Abstract: A superduty fireclay refractory brick with at least 33 to 43 per cent by weight Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and 1 to 3 per cent by weight alkali oxide for use as a large-format bottom block in a solder plating bath in furnaces for manufacturing flat glass according to the float technique has a compressive strength of 35 to 60 N/mm.sup.2 and a gas permeability of less than 4 nPm. The brick possesses an open porosity of approx. 20 to 25 per cent by volume, a gas permeability of less than 3 nPm, preferably 0.5 to 2 nPm, and a hydrogen diffusion of less than 150 mm H.sub.2 O, preferably 30 to 100 mm H.sub.2 O.

Abstract: The present invention relates to polymeric boro- and aluminosilazanes corresponding to the general formula[(SiL.sub.2).sub.a (AlL.sub.2).sub.1-a L.sub.2 ].sub.xand[(SiL.sub.2).sub.a (BL).sub.1-a L.sub.2 ].sub.x,whereina=0-1whereinL means half a bridging --NR-group, or an organoamino (--NR) group, when L is attached to a silicon or aluminum atom, and wherein L means a hydrogen atom, half a bridging --NR-- group or an organoamino (--NR) group, when L is attached to a boron atom,in which each silicon and aluminum atom is triply coordinated by four nitrogen atoms and each boron atom by at least two nitrogen and at most one hydrogen atom, a process for the preparation of these polymers and their use as precursor compounds for ceramic high performance materials.

Abstract: A platelet .alpha.-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 based ceramic composite consists of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 powder, promoters and controllers. The composite is prepared by mixing aluminum oxide powder with promoters and controllers. The mixture is shaped and sintered to form an object. In one embodiment of the invention, the promoters are either salts or oxides of alkaline metals and alkaline earth metals. The salts are oxidized during sintering.

Abstract: Disclosed is a phenol-formaldehyde resin binder for refractories, having from 0.05 to 0.6 methylol group on average per one phenolic constitutive unit and having a free phenol content of less than 5%. For producing refractory granules with the binder, a composition comprising carbon substances of 50% by weight or less in all and a balance of refractory substances is kneaded with the binder and water optionally along with a solvent having a boiling point of 200.degree. C. or higher, in a mixer as heated at 60.degree. to 130.degree. C. Optionally, the volatile content in the blended mix is adjusted to the shapable level. The process of using the binder is free from injury to human bodies and the danger of firing. The refractory granules may be shaped into refractory articles having a suitable gas-permeability stable against variation of the working environment. The refractory granules are suitable for shaping gas-blowing immersion nozzles having a suitable gas-permeability.

Abstract: Fine flaky boehmite particles which have an orthorhombic crystal form and a specified crystal face grown in the form of a flat plate, and a process for the preparation of fine flaky boehmite particles which comprises subjecting aluminum hydroxide or hydrated alumina having a particle size adjusted to the order of submicrons to hydrothermal treatment in water or an aqueous alkali solution at a temperature of 150.degree. C. or above under a pressure of 100 atm or below. The fine flaky boehmite particles are useful as a starting material for the preparation of fine flaky alumina particles or as a filler suitable for a pigment for coating materials, a filler for rubbers and plastics and a coating material for paper making.

Abstract: A method of processing water-sensitive ceramic powders, particularly carbothermically produced aluminum nitride, whereby the ceramic powder is deagglomerated in a dry milling step with addition of an alkylamine which is liquid at room temperature is disclosed. The alkylamine is added in an amount sufficient to produce a monomolecular layer on the surface of the ceramic powder. The deagglomerated powder subsequently is vigorously stirred with a concentrated aqueous solution or dispersion of binder and rapidly and gently dried, preferably by freeze drying. Aluminum nitride powder prepared by this process can be further processed into shaped parts with a high thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A method for improving the properties of ceramic green bodies is provided. In particular, ceramic green bodies having improved green strength are provided. Incorporating certain acid-containing polymers as binders at a level of at least about 1 to about 15, preferably at least about 3 to about 10 percent by weight based on the weight of ceramic particles improves the green strength of the resulting ceramic green bodies.

