Abstract: An aqueous composition comprising: sulfuric acid; a modifying agent comprising a carbonyl-containing nitrogenous base compound; and a peroxide. Said composition being capable of delignifying biomass under milder conditions than conditions under which kraft pulping takes place.

Abstract: Methods for synthesizing a mesoporous nano-sized ultra-stable Y zeolite include combining a microporous Y zeolite having a SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of less than 5.2 with water to form a microporous Y zeolite slurry and heating the microporous Y zeolite slurry to 30° C. to 100° C. to form a heated microporous Y zeolite slurry. Further the method includes adding a 0.1M to 2.0M ammonium hexafluorosilicate solution and a 0.1M to 2.0M ammonium hydroxide solution in a drop-wise manner, either sequentially or simultaneously, to the heated microporous Y zeolite slurry to form a treated zeolite solution and holding the treated zeolite solution at 50° C. to 100° C. Finally the method includes filtering and washing the dealuminated solution with water to form an ultra-stable Y zeolite precursor, drying the ultra-stable Y zeolite precursor, and calcining the dried zeolite precursor to form the nano-sized ultra-stable Y zeolite.

Abstract: The invention relates to systems and methods for disinfecting, recharging, and conditioning zirconium phosphate in a reusable sorbent module. The systems and methods provide for reuse of a zirconium phosphate sorbent module after dialysis.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating a brine solution using a canister for recharging zirconium phosphate in a reusable sorbent module are provided. The canister can include salt and have an inlet and an outlet. The inlet can extend upwardly into an interior of the canister above solid sodium chloride and sodium acetate. Water can be added to dissolve the salts in the canister and the resulting solution can be collected as a brine solution for use in recharging the zirconium phosphate.

Abstract: A method for producing a 1-acyloxy-2-methyl-2-propene represented by the following general formula (II), including reacting a carboxylic acid represented by the following general formula (I), isobutylene, and oxygen, in the presence of a catalyst, in a liquid phase, with an amount of the isobutylene used of more than 1 mol and 50 mol or less per 1 mol of the carboxylic acid.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a mixed oxide composition comprising manganese, aluminum and/or magnesium, and a rare earth element; a method of making the mixed oxide composition; a NOx adsorber comprising the mixed oxide composition; an exhaust system for internal combustion engines comprising the NOx adsorber; and a method for reducing NOx in an exhaust gas that employs the NOx adsorber.

Abstract: A method of recycling superabsorbent polymers derived from a used absorbent article, the method including: treating the superabsorbent polymers with ozone water after inactivation; reactivating, with an alkaline aqueous solution, the superabsorbent polymers treated with the ozone water; and adding hydrophilic fine particles to the superabsorbent polymers reactivated with the alkaline aqueous solution and then drying the superabsorbent polymers.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for vaporizing and transporting an alkali metal salt is shown. The apparatus has a first conduit capable of transporting an alkali metal salt solution and a second conduit in fluid communication with the first conduit, the second conduit capable of transporting steam so that the alkali metal salt is dissipated into the steam forming a solution that can be transported, such as to a remote reaction zone. The solution can be transported via a third conduit that is capable of being heated by a heat source. The method can be used to add a promoter to a dehydrogenation catalyst during a dehydrogenation reaction.

Abstract: Implementations herein relate to methods for reducing a desorption solution for regeneration of ion exchange resins in the field of regeneration of resins. The implementations solve problems related to low utilization rates of regeneration agents and high volumes of desorption solutions during the desorption process. The implementations include regenerating the ion exchange resins, and the regeneration solution becomes the desorption solution. After coagulating sedimentation of the desorption solution and slurry separation, a large amount of organic contents are removed from coagulation serum and a large amount of regenerate agents are left. The implementations further include adding the regeneration agent to the coagulation serum to form new or refreshed regeneration solution to regenerate the ion exchange resins. Accordingly, the coagulation serum may be generated from the desorption solution. These operations may be repeated multiple batches for resin regeneration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a filter material for water filters based on inorganic surfaces, whether they are natural or synthetic that it is regenerated after its first use and a method for activating and regenerating the filter material by the use of inert salt solutions and the energy provided by microwaves.

Abstract: A method for regenerating a carbonyl sulfide (COS) hydrolysis catalyst for hydrolyzing COS which is contained in a gas obtained by gasifying a carbon material, wherein a spent COS hydrolysis catalyst is immersed in an acid solution for a prescribed time thereby removing poisoning substances adhering to the surface of the COS hydrolysis catalyst; and thus regenerating the COS hydrolysis catalyst.

