Abstract: This disclosure relates to a procedure, which through the application of a catalyst in homogeneous phase, allows the transformation of heavy hydrocarbons (vacuum residue, atmospheric residue, heavy and extra-heavy crudes) into hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight, characterized because after its application, the hydrocarbons obtain greater API gravity, lower kinematic viscosity and different composition by hydrocarbon families (SARA) that increases the proportion of saturated and aromatic resins and asphalts. The sulphur and nitrogen content is also reduced, resulting in higher yields to high commercial value distillates and a lighter product as compared to the original crude.

Abstract: Multi-metallic bulk catalysts and methods for synthesizing the same are provided. The multi-metallic bulk catalysts contain nickel, molybdenum tungsten, copper, and optionally, titanium and/or niobium. The catalysts are useful for hydroprocessing, particularly hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation, of hydrocarbon feedstocks.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the process for the preparation of Pyrylium salts having the formula represented below. Present invention provide a simplified method of producing symmetrical and unsymmetrical pyrylium salts. The invention explores readily available starting materials with reaction conditions which are suitable for industrial scale applications. All the synthesized compounds were confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray analysis. Mass of the compounds confirmed by HRMS analysis.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions consisting of a) at least one metal salt, ammonium salt or phosphonium salt of a strong Brønsted acid and b) at least one primary aliphatic monoamine, processes for preparation thereof and use thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing a hydrogenation catalyst or catalyst precursor comprising a catalytically active material and a carrier material. The method involves the mixing of an acidic solution comprising metal ions of a metal selected from the IUPAC group 8, 9 or 10 metals, preferably cobalt, a suspension comprising the carrier material and an alkaline solution. The invention also relates to a precursor of a hydrogenation catalyst wherein the precursor comprises crystallites of metal oxides having an average size of max. 8 nm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a porous material, at least comprising the steps of providing a mixture (I) comprising a composition (A) comprising components suitable to form an organic gel and a solvent (B), reacting the components in the composition (A) in the presence of the solvent (B) to form a gel, and drying of the gel obtained in step b), wherein the composition (A) comprises at least one compound (af) comprising phosphorous and at least one functional group which is reactive towards isocyanates. The invention further relates to the porous materials which can be obtained in this way and the use of the porous materials as thermal insulation material and in vacuum insulation panels, in particular in interior or exterior thermal insulation systems as well as in water tank or ice maker insulation systems.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a Lewis acid-base pair catalytic initiator and an application thereof. The Lewis acid-base pair catalytic initiator includes a Lewis acid and a Lewis base, the Lewis acid having a structural general formula as shown in formula (I) and the Lewis base having a structural general formula as shown in formula (II); wherein: the A is selected from element Baron or element Aluminum; the R1, R2, R3, R4 are independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or halogen groups; the alkyl or alkoxy have a carbon number being equal to or greater than 1 to equal to or less than 16; the aryl contains substituents with the number being equal to or less than 5, the substituents being selected from methyl, methoxy or halogen; n is selected from an integer from 1 to 16.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of reducing or disproportionating peroxide, comprising combining an organic chalcogenide, an iron salt, and the peroxide in the presence of an additional reductant, which can be the organic chalcogenide. The method can be used to, e.g., prepare alcohols from peroxides and to disproportionate hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to compounds comprising a perfluoroelastomer and a blend of two different particle size carbon blacks that, when cured with a curing agent, comprise a heterocyclic or perfluorinated crosslink. Such compounds comprise copolymerized units of unsaturated fluorinated olefins, a perfluoro(vinyl ether), and a cure site fluorinated monomer having a nitrile cure site, plus a blend of carbon blacks. Articles cured from these compounds exhibit improved sealing force.

Abstract: Disclosed is a new polyolefin catalyst and preparation therefor. Specifically, disclosed is a catalytic system comprising a new complex of iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium, and platinum. In the presence of the catalytic system, oily polyethylene can be efficiently obtained from simple olefins such as ethylene under mild conditions, highly branched oily alkane mixture is then obtained after hydrogenation. The alkane mixture can be used as a processing aid and a high-performance lubricant base oil. The present invention also provides a method for preparing the catalyst, a method for preparing the highly branched oily alkane mixture and a method for preparing functional polyolefin oil.