Abstract: The hardness and microstructure of aluminous abrasives produced from alumina gels are enhanced by introduction of seed material as by wet vibratory milling of the material with alumina media, or by the direct addition of very fine alpha alumina particles in the amount of 1% or less.

Abstract: The present invention is a barium-containing alumina with the X-ray pattern of the FIGURE. The alumina may be synthesized by simultaneously adding a polyether or a polyalcohol and an aqueous solution of a water soluble barium carboxylate to an aqueous boehmite sol or suspension to form a gel, the gel having a polyether or polyalcohol content of about 2 wt. % to about 26 wt. %, preferably about 10 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. The gel is then dried and calcined to convert it to an essentially pure barium-containing delta alumina. The alumina may be optionally hydrothermally treated to induce further crystallization. The final product contains about 2 wt. % to about 18 wt. % Ba, preferably about 8 wt. % to about 12 wt. %.

Abstract: A sintered ceramic-metal composite product has a ceramic matrix of polycrystalline ceramic in which a metal phase is dispersed for adding improved toughness. The metal phase has a higher melting point than the sintering temperature of the ceramic matrix and comprises at least one metal selected from the groups IVa, Va and VIa of the periodic table. The metal phase is dispersed intragranular within the grains of the ceramic matrix to realize nano-order dispersion of the metal phase which is responsible for remarkably improved toughness as well as strength. The ceramic-metal composite product is successfully fabricated by several unique methods utilizing the mixture of the ceramic and metal or metal oxide, hydride or alkoxide.

Abstract: A sintered alumina abrasive grain comprised of alpha-alumina crystals and a spinel crystalline phase which does not form a continuous phase but is in the form of discrete crystals which are deposited on triple points in alumina crystal boundaries and are substantially uniformly distributed over the abrasive grain. Preferably, the alpha-alumina crystals have an average particle diameter not larger than 1 micron, and the spinel crystalline phase is composed of alumina and an oxide of a metal selected from Ni, Mg and Zn.

Abstract: The invention relates to fine-particle oxide ceramic powders of the metal oxides MeO, whereMe=Al, Si, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb, Mo, W, V, La and/or Y,Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 being present in the .alpha.-phase and SiO.sub.2 being present in crystalline form.

Abstract: A high alumina refractory and its preparation are disclosed. In addition to the mix of alumina particles providing an Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 content of at least 50%, by weight, there is included metallic carbide particles, having a critically-selected particle size distribution, in an amount between about 3 and about 25%, by weight, based on the total dry weight at the mixture. Other forms of carbon, like tar, pitch and graphite are omitted. The product is free from black core and has improved resistance to molten slags and metals.

Abstract: Ceramic yttrium aluminate fibers are produced by processes that result in the formation of a microcrystalline ceramic oxide structure. In one process, a stoichiometric amount of a yttrium alkoxide is mixed with an aluminum alkoxide to produce a homogeneous mixture in an alcohol solvent. Following the addition of an alkoxide precursor of ZrO.sub.2 or of HfO.sub.2, the optional addition of an alkoxide precursor of MgO, and the subsequent addition of an organic acid, hydrolytic condensation to produce a suitable sol is accomplished by adding water. A slight excess of yttrium alkoxide can be used instead of the MgO precursor. The viscosity of the sol is adjusted to form a tractable gel that is spun into fibers which, after curing and firing, are shown to be microcrystalline in form, the resulting fibers having a submicron average grain size. Strength and stability result from the presence of solid particles of partially stabilized zirconia or hafnia at the grain boundaries and the triple points.

Abstract: A light-transmissive alumina ceramic composition and a method for preparing the same are disclosed. The light-transmissive polycrystalline alumina ceramics composition comprises of 100 w/o of aluminum oxide having a purity of not less than 99.99%, approximately 0.03 to approximately 0.1 w/o of magnesium compound and approximately 0.002 to approximately 0.07 w/o of zirconium compound. The method is comprised of the steps of: molding mixture powder consisting of 100 w/o of aluminum oxide powder having a purity of not less than 99.99% added with from approximately 0.03 to approximately 0.1 w/o of magnesium oxide powder and from approximately 0.002 to approximately 0.07 w/o of zirconium oxide powder to obtain a molded substance; calcining said molded substance under the atmosphere to give a calcined substance having a strength suitable to processing; grinding the surface of said calcined substance smoothly; and sintering the resulting substance in a hydrogen atmosphere or a vacuum.

