Abstract: A golf club comprising an elongated shaft, a club head at one end of the shaft having a face, a heel portion, a toe portion and a sole portion; a lie angle configured to maintain the impact point of a golf ball on the club face when the impact point is offset from the center of mass, said lie angle being the angle subtended by the axis of the shaft and a horizontal plane tangent to the sole of the club wherein the sole of the club at the point where a vertical line through the club head center of gravity intersects said sole.

Abstract: A wood-type golf club head containing a volume which is not less than 300 cc, including a main body and a face member disposed on the front of the main body to form a clubface. The face member is formed by (i) forging an alpha-beta-type titanium alloy at a temperature which is less than the transformation temperature to the beta phase of the alloy, and of which difference from the transformation temperature to the beta phase is not more than 100 deg.C., and (ii) subsequent cooling within a temperature range of from 0 to 100 deg.C. The face member is welded to the main body to form a junction therebetween, wherein the junction is partially or wholly shifted backwards from the edge of the clubface by at least 5 mm, and the total length of the edge of the clubface where the shift is at least 5 mm, is not less than 40% of the whole length of the edge.

Abstract: A golf club head (20) having a body (22) with a front wall (30) with an opening (32) and a striking plate insert (40) is disclosed herein. The body (22) is preferably composed of a light weight material such as a magnesium alloy or an aluminum alloy. A ribbon (28) of the body (22) has a recess (52) therein for placement of a rear weighting member (50). The golf club head (20) preferably has a volume between 300 cubic centimeters and 500 cubic centimeters. The golf club head (20) preferably has a mass between 105 grams and 300 grams.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a golf club head comprises: hot forging a material of a beta titanium alloy into the face plate, slow cooling the forged face plate; and assembling a golf club head from the face plate and other component(s).

Abstract: A golf club head incorporating at least one interior port adapted to receive a weighted rod which is introduced into the head and the port through an opening and cavity defined in the hosel junction. The weight and density of the rod determines the location of the head center of gravity. In one embodiment, the head includes two elongate arcuate ports adapted to receive respective elongate flexible rods adapted to conform to the shape of the port. An associated tuning package allows an individual to identify and select a recommended rod combination depending upon the desired weight and center of gravity location.

Abstract: A trial golf club and golf fitting system for determining at least one custom fitted golf club. The trial club includes a golf club head having a sole defined by a radius of curvature. The sole of the golf club head includes graduated indicia for identifying an optimal lie angle for the fitted club. When the golfer swings the trial golf club, the optimal lie angle of the fitted club is identified by locating the point of impact on the sole of the head of the trial golf club.

Abstract: A maximum resilience point (M) of a head (1) is positioned above a center (C) of a hitting surface. On the maximum resilience point (M), (t2−t1) measured in accordance with a pendulum test determined by USGA has a maximum value. When coordinates of the center (C) of the hitting surface are set to be (0, 0) and coordinates of the maximum resilience point (M) are set to be (x, y), y is greater than 0 mm and is equal to or smaller than 10 mm. The value of (t2−t1) on the maximum resilience point (M) is 250·10−6 second or more. The value of (t2−t1) on the center (C) of the hitting surface is smaller than 250·10−6 second. y may be set to be equal to or greater than −5 mm and to be smaller than 0 mm. x may be set to be equal to or greater than −10 mm and to be smaller than 0 mm. x may be set to be greater than 0 mm and to be equal to or smaller than 10 mm.

Abstract: A golf club head made of a ferrous metal and having a density in the range from about 5 to about 6.8 g/cm3 and from about 7.0 to about 7.4 g/cm3, and such heads made of a cast ferrous metal having a density in the range from about 5 to about 7.4 g/cm3. The entire golf club head may be made of such ferrous metal. Or, the ferrous metal is preferably a ductile iron or gray iron. The ferrous metal may be present as an insert in the ball hitting face of the club head, and the body of the club head may be a material different from the ferrous material. Or, the body of the club head may be made of the ferrous metal and the ball hitting face of the club head may be a different material.

Abstract: A method of designing a golf club head, including the steps of using a golf club head model and a golf ball model both of which are composed of a plurality of finite elements; impacting the head model against the ball model; and measuring a time period T2 in which the face of the head model is in contact with the ball model and a time period T1 from the time of contact between the head model and the ball model until the time when a vertical force acting on the face of the golf club head model takes a peak value; setting the ratio of the time period T2 to the time period T1 high and increase a frictional force acting in a direction in which the backspin of a golf ball decreases and a period of time in which the frictional force acts.