Abstract: The current invention relates a bulk catalyst precursor (i.e. no support material is added as such) comprising Ni and Mo and/or W and an organic component, wherein the molar ratio of C:(Mo+W) ranges from 1.5 to 10. The bulk catalyst precursor is prepared from a mixture of metal-precursors with an organic agent. The organic agent is partly decomposed to form a mixed metal-oxide/C phase which is in effect the bulk catalyst precursor. This bulk catalyst precursor (i) is effectively insoluble in water (ii) does not have any appreciable pore volume or surface area and (iii) does not contain a (nano)crystalline metal-oxide phase as characterized by XRD. A bulk catalyst is made from the bulk catalyst precursor.

Abstract: A process for preparing a ketone or carboxylic acid by catalytic oxidation of a secondary or primary alcohol comprises adding the secondary or primary alcohol as a raw material and N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) combined with phthalocyanine, serving as a catalytic system, into an amount of an organic solvent into which oxygen gas is then introduced, to proceed with an oxidation reaction to give the ketone or carboxylic acid. The oxygen gas is employed as the source of an oxidant. The oxidation reaction may be carried out under normal pressure at 60 to 120° C. for 9 to 36 hours. The process can produce a high yield of ketone or carboxylic acid. Compared with conventional technology, the process has several advantages, such as the green oxidant, the cheap catalyst which can also be easily prepared and separated, and mild reaction conditions, and it is also an environmentally friendly process for alcohol oxidation.

Abstract: A method for preparing concentrated and stable nanoparticle organosols using phase transfer is disclosed. The method includes transferring nanoparticles from a hydrosol into a hydrocarbon carrier with the aid of a transfer agent. The transfer agent can be added before, during or after the reaction of nanoparticle preparation and can be added to the aqueous or the organic carrier. The nanoparticles may be prepared in situ, pre-prepared in-house or commercially available. At the optimum values of the different parameters; namely precursor concentrations, amount of transfer agent and concentration of nanoparticles in the organosol, complete transfer of the nanoparticles may be achieved. The approach employs room temperature, moderate mixing and minimum number and quantity of chemicals relative to prior art. The nanoparticles may be used in fluids used in oil and gas recovery including drilling, completion, and stimulation fluids.

Abstract: Thallium salens can be synthesized by reacting thallium alkoxide with a salen ligand. As examples of the invention, the dinuclear complexes Tl2-(salo-But) and Tl2-(saloPh-But) were synthesized by the reaction of thallium ethoxide with (H2-salo-But) or (H2-saloPh-But). These thallium salens may have applications as fluorescent tracers (or taggants) for subterranean fluid flows.

Abstract: Provided are a tungsten precursor compound to which a substituent is bonded so as to obtain thermal stability and a method of forming a tungsten-containing film using the precursor.

Abstract: A process includes periodically or continuously introducing an olefin monomer and periodically or continuously introducing a catalyst system or catalyst system components into a reaction mixture within a reaction system, oligomerizing the olefin monomer within the reaction mixture to form an oligomer product, and periodically or continuously discharging a reaction system effluent comprising the oligomer product from the reaction system. The reaction system includes a total reaction mixture volume and a heat exchanged portion of the reaction system comprising a heat exchanged reaction mixture volume and a total heat exchanged surface area providing indirect contact between the reaction mixture and a heat exchange medium. A ratio of the total heat exchanged surface area to the total reaction mixture volume within the reaction system is in a range from 0.75 in?1 to 5 in?1, and an oligomer product discharge rate from the reaction system is between 1.0 (lb)(hr?1)(gal?1) to 6.0 (lb)(hr?1)(gal?1).

