Abstract: Techniques for radio resource measurement (RRM) that support directionality, as well as scheduled media access techniques are described. For instance, a measurement request may be transmitted from a first device to a second device. This measurement request directs the second device to take one or more measurements of a wireless channel. Various characteristics for the one or more measurements may be included in the measurement request. For example, the measurement request may indicate at least one directional parameter and at least one timing parameter for the one or more measurements. In response to the request, the first device receives a measure report that includes measured values for each of the one or more measurements.

Abstract: A method for interference alignment in wireless network having 3 transmitters and 3 receivers which are equipped with M antennas is provided. The method comprising: transmitting, performed by each of the 3 transmitters, a pilot signal known to the 3 receivers; estimating, performed by each of the 3 receivers, each channel from transmitter; transmitting, performed by each of the 3 receivers, feedback information to target transmitter; and determining, performed by transmitter 2 and transmitter 3, a precoding vector; wherein a degree of freedom (DoF) of a transmitter 1 is (M/2??), a DoF of the transmitter 2 or the transmitter 3 is M/2.

Abstract: A communication apparatus that identifies a fault of a radio link between a radio terminal and a radio base station includes according to an aspect of the present invention: a statistical information acquisition unit configured to acquire statistical information indicating a state of the radio link between the radio terminal and the radio base station from at least one of the radio terminal and the radio base station; and a fault identification unit configured to identify a fault of the radio link based on an acquired statistical information from among a plurality of faults associated with a plurality of statistical information beforehand.

Abstract: A wearable device for detecting a user state is disclosed. The wearable device includes an accelerometer for measuring an acceleration of a user, a magnetometer for measuring a magnetic field associated with the user's change of orientation, a microphone for receiving audio, a memory for storing the audio, and at least one processor communicatively connected to the accelerometer, the magnetometer, the microphone, and the memory. The processor is identified to declare a measured acceleration as a suspected user state, and to categorize the suspected user state based on the stored audio as one of an activity of daily life (ADL), a confirmed user state, or an inconclusive event.

Abstract: A method for obtaining sensor data about a remote target using one or more pre-existing sensors located in the vicinity of the remote target. The method includes the steps of identifying a remote target of interest, identifying one or more pre-existing target systems with one or more sensors located in the vicinity of the remote target, instructing the identified sensors to obtain sensor data and transmit the data over a communications network without detection, receiving the transmitted sensor data, and analyzing the received sensor data to create information about the remote target.

Abstract: A reception apparatus includes a plurality of reception circuits that receive transmission signals, a plurality of local oscillation circuits that respectively supply the plurality of reception circuits with local oscillation signals, and a control unit that controls tunings in the plurality of reception circuits. When at least one reception circuit among the plurality of reception circuits is not used to receive the transmission signals, the control unit searches for an interference wave using the unused reception circuit.

Abstract: Performance of WiFi devices, including WiFi access points are affected by a variety of parameters, including the location of setup of device and nearby sources of interference. Optimization of WiFi setup is enabled via quality metrics observed by the WiFi device and provided to the user. The system enables a user to change conditions that affect connection performance, such as the location of the WiFi access point, while the system automatically measures performance for each set of conditions. The system can then determine for the user which set of conditions provides the system with optimized WiFi connection performance. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

Abstract: A wireless station includes: a receiver configured to receive information on a reception quality from a wireless communication apparatus that is connected to the wireless station; and a processor coupled to the receiver and configured to: calculate, based on the reception quality, an index value indicating a difference between a signal-to-interference ratio in the wireless communication apparatus and transmission power of the wireless station, calculate a statistical amount of the index value calculated with regard to each of the plurality of reception qualities, and determine the transmission power in accordance with the statistical amount.

Abstract: A communications terminal may include: a plurality of antennas; and a transmitter configured to transmit a signal on an antenna of the plurality of antennas, wherein the transmitter further may be configured to transmit a delayed signal on another antenna of the plurality of antennas, and wherein the delayed signal may be generated by delaying the signal by a time delay.

Abstract: Disclosed is the radio (wireless) communication system providing a radio communication service and the terminal, and more particularly, to a method of transmitting an aggregated measurement report to a network in an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (E-UMTS) evolved from the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system.