Abstract: A pressureless sintering method is disclosed for use in the production of whisker-toughened ceramic composites wherein the sintered density of composites containing up to about 20 vol. % SiC whiskers is improved by reducing the average aspect ratio of the whiskers to from about 10 to about 20. Sintering aids further improve the density, permitting the production of composites containing 20 vol. % SiC with sintered densities of 94% or better of theoretical density by a pressureless sintering method.

Abstract: Filamentary abrasive particles formed from a sol-gel alumina modified by rare earth metal oxides have excellent abrasive qualities.

Abstract: A method of forming fiber reinforced aluminum phosphate bonded material having improved strength at elevated temperatures. The method comprises the steps of: (a) preparing a slurry by blending alumina and aluminum phosphate solution, the slurry being substantially free of silica; (b) providing a fiber substrate coated with a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, platinum, copper, silver, gold, palladium, cobalt, chromium and titanium; (c) infiltrating the slurry into the fiber substrate; and (d) curing the infiltrated substrate to form a fiber reinforced aluminum phosphate bonded composite material. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fiber substrate is made from SiC fibers and the refractory metal is electrolessly coated nickel.

Abstract: This invention relates to a shaped fibrous material for use in the manufacture of fiber-reinforced metals comprising a uniform mixture of ceramic fibers and aluminum borate whiskers. The invention also relates to a method for producing the shaped fibrous material comprising the steps of dispersing ceramic fibers and aluminum borate whiskers in a suitable solvent containing a binder to form a slurry, transferring the slurry into a suction molding, aspirating and dehydrating the slurry to form a shaped dehydrated fibrous material, and drying and firing the shaped dehydrated fibrous material to obtain the shaped fibrous material. The shaped fibrous material can be cast efficiently into a fiber-reinforced metal with a high yield. The thus produced fiber-reinforced metal has a high wear resistance combined with a very mild nature of attacking the mating member.

Abstract: A body of carbonaceous or other material for use in corrosive environments such as oxidizing media or gaseous or liquid corrosive agents at elevated temperatures, in particular in molten salts such as cryolite, is coated with a protective surface coating which improves the resistance of the body to oxidation or corrosion and which may also enhance the bodies electrical conductivity and/or its electrochemical activity. The protective coating is applied in one or more layers from a colloidal slurry containing reactant or non-reactant substances, or a mixture of reactant and non-reactant substances, in particular mixtures containing silicon carbide and molybdenum silicide or silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which when the body is heated to a sufficient elevated temperature reaction sinter as a result of micropyretic reaction and/or sinter without reaction to form the protective coating.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a refractory casting slip consisting of a refractory matrix material and a finely divided reactive component, as well as a hydraulic binder and various additives, which can be discharged as a free-flowing mass upon addition of water.

Abstract: The whiskers-reinforced ceramics of the present invention is prepared from alumina powder activated by dry milling, with which Ti-based whiskers are mixed, by molding and sintering said mixture.By the present invention the bending strength of the sintered body can be increased without impairing the effect of improving the fracture toughness which is imparted by the incorporation of Ti-based whiskers, since the particle size of alumina crystal in the sintered body can be controlled to 3 microns or less.

Abstract: A method of producing self-supporting ceramic composite bodies of desired shape by infiltrating a permeable self-support preform with polycrystalline matrix material comprising an oxidation reaction product obtained by oxidation of a parent metal precursor, such as aluminum, and optionally containing therein metallic constituents. The composite body is formed by contacting a zone of a permeable self-supporting preform, having at least one defined surface boundary spaced from said contacting zone, with a body of molten metal which is reacted with a suitable vapor-phase oxidant to form an oxidation reaction product.