Abstract: A method of designing a golf club head by using a computer, including the steps of using a club head model and a ball model both of which are composed of a plurality of divided finite elements; executing a simulation of impacting the club head model against the ball model at a reference hitting position set in a sweet area of a face part of the club head model and a plurality of comparison hitting positions set outside the sweet area; computing a stress generated in each of the finite elements by an analysis based on a finite element method, when the club head model impacts the ball model at the reference hitting position and the comparison hitting positions; and controlling a thickness distribution of each of the finite elements.

Abstract: A weight member for a golf club head is made of a WFeNi alloy by a precision casting process. The WFeNi alloy includes wt 15%-40% of iron, wt 30%-60% of nickel, wt 15%-30% of tungsten, wt 1.5%-10.0% of chromium, and wt 0.5%-5.0% of molybdenum. Chromium improves the rust-resisting property of the weight member. Molybdenum reduces the risk of cracks in the weight member during welding. Uniformity of shining finishing of the weight member can be improved by controlling a mixture ratio of nickel to tungsten. Manganese, copper, vanadium, and niobium may be added to improve the mechanical properties of the weight member.

Abstract: A golf club with an enhanced degree of freedom with respect to design, and a method for manufacturing the same. A head 1 is formed with a face 3 on the front face, a cavity 9 on a rear face and a shaft attachment portion 8 on one side, to which is connected a shaft 2. If a maximum height of a bottom surface 9A of the cavity 9 in the top-to-sole direction is denoted by H1, and a maximum width thereof in the toe-to-heel direction is denoted by W1, the cavity 9 is formed to satisfy an inequality: H1/W1≳0.6. Further, if a maximum height of the face 3 is denoted by H1, then the cavity 9 is formed to satisfy an inequality: 0.7≲H1/H2≲0.85. Thus, the face 3 can be easily resiliently bent at the time of striking balls, thereby developing a greater repulsive force, elongating travelling distances of balls.

Abstract: The present invention provides a golf club head which satisfies the following three conditions in a moment M of inertia around a center line of a shaft axis (g·cm2) and a depth L of center of gravity (mm):

Abstract: An iron-type golf club head having a sole, a center of gravity CG, and a static contact point SCP on the sole substantially vertically below the CG for providing stability when the club head is in an address position, but the sole has no points lower than the SCP when the club head is in the address position. Additionally, the club head may have a centerline plane orthogonal to the plane of the club face and containing the centerline of the club face, with the center of gravity lying in the centerline plane and the lowest point LP on the sole also lying substantially in the centerline plane when the centerline plane is substantially vertical, for minimizing mis-hits with the club head.

Abstract: A golf putter head that minimizes the disruptive contact between the putter head and the surface of the green during the putting stroke. The putter has a front face adapted to strike the ball and which is concavely, upwardly curved so that the center area of the putter face is raised slightly with respect to the outside edges of the club face. In addition, the bottom surface of the putter head is angled upwardly from the front face of the putter head toward the back face to again reduce the possibility of the putter bottom surface contacting the surface of the green. Thus contact with the surface of the green is generally only potentially possible along the front outside edges of the front head that is, at two points.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a golf club head comprises: making a billet of a titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V by machining an ingot of the titanium alloy; forging the billet into a face plate within a temperature range of from (the beta transformation temperature −150 degrees C.) to (the beta transformation temperature −20 degrees C.); and jointing the face plate and a head main body, whereby the golf club head comprise a face portion for hitting a ball, at least part of which is made of an alpha and beta type titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V including alpha phase crystal structure whose average grain size is not less than 20 micrometers but less than 70 micrometers.

Abstract: A golf club (40) having a club head (42) with a face component (60) and an aft body (61) is disclosed herein. The face component (60) has a striking plate portion (72) and a return portion (74). The aft-body (61) is composed of a crown portion (62), a sole portion (64) and optionally a ribbon section (90). The face component (60) is composed of a metal material, and the aft-body (61) is composed of a non-metal material such as a composite material or a thermoplastic material. The striking plate portion (72) preferably has an aspect ratio less than 1.7. The striking plate portion (72) preferably has concentric regions of thickness with the thickness portion in the center (102). The club head (42) has a volume in the range of 290 cubic centimeters to 600 cubic centimeters, a weight in the range of 165 grams to 300 grams, and a striking plate portion (72) surface area in the range of 4.00 square inches to 7.50 square inches. The golf club head (42) has a coefficient of restitution greater than 0.