Abstract: A hybrid FDM/TDM solution for in-device coexistence interference avoidance is proposed. A user equipment (UE) comprises a first radio transceiver and a second co-located radio transceiver. The UE detects coexistence interference between the two radios based on radio signal measurement. The UE sends an IDC interference indicator to its serving base station (eNB). The UE also reports IDC information including recommendation for FDM and TDM configurations to the eNB. The eNB receives the IDC interference indicator and evaluates whether to trigger FDM-based solution to mitigate the coexistence interference. The eNB also evaluates whether to trigger TDM-based solution to mitigate coexistence interference. The evaluation is based on the recommended FDM and TDM configurations. The eNB may trigger FDM-based solution, TDM-based solution, or FDM and TDM solution based on the evaluation results of the feasibility and effectiveness of each solution.

Abstract: A system including a plurality of filter modules to respectively communicate with a plurality of antennas, filter signals from channels other than a communication channel of a first wireless network, where the communication channel includes a first channel and a second channel, and generate a plurality of signals. A sensing module senses, based on the plurality of signals, whether radio frequency signals from a second network are present in at least one of the first channel and the second channel, and generates a plurality of control signals indicating presence or absence of the radio frequency signals in at least one of the first channel and the second channel. A channel identification module determines, based on the plurality of control signals, availability of the first channel and the second channel in response to whether the radio frequency signals are present in the first channel and the second channel.

Abstract: A receiver and a method for equalizing signals, the method includes: receiving input signals; sampling the input signals to provide oversampled samples; processing the oversampled samples to provide symbol spaced samples and to provide fractionally spaced samples that represent the oversampled samples; calculating taps of a fractionally spaced equalizer based on the symbol spaced samples; feeding the taps to the fractionally spaced equalizer; and filtering the fractionally spaced samples by the fractionally spaced equalizer to provide equalized samples.

Abstract: Disclosed are mobile communication devices and methods of a mobile communication device that determines that no response has been received within a predetermined period of time from a network to a transmission of an encoded data block in accordance with a commanded MCS. The device then determines an alternative MCS capable of coping better with variations in the radio environment with minimal damage or alteration than the commanded MCS and preemptively transmits the encoded data block in accordance with this more robust alternative MCS. In this way the mobile communication device does not continue failed attempts to transmit data in accordance with the commanded MCS. After the device receives notice of successful transmission of the encoded data block with the alternative MCS, the device will resume the use of the commanded MCS to transmit subsequent encoded data blocks.

Abstract: A distributed antenna system based wireless cellular communication system with transmit side linear interference cancellation is described. In this system the effective channel elements (I) and (II) are estimated and reported by mobile station MS1 and MS2, respectively, to a transmit weight matrix processing apparatus. Processing apparatus uses the effective complex channel matrix (one row reported by each mobile station) to differentially update the transmit weight matrix used for the transmit side linear interference cancellation.

Abstract: System and method for confirming radio frequency (RF) signal connections with multiple devices under test (DUTs) tested concurrently using replicas of a RF test signal. Cabled signal connections between the signal source and the DUTs are monitored by sensing levels of outgoing and related reflection RF signals. These signal levels are compared against similar signal levels when the outgoing RF signals are provided to reference impedances. Alternatively, the cabled signal connections have lengths of known signal wavelengths and the RF test signal frequency is swept such that minimum and maximum time delays between the outgoing and reflection RF signals go through minimum and maximum signal cycles with a difference of at least one full cycle. The reflection RF signal magnitude and phase are monitored, from which peak and valley signal level differences and phase changes are identified to determine return loss and phase changes indicative of DUT connection.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for measuring a signal quality between an entertainment device and a remote control. The entertainment device, for example, may include, but is not limited to, a signal receiver, a memory configured to store a predetermined data sequence, and a controller coupled to the signal receiver and the memory. The controller may be configured to receive a data sequence from the signal receiver, compare the received data sequence to the predetermined data sequence, and generate signal quality data on the received data sequence based upon the comparison.