Abstract: This invention provides composite ceramic powder comprising matrix ceramic powder and fine particles of ceramic, metal or metal compound which are different from the matrix ceramic powder and dispersed in the matrix ceramic powder. The composite ceramic powder is produced by mixing matrix ceramic powder or its precursor with fine particles to be dispersed therein and then heating the resulting mixture. The composite ceramic powder is also produced by dispersing matrix ceramic particles or precursor thereof in an organic solvent with an organic compound as a dispersoid particle precursor and separating and recovering the organic solvent. The composite ceramic powder is suitable for producing sintered bodies having excellent properties, especially with respect to thermal conductivity, flexural strength and light transmittance, by a conventional ceramic fabrication process.

Abstract: A method for fabricating Y.sub.3 Al.sub.5 O.sub.12 (YAG) fibers from water soluble polymers includes a pre-YAG polymer synthesis, with solution viscosity adjustment followed by fiber spinning and heat treatment. The polymer synthesis employs polar solvents such as water or alcohol with a carboxylic acid containing at least two carboxyl groups.

Abstract: A vacuum hot pressed alumina material having small, isometric grains; a uniform distribution thereof; relatively low, predominantly transgranular porosity; and a density approaching the theoretical density of pure alumina produced by vacuum hot pressing alumina powder which contains at least 98.0% alumina, is substantially free of any sintering aids or any other additives, and has a median particle size less than about 3 microns, in a vacuum hot press operated at a temperature of at least about 1350.degree. C. and a pressure of at least 28 MPa (3500 PSI) for a sintering period of at least 1.5 hours. The vacuum hot pressed alumina material also has compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and wear resistance superior to that for most conventional sintered alumina materials.

Abstract: This invention provides a continuous ceramic oxide fiber comprising Al, Y, and O. In another aspect, a method of making the same is taught. The continuous ceramic oxide fiber is useful, for example, as thermal insulation, as a filter component, and as a reinforcement for structural composites.

Abstract: Alumina powder having a .theta.-alumina content of at least 70% by weight and an average primary particle size at least 0.1 .mu.m and containing a tungsten compound in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight in terms of tungsten oxide based on alumina can be used as an abrasive for a magnetic recording medium having good properties.

Abstract: An aluminum titanate ceramic has as main crystalline phases, a crystalline phase of aluminum titanate and a solid solution thereof, a crystalline phase of mullite and a crystalline phase of rare earth titanate represented by RE.sub.2 Ti.sub.2 O.sub.7 (RE represents Y, Yb, Er, Dy, Ho, Tm or Lu). The aluminum titanate ceramic is superior in casting property and has high heat cycle durability.

Abstract: Self-supporting ceramic bodies comprising a polycrystalline material comprising the oxidation reaction product of a parent metal and having therein one or more channels which inversely replicate the geometry of the configured fugitive metal are formed. These self-supporting bodies may be utilized as articles for regulating and facilitating the passage of a fluid therethrough.

Abstract: The present invention relates to golf clubs and particularly the invention relates to improved golf club heads which utilize composite materials in at least a portion therein. Potentially acceptable composite materials includes: metal matrix composite and/or ceramic matrix composite materials. The use of metal matrix or ceramic matrix composite materials in golf club heads result in improved clubs.

Abstract: Disclosed are spherical corundum particles consisting essentially of single particles having an average particle size of 5 to 35 .mu.m and a shape not including cutting edges. The particles are prepared by adding one or more members selected from halogen compounds, boron compounds, and alumina hydrates to pulverized alumina having a specific particle size, heat-treating the mixture at a temperature of at least 1000.degree. C., and disintegrating the heat-treated product. A rubber or plastic composition having a high thermal conductivity is formed by incorporating such particles into a rubber or plastic, and this composition is valuable as a sealing material for a semiconductor, etc..

Abstract: The present invention relates, generally, to a self-supporting porous ceramic composite body and to methods for producing such articles to net or near net shape, which bodies exhibit superior thermal and mechanical properties. The invention also relates to the manufacture of ceramic-metal composite bodies which have ceramic articles incorporated therein.

Abstract: The invention relates to nano-composite powders of alumina and metal constituted of grains of micronic size. Each grain comprises a compact matrix of alumina of a specific surface area less than 5 m.sup.2 /g, in which are dispersed crystallites of transition metals of alloys of these metals, of sizes less than 50 nm. The powder according to the invention may be produced starting with a precursor comprised of a mixed carboxylic salt of aluminum and one or more transition metals. The powders according to the invention permit producing by sintering cermets of alumina/metal benefitting from greatly improved mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties.