Abstract: A weight member for a golf club head is made of a WFeNi alloy by a precision casting process. The WFeNi alloy includes nickel 30-60 wt %, tungsten 15-30 wt %, chromium 1.5-10.0 wt %, and iron that is the remaining portion. Chromium improves the rust resisting property of the weight member and lengthens the life of the weight member. Uniformity of shining finishing of the weight member can be improved by controlling a mixture ratio of nickel to tungsten. Silicon may be added to improve the flowability of the molten metal. Manganese, copper, vanadium, and niobium may be added to improve the mechanical properties of the weight member.

Abstract: This invention includes uiquely designed golf clubs with wooden heads and loft angles between 34 and 55 degrees and a method for using these clubs that will allow the golfer to utilize the same type of stroke that is used for putting for approach or chip shots. The golf clubs comprising this invention include clubs with three different wooden golf club heads with “loft angles” which vary between: 1) 34 and 41 degrees; 2) 42 and 47 degrees; and 3) 48 and 55 degrees. The three golf club heads are attached via normal means to metal golf club shafts. The metal golf club shafts attached to these club heads are shorter (between 34.5 and 37.5 inches long) than the normal metal shafts that are associated with drivers, 2, 3 and 4 woods. Each club head consists of three primary parts: a wooden base module, a metallic base plate that is affixed to the base module by at least two metallic screws, and a plastic strike plate insert that is glued to the wooden base module.

Abstract: A golf club (40) having a club head (42) with a frame member (60) and a body (61) is disclosed herein. The front member (60) has a front portion (72) and a return portion (74). The body (61) has a crown portion (62), a sole portion (64), a front wall (87) and optionally a ribbon section (90). A transition from the front wall to the crown portion (62) has a radius of curvature of at least 0.250 inch. The softer radius of the transition allows for a more durable and better performing club head. The frame member (60) may also be weighted to move the center of gravity of the club head forward toward the front wall (87).

Abstract: Golf club head consisting of a balance plane, that subdivides the head, that derives markings visible on the club head face, containing multiple Sweet Spots indicating the ideal points of contact with a golf ball regardless of whether the golf ball is lying on the ground, on a golf tee or otherwise, together with markings visible on club head face and or top indicating alignment and methods of use, also used as a visual aid of club head and golf ball to the target, with and without parallax correction, with methods and tools for determining same, with related design improvements and methods of use on golf club head components having one Sweet Spot. The markings are determined by intersecting lines, planes and axes. The markings may be determined for an existing golf club or for a custom fitted golf club regardless of whether the golf club has a flat or curved base.

Abstract: A golf club head has a hollow body with a front, striking face, a rear face, an upper face, a heel and a toe, and an open lower end, the body having an internal cavity. At least one filler member of solid cork or synthetic cork material cut to match the shape and dimensions of at least part of the cavity is positioned in the cavity, and a sole plate is secured over the open lower end of the body.

Abstract: A hollow iron clubhead having a low center of gravity and enabling free selection of a material for the clubface can be readily produced by press working. The hollow iron clubhead mainly comprises a clubface member, a front body member and a rear body member. A blank for forming the clubface member, a blank for forming the front body member and a blank for forming the rear body member are prepared by blanking. The clubface blank and the front body blank are integrally welded together and shaped by hot drawing to form the front body member. The rear body blank is shaped by hot drawing to form the rear body member. The front body member and the rear body member are integrally joined together by welding.

Abstract: A golf club head which comprises a main body provided with a socket, and a weight member disposed in the socket, wherein the socket is a tubular portion extending to the inside of the main body and having a through-hole extending therethough, the weight member comprises a main portion accommodated to the through-hole, and the weight member is secured in the through-hole by crushing a crush portion into the main portion so that the main portion expands, pressing on the surface of the through-hole.