Abstract: A method of operation of a communication system includes: calculating a total received power estimation based on a designated received signal having a designated pilot symbol; calculating an instantaneous channel estimation based on the designated pilot symbol calculating a channel gain power estimation based on the instantaneous channel estimation; calculating a total interference power estimation based on a difference between the instantaneous channel estimation and a delayed channel estimation; calculating a designated received power based on a difference between the total received power estimation and the total interference power estimation; and determining a relative transmission power estimation based on the designated received power and the channel gain power estimation for communicating with a device.

Abstract: In a wireless communication system including a plurality of base station controllers different in wireless communication method, each of which accommodates a plurality of base stations, a home agent apparatus connected to the base station controllers, and a monitoring apparatus connected to each of the base stations and the base station controllers, the monitoring apparatus acquires communication quality information of each wireless terminal from each of the base stations, and selects a wireless base station having a wireless communication path suitable for the wireless terminal from among wireless base stations different in communication method to which the wireless terminal is connected.

Abstract: Filter coefficients are generated by testing a wireless communication system using single-tone signals. While using the filter coefficients in a filter module, signal imbalance caused by a local oscillator or analog elements in a wireless communication system can be eliminated, so as to prevent the wireless communication system from being affected by the noises.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of multi cell cooperation is provided. The user equipment receives transmission beam forming information from a first cooperative cell, generates serving cell feedback information and cooperative cell feedback information on the basis of the transmission beam forming information, transmits the serving cell feedback information to a serving cell, and transmits the cooperative cell feedback information to a second cooperative cell.

Abstract: A method for filtering measurement values of a measurement quantity obtained from a communication between a mobile device and a mobile communication network and a mobile communication network device adapted to filter such measurement values are provided. A measurement value for the measurement quantity is to be periodically received at fixed points in time. The measurement value is filtered using a digital filter for obtaining a filtering result, wherein the filtering of the measurement value includes the weighting of the measurement value with a weighting coefficient. The filtering result can be provided for an adaptation of the communication link to the mobile device.

Abstract: A method and a system of setting up a reference signal in a radio communication system. The radio communication system includes a serving cell and a neighboring cell, and a mobile terminal of the serving cell uses the same temporal frequency resource so as to receive a serving resource block from the serving cell and receive an interference resource block from the neighboring cell. The method according to the present disclosure includes a step of setting up a user-specific reference signal in the interference resource block and a step in which puncturing is performed at same temporal frequency position as the temporal frequency position at which the user-specific reference signal is set up on the interference resource block of the serving resource block so as to prevent any signal from being transmitted at the punctured temporal frequency position.

Abstract: A method for reciprocal-mixing noise cancellation may include receiving a baseband signal down-converted to baseband using a local oscillator (LO). The baseband signal may comprise a wanted signal and a reciprocal mixing noise, which at least partially overlaps the wanted signal and is due to mixing of a blocker signal with a phase noise of the LO. Blocker recovery may be performed on the baseband signal and a blocker estimate signal may be generated from the baseband signal. The phase noise of the LO may be measured and used in generating a phase noise measurement signal. The blocker estimate signal and the phase noise measurement signal may be processed to generate a reconstructed noise signal that may comprise the overlapping reciprocal mixing noise. The reconstructed noise signal may be subtracted from the baseband signal to provide the wanted signal free from to the reciprocal mixing noise.

Abstract: A system and method provide for a radio transmitter with digital predistortion. The radio transmitter includes a high output power narrowband upconverter and a low output power wideband upconverter. In a stage of the radio transmitter, digital predistortion is applied to transmit data by setting digital coefficients by a digital predistortion algorithm, resulting in a predistortion signal. A predistortion signal is separated into a narrowband component and a wideband component, where the narrowband component corresponds to a desired traffic signal and the wideband component corresponds to a digital predistortion signal reflecting separated digital predistortion correction products. The narrowband upconverter provides a transmission path for a desired traffic signal or transmit data (the narrowband component of the digital predistortion signal), while the wideband upconverter provides a transmission path for the wideband component representing digital predistortion correction products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for reducing inter-cell interference in a wireless communication system. The method for reducing inter-cell interference in a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of the present invention includes: a step in which a first terminal receives, from a first cell, scheduling information for the transmission of a first signal to a second cell; and a step in which the first terminal transmits the first signal to the second cell on the basis of the scheduling information. The scheduling information is provided by the first cell in the event an uplink or downlink transmission of the first cell is interfered with by an uplink or downlink transmission of the second cell. The first signal indicates a request for reducing the transmitting power of the second cell or of the second terminal served by the second cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device and method to automate the process of measuring RF noise, correlating measured noise with known sources, and making adjustments to the noise-measuring and reporting process. A wireless communication device is coupled to equipment at a fixed location, and transmits data about the operation of the equipment back to an operator, via a provider's network. Examples include fixed wireless terminals. A management entity aboard the wireless communication device performs the measurements via a transceiver and performs remedial actions when required, without requiring an onsite technician or remote assistance. The management entity may include a spectrum analyzer.