Abstract: The ceramic composites consisting of sintered alumina comprising a polycrystalline alumina matrix having a grain size of from 0.5 to 10 .mu.m, and fine particles of TiB.sub.2 2 .mu.m or less in diameter being dispersed in the alumina grains, the composite alumina ceramic containing from 15 to 40% by volume of TiB.sub.2 ; or a ceramic composites comprising a polycrystalline alumina matrix as above, fine particles of TiB.sub.2, and fine particles of SiC, the fine particles of TiB.sub.2 and SiC being each 2 .mu.m or less in diameter and being dispersed in the alumina grains, the ceramic composites containing from 5 to 30% by volume of TiB.sub.2 and from 5 to 30% by volume of SiC.

Abstract: Ceramic beads having a bimodal pore distribution are prepared by a process involving a) formation of a ceramic particle slurry, b) adding a foamable prepolymer to the slurry to form a mixture, c) dispersing the mixture as beads in a second liquid, d) polymerizing and foaming the prepolymer, e) recovering the beads and firing them to remove the polymer and bond the ceramic particles. The beads can optionally be joined by sintering. Beads with a monodal pore distribution can be made by using a nonfoaming prepolymer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a material which is refractory, porous, resistant to fluorine-containing gases, stable in its volume and heat-insulation, particularly in the form of formed bricks, for a refractory, heat-insulating lining in electrolytic cells, in which metal aluminum is extracted by electrolysis from aluminum oxide dissolved in a fluoride melt; the material has an Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 content of over 50 wt % and a TiO.sub.2 content of 2.5-10 wt % and during the action of fluorine-containing gases at temperatures between 700.degree. and 1000.degree. C. in the area of the material exposed to the fluorine gas, on free surfaces, particularly at the boundary surfaces of intergranular hollow spaces, needle-shaped TiO.sub.2 crystals and/or TiO.sub.2 -containing crystals are formed, growing without regularity into the porous space. The invention furthermore relates to a method for the manufacture as well as the use of the refractory material.

Abstract: A high-Tc oxide superconductor including Bi, Sr, Ca, Cu, O and at least one of Pb and Al, with a high critical temperature than that of liquid nitrogen. A method for producing the high-Tx oxide superconductor is also disclosed, in which Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3, SrCO.sub.3, CaCO.sub.3, CuO and PbO or Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 powders are mixed, calcined, ground, cold-pressed and sintered. The calcined mixture may be melted and annealed to obtain a tape-form superconductor.

Abstract: Ceramic abrasive grits are formed by an impregnation process that involves preparing an alumina hydrate sol, drying the sol to form a porous solid, crushing the solid to produce particles, calcining the dried particles, preparing a mixture of an additive metal oxide or its precursor in a liquid vehicle, impregnating the mixture into the calcined particles, drying the impregnated particles, calcining the dried impregnated particles, and firing the particles to produce ceramic abrasive grits. The concentration of the modifying additive metal is greater at or near the surface of the grit than at the interior of the grit.

Abstract: A process for producing ceramic flake, fiber and grain materials comprising solidifying a hydrated alumina sol, freeze drying the solidified sol and thereafter sintering the freeze dried material is disclosed. Novel ribbed flake material made by the process of the present invention is also disclosed.

Abstract: Fine flaky boehmite particles which have an orthorhombic crystal form and a specified crystal face grown in the form of a flat plate, and a process for the preparation of fine flaky boehmite particles which comprises subjecting aluminum hydroxide or hydrated alumina having a particle size adjusted to the order of submicron to hydrothermal treatment in water or an aqueous alkali solution at a temperature of 150.degree. C. or above and under a pressure of 100 atm or below. The fine flaky boehmite particles are useful as a starting material for the preparation of fine flaky alumina particles or as a filler suitable for a pigment for coating materials, a filler for rubbers and plastics and a coating material for paper making.

