods to identify a growth classification/categorization for a geographic area that helps a network provider to solve for what types of planning opportunities are available at various area granularities is disclosed. The system computes values for a set of growth criteria for a geographic area. The growth criteria are related to planning, usability, customer experience, sales, population, and so on. Based on the growth-criteria values, the system identifies a classification/categorization for the area. For example, the system classifies an area as an invest area (e.g., requiring engineering action), a grow area (e.g., requiring sales action/being sales ready), a defend area (e.g., requiring engineering and sales actions to continue current trend), or a fix area (e.g., likely requiring both engineering and sales actions to improve current trend). Based on the area classification, the system can then provide actionable insights to drive improvement in network coverage and customer experience.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide for data transmission using alert signals to carry data, which can be used in such applications as data network communications between sensors (e.g., cameras, motion, radar, etc.) and computing equipment within vehicles (e.g., smart and autonomous cars).

Abstract: Wireless communications systems and methods related to communicating positioning reference signals (PRSs) for narrowband communication are provided. A first wireless communication device determines a time-frequency PRS pattern based at least in part on a narrowband communication frequency band configuration and a PRS subframe configuration mode associated with a set of subframes. The first wireless communication device communicates, with a second wireless communication device, a plurality of PRSs using the determined PRS time-frequency pattern in the set of subframes. The PRS subframe configuration mode can indicate a first configuration including a bitmap indicating a set of PRS subframes positioned within a group of contiguous subframes, a second configuration indicating a subset of the group of contiguous subframes that may carry the PRSs, or a combination thereof. The first configuration and/or the second configuration can be used to indicate the set of subframes.

Abstract: A drone and a positioning method thereof, a drone communication system and an operation method thereof are provided. The positioning method of the drone is applicable for a drone to cruise in a flight field. The positioning method includes the following steps: flying according to a destination coordinate in the flight field; sensing a plurality of base stations via a first wireless communication module to obtain a plurality of first radio wave signals of the plurality of base stations; positioning according to the plurality of first radio wave signals to determine a current coordinate of the drone; and flying toward the destination coordinate in the flight field according to the current coordinate. In this way, the drone is capable of reliably positioning to effectively perform automatic flight missions.

Abstract: A terminal apparatus includes a receiver and reception signal control circuitry. The receiver, in operation, receives a first downlink data signal transmitted from a first communication station and receives a second downlink data signal transmitted from a first communication station, the first downlink data signal and the second downlink data signal being received over a first downlink channel and a second downlink channel that are at least partially overlapped in time and frequency domain. The reception signal control circuitry, in operation, demodulates the received first downlink data signal and a second downlink data signal.

Abstract: A wireless communication link is established between a first station (STA) and a second STA in a 6-GHz band. The first STA and the second STA the communicate in the 6-GHz band using a low-power indoor (LPI) long range (LR) physical-layer protocol data unit (PPDU). The LPI LR PPDU includes a legacy preamble, a universal signal field (U-SIG), an extreme-high-throughput signal field (EHT-SIG), an extreme-high-throughput short training field (EHT-STF), an extreme-high-throughput long training field (EHT-LTF), and a payload. Each of the legacy preamble, U-SIG and EHT-SIG is modulated and duplicated over multiple 20-MHz subchannels for a 80-MHz, 160-MHz or 320-MHz bandwidth over which the LPI LR PPDU is transmitted. Each of the EHT-STF, EHT-LTF and payload is modulated and transmitted on an entirety of the 80-MHz, 160-MHz or 320-MHz bandwidth.

Abstract: A control information utilization method and an apparatus of a terminal with heterogenous technology communication modules operating in a same frequency band are provided to protect against unnecessary battery power consumption. A control information reception method of a terminal includes receiving control information from a base station using a first module, determining a channel occupancy time based on the control information using a licensed assisted access (LAA) radio identifier, and transferring the channel occupancy time to a second module that is operating in a same frequency band as the first module.

Abstract: This application discloses a communication method. The method includes: comparing, by a second transmit end device, a second bandwidth carrying at least one second service transmission and a first bandwidth, wherein the first bandwidth is used by a first transmit end device within a first specified time period on an unlicensed frequency band to complete first service transmission, the at least one second service transmission started in a remaining time period of the first specified time period after the first service transmission is completed; performing channel listening on the second bandwidth based on a result of the comparison; and performing, by the second transmit end device, the second service transmission on the second bandwidth if the second bandwidth is found to be in an idle state. In addition, a corresponding transmit end device is disclosed. This application discloses a channel listening mechanism applicable to a flexible-bandwidth scenario.