Abstract: Techniques are provided to improve the performance of wireless devices that serve wireless client devices in a wireless network in the presence of narrowband interference. The wireless device that serves wireless client devices in the wireless network receives energy in a plurality of channels of a frequency band. The received energy is analyzed for occurrence and type of interference in each channel. A quality metric is generated for each channel incorporating the occurrence and type of interference detected in the channel. For each channel, a bias value against selection of the channel is assigned based on whether narrowband interference is present in the channel. The bias value for each channel is applied to the quality metric for the channel to produce an adjusted quality metric for each channel. A channel is selected based on the adjusted quality metric for each of the plurality of channels.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus includes a communication unit, a detection unit, and a control unit. The communication unit wirelessly communicates with another wireless communication apparatus using a first wireless channel. The detection unit detects electric field intensities of wireless channels except for the first wireless channel. The control unit calculates an electric field intensity of the first wireless channel based on the electric field intensities of the wireless channels detected by the detection unit.

Abstract: A power control method for interference alignment in wireless network having K transmitters and K receivers is provided. The method includes: receiving, performed by receiver n (n is an integer, 1?n?K?1), a power indication signal of transmitter n+1 from the transmitter n+1; determining, performed by the receiver n, power of transmitter n; and transmitting, performed by the receiver n, a power indication signal of transmitter n to the transmitter n, wherein the power of transmitter n is determined based on a residual interference of the receiver n, and the power indication signal of transmitter n indicates a minimum transmission power or a maximum transmission power of transmitter n.

Abstract: Techniques for transmitting data with short-term interference mitigation in a wireless communication system are described. In one design, a first station (e.g., a base station or a terminal) may receive a message sent by a second station to request reduction of interference on at least one resource. In response to receiving the message, the first station may determine a first transmit power level to use for the at least one resource based on one or more factors such as a priority metric sent in the message, the buffer size at the first station, etc. The first station may send a power decision pilot on the at least one resource at a second transmit power level determined based on the first transmit power level.

Abstract: A method for antenna calibration is provided, which includes the following steps: obtaining an updated calibration period T_i after the last time of antenna calibration (S301), calculating a calibration sequence of each antenna channel in the calibration period T_i (S302); according to the calibration sequence of each antenna channel, calibrating each antenna based on the calibration period T_i, and calculating a calibration error parameter (S303); and according to the obtained calibration error parameter, updating the calibration period T_i, and using the updated calibration period T_i for the next time of antenna calibration (S304). The technical solutions provided in the present invention, can monitor difference variety of radio channels in real time by the calibration error parameter, and reflect the calibration precision in real time by the reported calibration error parameter.

Abstract: The usage capacity of a base station operating in four-branch receive diversity mode is limited to a given number of channel resources, where each channel resource corresponds to an active user. In two-branch receive diversity mode, approximately twice as many channel resources are available, but the receiver sensitivity is less than with four-branch mode. Thus, four-branch mode provides better coverage but with less usage capacity. A base station is operated in four-branch mode to provide the best coverage while usage is low. When the number of users reaches a first threshold, prior to reaching the maximum number of users, the base station transitions to two-branch mode to accommodate an anticipated increase of users above the four-branch capacity, although with reduced coverage. When usage then falls below a second threshold, the base station transitions back to four-branch mode, again providing better coverage.