Abstract: Novel self-supporting ceramic structures are produced by the oxidation reaction of a molten metal precursor with a vapor-phase oxidant to form an oxidation reaction product. The resulting ceramic material of the polycrystalline oxidation reaction product consists essentially of an oxidation reaction product and, optionally, one or more non-oxidized constituents of the metal precursor.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for making a self-supporting ceramic composite article having a porous core bearing a dense surface layer formed integrally with said core. A preform comprises a filler material and parent metal distributed therethrough, wherein the volume percent of parent metal is sufficient to form a volume of oxidation reaction product exceeding the total volume available within said preform. The parent metal is melted and reacted with an oxidant to form an oxidation reaction product filling the spatial volume and leaving voids. The reaction is continued to further transport molten parent metal through the oxidation reaction product to at least one surface of the preform to form oxidation reaction product on said surface substantially free of voids thereby forming a relatively dense surface layer.

Abstract: An abrasive grain for use as a grinding material comprising alpha-alumina crystal particles substantially smaller than 0.5 microns, solidly dissolved with at least one of Ti, Mn, V, Ga, Zn and Rh, and with an a-axis length of the hexagonal unit cell of the alpha-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 from 4.75892 to 4.76340 angstroms when measured by a powder X-ray diffraction method, and a density of more than 90% of the theoretical value, and an abrasive grain for a grinding material, comprising alpha-alumina crystal particles substantially less than 0.5 microns, solidly dissolved with at least one of Mg, Ni and Co, and with an a-axis length of the hexagonal unit cell of the alpha-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 from 4.75930 to 4.76340 .ANG. when measured by a powder X-ray diffraction method, and a density of more than 90% of the theoretical value, and further, a grinding wheel and coated cloth manufactured from these abrasive grains.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an alkali oxide free low density refractory material especially adapted for use as a disposable liner material for molten metal containing vessels. This material includes about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent of a stiffening agent, about 0.1 to about 2 weight percent of a set retarding agent, about 0.1 to 6 weight percent of density reducing materials, about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent of a plasticizer, up to about 2 weight percent of a secondary binder, and the balance of a refractory aggregate which is preferably MgO. The stiffening agent and set retarding agent are used in substantially the same amounts to provide the disclosed refractory material with increased resistance to slumping while, at the same time, allowing spraying apparatus residence times of up to 30-40 minutes without clogging. The composition includes less than about 0.

Abstract: Abrasive material with particularly high abrasive performance is obtained in that the ceramic material contains an additive of 0.01 to 15 percent by weight, preferably 0.1 to 3 percent by weight of a chromium compound.

Abstract: An aqueous slurry of about 100-1000 centipoises viscosity suspending about 200-2000 g/l of aluminum hydroxide particles smaller than 5 .mu.m is spray-dried, and the dried powders are calcined to obtain alumina powders. The alumina powders have a sharp particle size distribution, being suitable for electronic, abrasive and refractory applications.

Abstract: The inorganic foam body consists of an at least partially open-cell foam formed by thermally foaming and hardening a mixture comprising an alkali water glass and a filler from the group of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminous cement, crushed rocks, graphite or mixtures thereof. It is produced by heating a mixture comprising an alkali water glass and a filler from the group of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminous cement, crushed rocks, graphite with a blowing agent, and preferably azodicarbonamide, at temperatures of at least 180.degree. C., and preferably of from 200.degree. C. to 300.degree. C. The foam body has a bulk density within the range of from 50 to 500 kg/m.sup.3, and preferably of from 50 to 400 kg/m.sup.3.

Abstract: Cordierite-forming green substrates having high wet strength are prepared from fine-particle size minerals, including about 5 to 30 weight percent of delaminated kaolin and, preferably, about 15 to 39 weight percent calcined kaolin. The other fine-particle size minerals utilized are preferably talc having a particle diameter of about seven microns or less and alumina having a particle diameter of about one micron or less.

Abstract: A non-magnetic substrate material which contains 0.5%-3% of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and 3%-16% of at least either ZnO or SnO.sub.2 (but with ZnO+SnO.sub.2 <=16%) in addition to components of 45%-60% of TiO.sub.2, 5%-20% of BaO and 20%-35% of CaO, and a floating-type magnetic head with a slider made of the above-mentioned non-magnetic substrate material.