Abstract: One or more computing devices, systems, and/or methods are provided. In an example, a method includes instantiating a first user equipment (UE) module on a first computing device and instantiating a second UE module on a second computing device connected to the first computing device by a wired network. A first base station (BS) module associated with the first UE module is instantiated on a third computing device coupled to the wired network and a second BS module associated with the second UE module is instantiated on a fourth computing device coupled to the wired network. A first resource allocation map is sent from the first BS module to the second BS module. An interference metric is generated based on the first resource allocation map. A data transmission between the second UE module and the second BS module is modulated based on the interference metric.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. Techniques to use capability information for user equipment in wide band systems such as millimeter wave systems. The capability information can include information indicative of support for limited non-contiguous intra-band carrier aggregation. The capability information can include information indicative of support for sharing time and frequency tracking information between cells.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. A user equipment (UE) may receive a message indicating, for each or multiple partial bands, a set of possible channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) configurations. The UE may further receive downlink control information (DCI) from a base station, which may indicate a set of downlink resource associated with a first partial band. The UE may select a first CSI-RS configuration from the set of possible CSI-RS configurations for the first partial band based on the DCI, and when the base station transmits CSI-RS, the UE may obtain CSI-RS measurements over the first partial band during the set of downlink resources using the selected first CSI-RS configuration.

Abstract: Dynamic configuration of multiple radios of an access point is described. An example of an access point includes a processor; a memory; hardware filters; and a first set of radio chains and antennas, the access point including a first radio mode for operation as a single radio on a first channel to service a first BSS and a second radio mode for operation as a first radio on the first channel and a second radio on a second channel to perform an additional service, wherein the access point is to provide dynamic configuration of the radios including, upon determining that operation of the first channel to service the first BSS is not compatible with a particular hardware filter of the first radio, migrating the first BSS from the first radio to the second radio to service on the second channel, and providing the additional service on the first channel.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example determining that a first connection between a first device and a wireless access point is not functional, wherein a non-functional connection between the first device and a backhaul network causes the first connection between the first device and the wireless access point to become not functional. Information is received from a second device via a second connection, wherein the second connection includes a wireless connection via a dedicated channel of a radio access network of the second connection. The dedicated channel will not be released while providing service via the second connection, the information being provided to the first device via a wireless channel. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for transmitting data, applicable to a data transmitting end with a plurality of unlicensed channel resources, includes: determining a first unlicensed channel resource which is idle from the plurality of unlicensed channel resources; setting the first unlicensed channel resource as a first working channel resource for data transmission; and transmitting data over the first working channel resource.

Abstract: A method for selecting at least one channel for a network element in a shared spectrum communication system is provided. The method includes identifying a plurality of candidate channels of a frequency band of the shared spectrum communication system. For each channel of the plurality of channels, the method further includes: evaluating the channel based on one or more of a plurality of criteria for the network element; scoring the channel based on the evaluation of the channel for the network element; and ranking the plurality of candidate channels based on the assigned scores for each of the plurality of channels. The method further includes selecting at least one channel based on the ranking of the plurality of candidate channels.

Abstract: A terrestrial communication systems, specifically a signal collision avoidance system between a terrestrial transmitter and an airborne receiver, is disclosed. The terrestrial communication system includes an electronic processor configured to determine a receive frequency from a nearby airborne receiver, determine a transmit frequency from a communicatively coupled terrestrial transmitter, and modify the transmit frequency of the terrestrial transmitter based on the determined receive frequency and transmit frequency. To modify the transmit frequency, the electronic processor compares the receive frequency and the transmit frequency to determine a channel type. Based on the determined channel type, including co-channel and adjacent-channel, the electronic processor modifies a spectrum signature of the transmit frequency so that the transmit frequency does not interfere with the receive frequency of the airborne receiver.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for determining a maximum power reduction for non-contiguous radio resource allocations. One apparatus includes a processor that receives a non-contiguous resource allocation and calculates a fraction of resource block punctured from a smallest containing contiguous allocation (“SCCA”). Here, the SCCA is the smallest set of contiguous resource blocks that encompasses the non-contiguous resource allocation. The processor determines a first additional maximum power reduction for the non-contiguous resource allocation in response to the fraction of punctured resource blocks being less than a threshold value. The apparatus includes a transceiver that transmits an uplink signal on the non-contiguous resource allocation using the first additional maximum power reduction in response to the fraction of punctured resource blocks being less than the threshold value.

Abstract: Wireless communications systems and methods related to reducing user equipment (UE)-to-UE cross-link interference are provided. A user equipment (UE) may receive from a base station (BS), a time-division-duplexing (TDD) pattern. The UE may establish a guard band on uplink resources from resources specified in the TDD pattern. Alternatively, the UE may reduce power to uplink resources from the resources specified in the TDD pattern. The UE transmits the resources using a carrier and as specified in the TDD pattern.

Abstract: A push notification delivery system includes a server system including a processor, a network interface, and memory storing program instructions having code segments for receiving a received push notification, code segments for determining at least one of a favorable push time and a favorable message format based upon a database of received push information developed from a plurality of prior sent push notifications, and code segments for pushing the message to the destination in accordance with the at least one of a favorable push time and a favorable message format. A method for delivering push notifications includes receiving a received push notification including a message and a destination, sending a sent push notification derived from the received push notification to the destination in accordance with at least one favorable condition, receiving received push information related to the sent push notification, and storing the received push information in a database.

Abstract: A dual band LTE small cell base station communicates on both licensed bands and unlicensed bands. The small cell base station modifies the communication protocol utilized by the licensed band to enable communication over an unlicensed band. This modification involves replacing the physical (PHY) layer of the licensed band communication protocol with the PHY layer of a to-be-used protocol in an unlicensed band.