Abstract: A system and method for wireless local area network airtime fairness. Distribution of airtime amongst a plurality of associated mobile stations can be based on a determination of a total channel availability. The total channel available is based on a total channel utilization determined through detected energy on the channel and a mobile station utilization determined through monitored traffic between the wireless access point and the associated mobile stations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for monitoring the operating state of a device, including a communication circuit and antenna for wireless transmission of signals to and from a base device arranged on the device, including the steps of: transitioning between first and second operating states, wherein the first operating state corresponds to a position of an interfering object in spaced relation to the antenna and the second operating state corresponds to a position of the interfering object closer in relation to the antenna; interference of the signal transmission between the antenna and the base device by the interfering object when in its closer position, wherein the interfering object does not interfere with the signal transmission when in its spaced position; detection of at least one of the occurrence or lack of interference with the signal transmission for determination of a transition between the operating states.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wireless communication system and, more particularly, to a spectrum sensing method in cognitive radio communication. According to an aspect of the present invention, a method of canceling an introduced transmission signal includes generating a first signal, having an inverse phase, using a data transmission signal transmitted by a data transmission unit, adjusting a path and/or an amplitude of the first signal, and generating a first signal, having an inverse phase, using a data transmission signal transmitted by a data transmission unit, adjusting a path and/or an amplitude of the first signal, and canceling a second signal, introduced through a data receiving unit, and the first signal by the data transmission signal.

Abstract: A wireless terminal measures the received power of a tone corresponding to an intention base station null output, measures the received power of pilot signals, and determines a signal to noise ratio of the received pilot signal. The wireless terminal calculates a downlink signal to noise ratio saturation level representative of the SNR of a received downlink signal that the wireless terminal would measure on a received signal transmitted by the base station at infinite power. The calculated downlink signal to noise ratio saturation level is a function of the determined interference power, the measured received pilot signal power, and the determined pilot signal SNR. A report is generated corresponding to one of a plurality of quantized levels, the selected quantized level being the closest representation to the calculated downlink signal to noise ratio saturation level. The generated report is communicated using a dedicated control channel segment in a predetermined uplink timing structure.

Abstract: A remote testing and control system sends instructions to perform a test to a mobile device, receives test results from the mobile device in response to the instructions, presents the test results within a user interface so that that the test results are viewable by a user, and receives an input to control the test results. The test results may be received and presented within the user interface in real-time. The instructions to perform the test may be scheduled to be sent at a specified time.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for compensating for non-linearity of a power amplifier using space mapping based predistortion. In one embodiment, a transmitter includes a power amplifier that amplifies a power amplifier input signal, a predistorter that effects predistortion of the power amplifier input signal to compensate for a non-linear characteristic of the power amplifier using a space mapping based model of an inverse of the non-linear characteristic of the power amplifier, and an adaptation sub-system that adaptively configures the space mapping based model of the non-linear characteristic of the power amplifier. In one embodiment, the adaptation sub-system adaptively configures a space mapping based model of the non-linear characteristic of the power amplifier and adaptively configures the space mapping based model of the inverse of the non-linear characteristic of the power amplifier based on the space mapping based model of the non-linear characteristic of the power amplifier.

Abstract: A dual-standby terminal and a method for operating wireless communication unit are disclosed. The dual-standby terminal includes: a plurality of wireless communication units; a plurality of low-noise amplifiers located on reception paths of the wireless communication units, respectively; and a controller. The controller enables all of the plurality of low-noise amplifiers when the dual-standby terminal performs a simultaneous call. The controller also enables part of the plurality of low-noise amplifiers when the dual-standby terminal performs a single call or is operated in a standby state.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for controlling a data transmission rate in a broadband wireless communication system are provided. In the method, an interference factor representing an interference degree by an external sector is measured. Interference given to the external sector is estimated using the interference factor, an interference weight depending on a location of a terminal, and an amount of wireless resource use of a self sector. A data transmission rate is determined with consideration of an interference estimation value and a wireless channel state of the terminal.