Abstract: Group 4 transition metal-containing film forming compositions comprising Group 4 transition metal precursors having the formula: wherein M is Ti, Zr, or Hf; each E is independently C, Si, B or P; m and n is independently 0, 1 or 2; m+n>1; o and p is independently 0, 1 or 2; o+p>1; each R is independently hydrogen or or a C1-C4 hydrocarbon group; each L is independently a ?1 anionic ligand selected from the group consisting of NR?2, OR?, Cp, amidinate, ?-diketonate or keto-iminate, wherein R? is a H or a C1-C4 hydrocarbon group; and each L? is independently NR? or O, wherein R? is a H or a C1-C4 hydrocarbon group. Also disclosed are methods of synthesizing and using the disclosed precursors to deposit Group 4 transition metal-containing films on one or more substrates via vapor deposition processes.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes, products, and compositions having tetraalkylguanidine salt of aromatic acid. The processes include providing a pre-mix comprising an aromatic carboxylic acid component and contacting a tetraalkylguanidine with the aromatic carboxylic acid component in the pre-mix to form the tetraalkylguanidine salt of aromatic carboxylic acid or producing a catalyst composition by contacting the tetraalkylguanidine with the aromatic carboxylic acid component to form the tetraalkylguanidine salt of aromatic carboxylic acid. The compositions include the tetraalkylguanidine salt of aromatic carboxylic acid. The product is formed by the tetraalkylguanidine salt of aromatic carboxylic acid.

Abstract: A process for preparing, 2-[[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy]methyl]-N-hydroxy-benzenamine of formula (I) comprising: mixing 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-[(2 -nitrophenyl)methoxy]-1H-pyrazole of formula (II) with a nitrogen-containing base, a sulfur compound, a solvent and a platinum-based catalyst in the presence of hydrogen.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to supported multi-metallic catalysts for use in the hydrotreating of hydrocarbon feeds, as well as a method for preparing such catalysts. The catalysts are prepared from a catalyst precursor comprised of at least one Group VIB metal, at least one Group VIII metal and an organic acid. The catalyst precursor is thermally treated to partially decompose the organic acid, then sulfided. The catalysts have a high carbon-as-carboxyl to total carbon ratio (Ccarboxy/Ctotal) as a result of a unique post-metal calcination method employed during the manufacture of the catalyst.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to supported multi-metallic catalysts for use in the hydrotreating of hydrocarbon feeds, as well as a method for preparing such catalysts. The catalysts are prepared from a catalyst precursor comprised of at least one Group VIB metal, at least one Group VIII metal and an organic acid. The catalyst precursor is thermally treated to partially decompose the organic acid, then sulfided. The catalysts have a high carbon-as-carboxyl to total carbon ratio (Ccarboxy/Ctotal) as a result of a unique post-metal calcination method employed during the manufacture of the catalyst. As a result, the hydrotreating catalysts have lower percent weight loss-on-ignition, higher activity and longer catalyst life.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to supported multi-metallic catalysts for use in the hydrotreating of hydrocarbon feeds. The catalysts are prepared from a catalyst precursor comprised of at least one Group VIB metal, at least one Group VIII metal and an organic acid. The catalyst precursor is thermally treated to partially decompose the organic acid, then sulfided. The catalysts have a high carbon-as-carboxyl to total carbon ratio (Ccarboxy/Ctotal) as a result of a unique post-metal calcination method employed during the manufacture of the catalyst.

Abstract: Methods of forming antimicrobial resin compositions comprising silver nanoparticles are disclosed, wherein the resin compositions that are generated exhibit lower initial color, reduced color shift upon storage and reduced levels of spontaneous polymerization. Such methods generally comprise: combining a silver-containing material with a self-cure and dual-cure base resin in situ wherein the base resin does not contain a catalytic amine; and adding a catalytic resin to the mixture of the resin and silver-containing material in order to form the final cured resin. Antimicrobial polymeric materials formed by said methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: Catalyst compositions useful in the production of insulating polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam are disclosed. The catalyst compositions impart increased stability of a mixture of the catalyst, a halogen-containing blowing agent, and a polyol. These catalyst compositions comprise of at least 10% of a tetraalkylguanidine and at least 10% of a tertiary amine catalyst with an isocyanate reactive group. These improved catalysts can be used with any halogenated blowing agent, and provide substantial stability benefits with the use of hydrofluoroolefins and hydrofluorochloroolefins. In an exemplary embodiment, a process includes providing a pre-mix comprising a hydrohaloolefin blowing agent, at least one polyol, water, and a catalyst comprising 10-50% tetramethylguanidine and 10-90% of one or more of an amine catalyst containing an isocyanate reactive group.