Abstract: A golf club head is provided with a residual compressive stress layer on the inside surface of the club face using a peening treatment. The peening treatment also may remove material from the club head, such as unwanted alpha case on a titanium club head. The body of the club head further may be subjected to a peen treatment.

Abstract: An improved golf training system and method of using the system is provided. The golf training system may also be used as a new game. The system includes a golf club having an enlarged hitting surface and shorter shaft, and a tee that comes in variable extended lengths. By gradually and incrementally lowering the length of the tee and extending the length of the club, a player is able to learn proper swing mechanics.

Abstract: In order to increase the useful life of a golf club, at least part of the golf club in a region of the striking face is coated with a coating that is neutral in terms of stress or has compressive stresses. The coating is applied by a thermal spraying method with average spray-particle velocities of over 500 m/s. The coating preferably has compressive stresses of between 0 and 600 MPa.

Abstract: A near-net shape titanium club face for a metal wood golf head is manufacturing with improved product structure and performance. More specifically, the invention provides a metal wood golf club head face consisting of layers of grain fibering by controllable grain flow along face-orientation and surface contours, similar to composite structures, for improved directional strength, impact strength and toughness, as well as hitting face thickness design flexibility for improved hitting sound and increased coefficient of restitution without sacrificing face performance and durability. The hitting face is made by precision hot-die forging in closed dies through large (&agr;+&bgr;) forge deformation to net or near-net shape from a &bgr;-treated work piece. Alternatively, the process may be applied to aluminum alloys or steels.

Abstract: A customizable golf putter head includes a face member and a back body both of which may be selected from a plurality of differently configured face members and back bodies. The face member has a cavity formed in its rear surface, and the back body has a mating section that is positioned within the cavity of the face member so that a parting line between the face member and the back body is concealed below a top ledge of the face member when the putter head is assembled. A hosel selected from a plurality of differently configured hosels is mounted on the face member, and an elastomeric membrane is positioned within the cavity of the face member so as to be interposed between the face member and the back body.

Abstract: An improved golf club head consisting of a balance plane that derives markings visible on the club head face indicating the ideal points of contact with a golf ball regardless of whether the golf ball is lying on the ground, on a golf tee or otherwise, together with markings visible on club head top indicating basic alignment of club head and golf ball to the target, with methods and tools for determining same. The markings are determined by intersecting lines, planes and axes. The markings may be determined for an existing golf club or for a custom fitted golf club regardless of whether the golf club has a flat or curved base. The location of the markings may vary from golfer to golfer and from club to club depending upon parameters.

Abstract: A customizable golf putter head includes a face member and a back body both of which may be selected from a plurality of differently configured face members and back bodies. The face member has a cavity formed in its rear surface, and the back body has a mating section that is positioned within the cavity of the face member so that a parting line between the face member and the back body is concealed below a top ledge of the face member when the putter head is assembled. A hosel selected from a plurality of differently configured hosels is mounted on the face member, and an elastomeric membrane is positioned within the cavity of the face member so as to be interposed between the face member and the back body.

Abstract: A selectable insert for a golf club head (e.g., for a golf putter) is configured to produce a predetermined frequency response through the use of, for example, a damped single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system. A set of such inserts are provided, and one or more inserts from that set is selected in accordance with the response of an individual, for example, an individual's subjective response to the sound of the insert and/or an individual's biomechanical response to the “feel” or discomfort produced by vibrations propagating through the golf club to the individual.

Abstract: Systems of affecting sports performance are disclosed that provide sensory stimulation and induce a response, such as a psychological or physiologic response, including performance enhancement through sports equipment configuration. Equipment configuration may include sensory stimulation configurations, such as color, image, business designation, or other indicia, provided to sports equipment, potentially through paint processes, and may utilize color psychology to make color or other customized visual, psychological, or physiological dependent choices, creating indicia to produce consistent performance, a vehicle for self-expression, or brand awareness. Marketing systems are further disclosed incorporating indicia configured to sports equipment, such as golf clubs, serving as custom expressive indicia. Further, systems are disclosed that assist consumers in making configuration determinations and purchases employing any or all of the above elements.

Abstract: A golf club head comprises a main body and a coating film covering a metallic surface of the main body, wherein the coating film comprises a clear foundation layer formed on the metallic surface and containing acid-modified polyolefin based resin as its base resin, and a colored clear second layer formed outside the foundation layer so that said metallic surface is visible through the coating film.