Abstract: A communication device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a communication antenna that receives a transmission signal where a spectrum spread signal subjected to a spectrum spread is modulated; an intermediate frequency converting unit that converts the transmission signal received by the communication antenna into an intermediate frequency signal having a predetermined frequency; an analog to digital converting unit that discretizes the intermediate frequency signal and outputs a discretization signal; a noise removing unit that detects a noise other than a normal thermal noise included in the discretization signal and removes the detected noise from the discretization signal; and a demodulating unit that demodulates the spectrum spread signal, based on the discretization signal that is output from the noise removing unit.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a method in a wireless device for reporting channel state information, CSI, for a CSI process. The CSI process corresponds to a reference signal resource and an associated interference measurement resource, IMR. According to the method, the wireless device obtains an interference power adjustment value. The wireless device estimates interference and noise based on the IMR, and on the interference power adjustment value. Furthermore, the wireless device determines channel state information based on an estimated effective channel measured based on the reference signal resource, and on the estimated interference and noise. Finally, the wireless device transmits the channel state information to a network node.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to predistortion that compensates for non-linearity of a power amplifier as well as short-term and long-term memory effects of the power amplifier. In one embodiment, a transmitter includes a power amplifier that amplifies a power amplifier input signal to provide a power amplifier output signal, a predistortion sub-system that effects predistortion of the power amplifier input signal to compensate for non-linearity of the power amplifier and memory effects of the power amplifier, and a adaptation sub-system that adaptively configures the predistortion sub-system. The predistortion sub-system includes a memory-less predistortion component that compensates for the non-linearity of the power amplifier, a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter that compensates for short-term memory effects of the power amplifier, and an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter that compensates for long-term memory effects of the power amplifier.

Abstract: Spatial discrimination information is fed back at both the multi-antenna transmitter and the multi-antenna receiver connecting a UE and cells within a CoMP measurement set. With the UE feeding back the transmitter and the receiver side spatial discrimination information of each cell-to-UE connection, the composite spatial CSI over multiple sites/nodes can be determined. The approach is applicable for UEs with single or multiple receiving antennas, and the spatial discrimination information can be wideband long-term or subband short-term. In some embodiments, the spatial discrimination information at the receiver side is derived from the actual spatial channel while receiver implementation is taken into account. The spatial discrimination information at the transmitter and at the receiver can be fed back using codebooks for MIMO precoding.

Abstract: An interference mitigation system randomizes transmissions to cell-edge users by carefully controlling the probability of transmission to these users, thereby creating a virtual fractional frequency system that does not require extensive frequency management and coordination across the network. In some embodiments, the interference mitigation system identifies severely interfered links and reduces the probability of transmission on these links, with the result being a reduced probability of interference.

Abstract: A radio communication device reproduces a carrier signal by eliminating phase noise from a carrier phase signal detected from a received baseband signal. Herein, a filtering characteristic having a default value is adopted to eliminate phase noise from the carrier phase signal with respect to a firstly received baseband signal. Integrated phase noise characteristics are calculated by adding a transmission-side phase noise characteristic, which is extracted from a radio frame demodulated from the carrier signal, to a predetermined reception-side phase noise characteristic. An optimum filtering characteristic is selected through comparison between a threshold and integrated phase noise characteristics. The selected filtering characteristic is adopted to eliminate a noise component from the carrier phase signal with respect to a subsequent baseband signal.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus according to an embodiment includes a communication control unit controlling communication of a radio communication device with a data carrier transmitting a signal including communication distance information regarding a communication distance; an output variable control unit varying transmission output of the radio communication device; and a data carrier determination unit determining that the data carrier having a short communication distance is valid as the transmission output is large, and determining that the data carrier having a long communication distance is valid as the transmission output is small.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus and method for analyzing an effect on a wireless communication system that may analyze an effect of a solar activity on a wireless communication system based on strength of solar cosmic radio waves. An apparatus for analyzing an effect on a wireless communication system may include a solar cosmic radio wave strength collecting unit to collect strength of solar cosmic radio waves according to a solar activity; and an interference determining unit to determine a level of interference of the solar activity against the wireless communication system, based on the strength of solar cosmic radio waves.

Abstract: A method including determining if there is in device co-existence interference during operation of said device; and causing information about in device co-existence interference and information about measurements performed by said device to be transmitted to a base station.