Abstract: Methods of forming antimicrobial resin compositions comprising silver nanoparticles are disclosed. Such methods generally comprise: combining a silver-containing material with a resin in situ in the presence of a silver-binding compound; and curing the resin. Antimicrobial polymeric resin compositions formed by said methods have a lighter color than control compositions and also display a slower release of silver ions over time.

Abstract: Flow batteries incorporating an active material with one or more catecholate ligands can have a number of desirable operating features. Commercial syntheses of catechol produce significant quantities of hydroquinone as a byproduct, which presently has limited value in the battery industry and can represent a significant waste disposal issue at industrial production scales. Using a concerted, high-yield process, low-value hydroquinone can be transformed into high-value 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, which can be a desirable ligand for active materials of relevance in the flow battery industry.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reactive catalyst composition for making a water blown flexible polyurethane foam. The catalyst composition comprises one or more tertiary amine catalysts in combination with (1) 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol or (2) a blend of 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and a C7+ alkanol. The use of such catalyst composition improves the physical properties of the polyurethane foam.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing hydrogen from formaldehyde, the method comprising obtaining an aqueous mixture having a basic pH and comprising formaldehyde, an iron containing photocatalyst, and a base, and subjecting the aqueous mixture to light to produce hydrogen (H2) gas from the formaldehyde.

Abstract: Preparation of a catalyst suitable for use in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis reactions using a two step process in which the steps may be performed in either order. In step a), impregnate an iron carboxylate metal organic framework selected from a group consisting of iron-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (Fe-(BTC), Basolite™ F-300 and/or MIL-100 (Fe)), iron-1,4 benzenedicarboxylate (MIL-101(Fe)), iron fumarate (MIL-88 A (Fe)), iron-1,4 benzenedicarboxylate (MIL-53 (Fe)), iron-1,4 benzenedicarboxylate (MIL-68 (Fe)) or iron azobenzenetetracarboxylate (MIL-127 (Fe)) with a solution of a promoter element selected from alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. In step b) thermally decompose the iron carboxylate metal organic framework under an inert gaseous atmosphere to yield a catalyst that is a porous carbon matrix having embedded therein a plurality of discrete aliquots of iron carbide.

Abstract: Bidentate heteroleptic square planar complexes of (pyridyl)azolates possess optical and electrical properties that render them useful for a wide variety of optical and electrical devices and applications. In particular, the complexes are useful for obtaining white or monochromatic organic light-emitting diodes (“OLEDs”), including doping-free OLEDs. Preferred forms also demonstrate semiconducting behavior and may be useful in a variety of other applications. Within the general complexes of (pyridyl)azolates, the metal and the ligands may be varied to impart different optoelectronic properties.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes, products, and compositions having tetraalkylguanidine salt of aromatic acid. The processes include providing a pre-mix comprising an aromatic carboxylic acid component and contacting a tetraalkylguanidine with the aromatic carboxylic acid component in the pre-mix to form the tetraalkylguanidine salt of aromatic carboxylic acid or producing a catalyst composition by contacting the tetraalkylguanidine with the aromatic carboxylic acid component to form the tetraalkylguanidine salt of aromatic carboxylic acid. The compositions include the tetraalkylguanidine salt of aromatic carboxylic acid. The product is formed by the tetraalkylguanidine salt of aromatic carboxylic acid.

Abstract: In the present disclosure, imidazole-derived materials including M-N—C catalysts, imidazole-derived MOFs and MOF-based M-N—C catalysts as well as methods for preparing the same utilizing mechanochemical synthesis and/or a sacrificial support-based methods are described.

Abstract: Catalyst systems and methods for making and using the same. A catalyst system can include a non-metallocene catalyst having the structure: wherein M is a group 4 element, each of R13-R20 are independently a hydrogen or a methyl group, wherein at least one of R13-R20 is a methyl group, Ar is an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, Ar? is an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, and each X is, independently, a hydride group, an amide, a benzyl group, a methyl group, a chloro group, a fluoro group, or a hydrocarbyl group.