Abstract: A golf club which can give a golf player a soft feel of striking. A metallic head 1 has a face 3 whose surface is formed with a silver plating layer 8 of Hv 200 or below. Thus, the surface of the face 3 is protected from rust, and a softer feel of striking can be obtained when he strikes a ball, unlike conventional golf clubs with hard plating layer. As the surface for striking balls is comparatively soft, a period of time that a ball is contact with the face 3 is prolonged, thus making it easier for a player to give a spin to the ball. A black layer 9 is formed on the silver plated surface of the face 3, and thus less reflection of light is resulted at the time of addressing a ball, so that balls can be addressed easily.

Abstract: A golf club for improving the flying distance of a ball overcomes toe-down phenomenon due to pulling of the shaft particularly by a skilled player enjoying a high head speed. The golf club further improves the head speed and the directional stability of a hit ball. The golf club has a center of gravity of the head shifted from the toe end of the shaft end by modifying the head shape to decrease the volume of the head by a certain amount at the toe end on the rear side thereof and to increase the head volume at the shaft end on the rear side by an amount equal to the decreased amount. This will reduce the rotational radius of the head about a vertical line, as a rotational center line, when the golf club is suspended at the upper end of the shaft. Furthermore, with a metal wood club, a head is provided with a face which comprises a spherical face formed in such a manner that the curvature in the transverse width direction becomes substantially equal to that in the vertical width direction.

Abstract: A golf club having a club head with a face component composed of a plurality of plies of pre-preg material and having a striking plate portion with a thickness in the range of 0.050 to 0.250 inches is disclosed herein. The golf club head also has a coefficient of restitution greater than 0.8 under test conditions such as the USGA test conditions specified pursuant to Rule 4-1e, Appendix II, of the Rules of Golf for 1998-1999. The golf club also has a crown component composed of a plurality of plies of pre-preg material and a sole component composed of a plurality of plies of pre-preg material.

Abstract: A golf club head in which a frequency F (fix) indicating a primary minimum value of a frequency transfer function of a head obtained by firmly fixing the head to a vibrator and measured in accordance with an vibrator method is between 600 and 1200 (Hz), and a frequency F (free) indicating a primary minimum value of a frequency transfer function of the head obtained by making the head in a free state and measured in accordance with an impact hammer method is between 2500 and 4000 (Hz).

Abstract: A protective covering for a surface or surfaces of a golf club head to protect the golf club head from surface damage. The protective covering is resilient and generally prevents damage to the surface of the club head. The cover remains in place during normal usage, and is removable without leaving a permanent mark upon the club head. The cover is a urethane-based material with a adhesive on one side. The protective covering my include indicia to be displayed of the user's, owner's or manufacturer's choice. The protective covering may be transparent or opaque. The protective covering is ideally applied by cleaning a surface of the club head and placing a portion of the adhesive backed protective covering on the head of the golf club. The protective covering is then stretched and rubbed to remove any air trapped between the protective covering and the surface. Lastly, any excess covering is removed by scoring the covering with a razor knife.

Abstract: An improved core for creating wax patterns of golf club heads is disclosed herein. The core includes a center core piece and several outer core pieces removably coupled to the center core piece by magnets embedded in each of the core pieces. The core further includes a pneumatic release system, including a manifold, to easily separate the center core piece from the outer core pieces and expel the center core piece from a wax pattern, thereby eliminating the need to pry and pull pieces out with a tool, which could damage the wax pattern of the golf club head.

Abstract: Golf equipment, or a portion thereof, with improved abrasion resistance is obtained by applying a coating comprising hard filler particles, a coupling agent and a polymer precursor preferably comprising a plurality of reactive monomers and/or oligomers. Colloidal silica may be used as the filler, silanes of the form Y—(CH2)nSiX3, wherein Y is an organofunctional group providing the bonding with the polymer matrix attached to the central silicon atom via the stable (CH2)n carbon chain and X represents the silicon-functional or alkoxy group that hydrolyzes and subsequently reacts with the active sites on inorganic surfaces. The coating may be hardened by curing with ultraviolet radiation or solvent evaporation and crosslinking.

Abstract: The present invention a golf club head comprises a receiving member aligned symmetrically about a club centerline and including a shaft aperture for mounting one end of a club shaft therein and a club face aligned symmetrically about a club centerline and including a concave striking surface for striking a golf ball; and a connecting web rigidly joining the club face to the receiving member wherein the entire club head being aligned symmetrically about the club centerline such that the golf head suitable for use by a right or left handed player.

Abstract: A golf club (40) having a club head (42) with a face component (60) and an aft body (61) is disclosed herein. The face component (60) has a striking plate insert (72) within an opening (45) of a return portion (74). The aft-body (61) is composed of a crown portion (62), a sole portion (64) and optionally a ribbon section (90). The return portion (74) is preferably composed of a cast metal material, the striking plate insert (72) is preferably composed of a formed or forged metal material, and the aft-body (61) is preferably composed of a non-metal material such as a composite material or a thermoplastic material. The golf club head (42) preferably has a volume in the range of 250 cubic centimeters to 600 cubic centimeters and a weight in the range of 165 grams to 300 grams.

Abstract: A golf club head showing good ball bouncing performance is provided with good cold workability and age hardenability.

Abstract: A golf club for improving the flying distance by removing phenomenon of pulling the shaft occurring as a reaction to phenomenon of prostrated toe liable to occur particularly to a skilled player enjoying a high head speed and further improving the head speed, and for improving the directional stability of a hit ball by removing phenomenon of prostrated toe and changing the design such as in the face resulting therefrom, the golf club being characterized in that the center of gravity of the head is shifted from the toe end to the shaft end by modifying the head shape by decreasing the volume of the head by a certain amount at the toe end on the rear side thereof and increasing the head volume at the shaft end on the rear side by an amount equal to the amount decreased, thereby reducing the rotational radius of the head about a vertical line, as a rotational center line, when the golf club is suspended at the upper end of the shaft thereof.

Abstract: An iron golf club with a head whose center of gravity is easy to adjust, preventing the center of gravity from being biased toward a hosel or a heel. A head body 8 includes a face 3 in a front, a heel 6 at a lower portion of a first side of the face 3 and a hosel 7 above the heel 6. A shaft 2 is connected to the hosel 7 that is formed with a hollow portion 9. By forming the hollow portion 9 that way, it becomes easier to adjust the center of gravity of the head 1, preventing the center of gravity from being biased toward the hosel 7 and the heel 6. To prevent the increase of weight of the hosel 7 eventually leads to preventing the center of gravity of the head 1 from getting too high.

Abstract: A golf club head including a head base body whose surface is formed with a coating film, the coating film including a topcoat layer consisting of an acrylic resin coating material containing polyethylene wax of 1.0 to 10.0 parts by weight with respect to acrylic resin solid content of 100 parts by weight. It is possible to improve abrasion resistance while making the best use of excellent impact resistance of the acrylic resin coating material, and thus, to effectively prevent peeling of the coating film. Further, it is possible to the interlayer adhesion of inner layers with the topcoat layer.

Abstract: A strengthened triangular shaped glass putter head made by a specific shape dependent fusing and annealing process using 90 COE or 96 COE soda lime glass. The putter head has smooth surfaces or is patterned with individually colored bas-relief design decorations. The putter head may be colorless, single colored, multi-colored, or semitransparent to opaque in appearance. The putter head is sufficiently strong to play a more rigorous putting-based golf game.

Abstract: Disclosed is a golf putter that has an interchangeable striking face, while maintaining the same head, shaft and grip. The various striking faces are made of different materials such that the golfer can change the rebound characteristics and resulting distance the golf ball travels from the putter face, while maintaining the exact same golf swing, by selecting an appropriate striking face as dictated by the current conditions of the putting surface.

Abstract: A method of forming patterns, trademarks and balance weight in a golf club head includes fabricating a rough working piece of the club head which has a trough located at a lower portion and reverse recesses for selected patterns and trademarks located at an upper portion thereof. Then fill and stuff the trough and recesses with a metallic material different from the club head that has a lower melting point (such as copper powder). Thereafter the stuffed recesses and trough and rough working piece of the club head are heated until the stuffed metallic material melted to form a strong binding with the rough working piece. Then grinding the rear side of the stuffed patterns and trademarks to expose the patterns and trademarks. The stuffed material in the trough becomes a balance weight. Finally to engage a hitting plate with a front circumferential edge of the trough to form a finished club head.