Abstract: A non-aqueous metal catalytic composition includes (a) a silver complex comprising reducible silver ions, (b) an oxyazinium salt silver ion photoreducing agent, (c) a hindered pyridine, (d) a photocurable component, a non-curable polymer, or combination of a photocurable component and a non-curable polymer, and (e) a photo sensitizer different from all components (a) through (d) in the non-aqueous metal catalytic composition, in an amount of at least 1 weight %. This non-aqueous metal catalytic composition can be used to form silver metal particles in situ during suitable reducing conditions. The silver metal can be provided in a suitable layer or pattern on a substrate, which can then be subsequently subjected to electroless plating to form electrically-conductive layers or patterns for use in various articles or as touch screen displays in electronic devices.

Abstract: A non-aqueous metal catalytic composition includes (a) a silver complex comprising reducible silver ions, (b) an organic phosphite, (c) an oxyazinium salt silver ion photoreducing agent, (d) a hindered pyridine, (e) a photocurable component, a non-curable polymer, or combination of a photocurable component and a non-curable polymer, and (f) a photosensitizer different from all components (a) through (e) in the non-aqueous metal catalytic composition, in an amount of at least 1 weight %. This non-aqueous metal catalytic composition can be used to form silver metal particles in situ during suitable reducing conditions. The silver metal can be provided in a suitable layer or pattern on a substrate, which can then be subsequently subjected to electroless plating to form electrically-conductive layers or patterns for use in various articles or as touch screen displays in electronic devices.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a method of preparing a catalyst for a fuel cell component includes soaking catalyst particles in citric acid. The catalyst particles are then rinsed after having been soaked in the citric acid. Catalyst particles are dried after they have been rinsed. When desired, the pre-treated catalyst particles may be incorporated into a catalyst ink used for making a fuel cell component.

Abstract: A novel class of lanthanide metal salen complexes can be used as an ingredient of a catalyst system. The catalyst system can be used in polymerizations of ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon monomers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel method for preparing stabilized oil formulations by means of certain carbodiimides.

Abstract: Thermoplastic resin polymer compositions having a block of random polysiloxane co- or terpolymer structure, such as substituted phenyl-terminated polysiloxane co- or terpolymers having the general structure: provide improved flame resistance, optical clarity, and better low-temperature impact strength compared to conventional blends, additives, and copolymers. The substituted phenyl terminated polysiloxanes may be used to make various polysiloxane-thermoplastic resin polymer and polymer blends, as well as articles including such polysiloxane-thermoplastic resin polymer and blends.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process for the preparation with high selectivity of a compound of formula (I) by isomerization at room temperature of compound of formula (II) in the presence of a complex of formula [Ru(dienyl)2H]X.

Abstract: A bis (2-dialkylaminoethyl) ether synthesizing method is disclosed, which includes steps of: 1) synthesizing: wherein N,N-dialkylethanolamine, N,N-dialkylamine and ethyne are mixed at a mole ratio of 4:3:1-2:1:1 as a raw material; and the raw material, catalyst and solvent are added in a high-pressure clave for reaction in a sealed condition; a weight of catalyst accounts for 2.0%-10.5% of the total weight of the raw material; a reaction temperature is 50-120° C. and the reaction time is 3-7 hours; the clave is then opened after reaction and a filtrate is collected by filtering the reaction mixture; and 2) separating: wherein the filtrate obtained in the step 1) is rectified to obtain the bis (2-dialkylaminoethyl) ether as a product. The synthetic method of the bis (2-dialkylaminoethyl) ether in the present invention has many characteristics, such as simple process, high atomic economy, etc.

Abstract: A formulation for preparing a low density, full water blown polyurethane rigid foam includes an isocyanate component; an isocyanate-reactive component comprising from 30-50 wt % of a first polyether polyol having a functionality greater than 5 and an OH value from 350-550 mgKOH/g; from 5 to 25 wt % of a diol having an OH value from 100-300 mgKOH/g; and from 15 to 35 weight percent of a second polyether polyol having a functionality from 3 to 5; further including from 1.5 to 5 wt % of a catalyst selected from dimethylbenzylamine and/or 1,2-dimethyl-imidazole; from greater than 0 to 1 wt % of a trimerization catalyst selected from a glycine salt and/or tris(dimethyl aminomethyl) phenol; greater than 4.1 wt % water as a blowing agent; and any additional constituents selected such that the formulation, excluding the isocyanate component, totals 100 wt % and, the formulation absent the isocyanate component, has a dynamic viscosity from 540 to 864 mPa*s at 20° C.

Abstract: Disclosed are organic, UV resistant epoxy resins derived largely from vegetable oil. More specifically, the present invention provides a virtually non-toxic, hypoallergenic UV resistant resin that gives off substantially no VOCs or disagreeable odors. The composition comprises a vegetable oil-based polyfunctional carboxylic acid, a cycloaliphatic anhydride, and an epoxy compound either of bicyclic difunctional epoxy resin, epoxidized vegetable oil or epoxidized polymer chains. The composition further comprises a catalyst and a wetting agent. In its cured state the material is leather like and exhibits high tensile strength as well as unusually high, totally reversible elongation. In an alternative embodiment, the resin comprises a cyclic anhydride.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing di(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate (DOTP), which comprises subjecting terephthalic acid and 2-ethylhexanol to esterification in the presence of a chelate catalyst. The method of the present invention increases the reaction rate, improves the filtration efficiency of the ester product and yields DOTP with low APHA.

Abstract: A novel nickel particulate form is provided that efficiently forms a zero-valent nickel complex with a phosphorus-containing ligands in an organic liquid to form a hydrocyanation catalyst. Particles in the nickel particulate form comprise nickel crystallites. For example, the nickel particulate form can have a BET Specific Surface Area of at least about 1 m2/gm; an average crystallite size less than about 20-25 nm, the nickel particulate form can have at least 10% of the crystallites in the nickel form can have a diameter (C10) of less than about 10 nm, and/or there are on average at least about 1015 surface crystallites per gram nickel. A ratio of BET SSA to C50 for the nickel particulate form can be at least about 0.1×109 m/gm and preferably at least about 0.4×109 m/gm. Methods of preparation and use are also provided.

Abstract: This disclosure provides methods of controlled polymerization of cyclic compounds catalyzed by carbene derivatives having a general formula as shown below, and to obtain a biodegradable polymeric material having a large molecular weight, a narrow dispersity, and no metallic impurity.

Abstract: A process for making an improved slurry catalyst for the upgrade of heavy oil feedstock is provided. In the process, a metal precursor solution comprising at least a water-soluble molybdenum compound and a water-soluble metal zinc compound is mixed under high shear mixing conditions to generate an emulsion. The emulsion is subsequently sulfided with a sulfiding agent ex-situ, or in-situ in a heavy oil feedstock to form the slurry catalyst. The in-situ sulfidation in heavy oil is under sufficient condition for the heavy oil feedstock to generate the sulfiding source needed for the sulfidation.

Abstract: A method for preparing an improved slurry catalyst for the upgrade of heavy oil feedstock is provided. In one embodiment, the process comprises: sulfiding at least a metal precursor solution with at least a sulfiding agent forming a sulfided Group VIB catalyst precursor, the metal precursor solution having a pH of at least 4 and a concentration of less than 10 wt. % of Primary metal in solution; and mixing the catalyst precursor with a hydrocarbon diluent to form the slurry catalyst composition. The slurry catalyst prepared therefrom has a BET total surface area of at least 100 m2/g, a total pore volume of at least 0.5 cc/g and a polymodal pore distribution with at least 80% of pore sizes in the range of 5 to 2,000 Angstroms in diameter.

Abstract: A method of making an anti-Markovnikov addition product is carried out by reacting an acid with an alkene or alkyne in a dual catalyst reaction system to the exclusion of oxygen to produce said anti-Markovnikov addition product; the dual catalyst reaction system comprising a single electron oxidation catalyst in combination with a hydrogen atom donor catalyst. Compositions useful for carrying out such methods are also described.

Abstract: A regenerated spent hydroprocessing catalyst treated with a chelating agent and having incorporated therein a polar additive.