Abstract: Provided are an exhaust gas treatment catalyst for denitrifying an exhaust gas including sulfur oxides and vanadium discharged from a heavy oil combustion boiler, including: a support comprising any one or all of titanium oxide and silica wherein a content of silica is from 10% to 20%, and an active component supported in the support and comprising one selected from the group consisting of vanadium and tungsten.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a regeneration process for producing a regenerated ionic liquid catalyst from solids formed in an ionic liquid alkylation process wherein a first ionic liquid is used as a catalyst which is a composite ionic liquid comprising ammonium cations, and anions being composite coordinate anions derived from two or more metal salts, the regeneration process comprising (a) removing the solids from the reaction zone of the alkylation process; and (b) subsequently treating the solids with a second ionic liquid made from an ammonium salt as cation, and an aluminum salt as anion which is the same as the aluminum salt present in the first ionic liquid.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for forming and processing multiphasic systems. In one embodiment, the invention provides a process for the manufacture of an epoxide, including reacting an olefinically unsaturated compound with an oxidant in the presence of a buffer component and a water-soluble manganese complex disposed in an aqueous phase having a first pH level in a first multiphasic system, adjusting the pH of the aqueous phase to a second pH level less than the first pH level, isolating at least a portion of the aqueous phase from the first multiphasic system, adjusting the pH of the at least a portion of the aqueous phase to a third pH level greater than the second pH level, and introducing the at least a portion of the aqueous phase into a second multiphasic system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing an adamantane polyol by reacting an adamantane with a ruthenium compound and a hypochlorite in a biphasic water/organic solvent system. The process includes the steps of adding an inorganic adsorbent to a reaction system; and adding an alkali to a reaction mixture to separate the ruthenium compound together with the inorganic adsorbent, and reusing the separated ruthenium compound and inorganic adsorbent in a subsequent reaction.

Abstract: Methods of removing iron from a catalytic converter having an accumulation of one or more iron compounds and regenerating a catalytic converter are provided. A catalytic converter having an accumulation of one or more iron compounds embedded or deposited thereon can be treated with a substantially aqueous alkaline solution in which the substantially aqueous alkaline solution includes an antioxidant.

Abstract: A process for the production of acetic acid and/or methyl acetate by the carbonylation of methanol, methyl acetate and/or dimethyl ether with carbon monoxide in the presence of a desilicated mordenite catalyst.

Abstract: In a NOx removal catalyst used for removing nitrogen oxides in flue gas, when a silica (Si) component as an inhibitor that causes an increase in a SO2 oxidation rate accumulates on a surface of the catalyst, the silica component accumulating on the surface of the catalyst is dissolved, thereby regenerating the catalyst. Accordingly, the inhibitor such as the silica component covering the surface of the NOx removal catalyst can be removed, thereby enabling to provide a catalyst without having an increase in the SO2 oxidation rate of the regenerated NOx removal catalyst.

Abstract: A method for regenerating a solid filter containing iodine in the form of silver iodide and/or iodate and possibly molecular iodine physisorbed, in a solid filter containing silver in the form of nitrate. The iodine is extracted from the filter by putting the filter into contact with a basic aqueous solution containing a reducing agent. The extraction is achieved at room temperature, and then the filter is separated from this basic aqueous solution. Next, silver is extracted from the filter by putting the filter into contact with an acid aqueous solution. The filter is then separated from the acid aqueous solution. Finally, the filter is impregnated with silver by putting the filter into contact with a silver nitrate solution and then drying the filter. This method can be used in nuclear installations, notably factories for reprocessing used nuclear fuels.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for forming and processing multiphasic systems. In one embodiment, the invention provides a process for the manufacture of an epoxide, including reacting an olefinically unsaturated compound with an oxidant in the presence of a buffer component and a water-soluble manganese complex disposed in an aqueous phase having a first pH level in a first multiphasic system, adjusting the pH of the aqueous phase to a second pH level less than the first pH level, isolating at least a portion of the aqueous phase from the first multiphasic system, adjusting the pH of the at least a portion of the aqueous phase to a third pH level greater than the second pH level, and introducing the at least a portion of the aqueous phase into a second multiphasic system.

Abstract: Provided are an exhaust gas treatment catalyst for denitrifying an exhaust gas including sulfur oxides and vanadium discharged from a heavy oil combustion boiler, including: a support comprising any one or all of titanium oxide and silica wherein a content of silica is from 10% to 20%, and an active component supported in the support and comprising one selected from the group consisting of vanadium and tungsten.

Abstract: We provide a process and apparatus for preparing a used catalyst for disposal, comprising: a. hydrolyzing a used ionic liquid catalyst comprising an anhydrous metal halide to produce a hydrolyzed product; and b. separating the hydrolyzed product into a liquid phase and a solid phase; wherein the liquid phase comprises a non-water-reactive aqueous phase and a hydrocarbon phase; and wherein the solid phase comprises a solid portion of the hydrolyzed product, that is not water reactive. A vessel is used for the hydrolyzing and a separator is used for the separating.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an artificial zeolite. The method includes the steps of: heating a waste insulator to form a molten insulator; quenching and pulverizing the molten insulator; and heat treating the quenched and pulverized insulator in an alkaline aqueous solution.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for vaporizing and transporting an alkali metal salt is shown. The apparatus has a first conduit capable of transporting an alkali metal salt solution and a second conduit in fluid communication with the first conduit, the second conduit capable of transporting steam so that the alkali metal salt is dissipated into the steam forming a solution that can be transported, such as to a remote reaction zone. The solution can be transported via a third conduit that is capable of being heated by a heat source. The method can be used to add a promoter to a dehydrogenation catalyst during a dehydrogenation reaction.

Abstract: A method for treating a catalyst base that comprises a contact area of porous material. A fluid, such as a flue gas stream, can be conducted along the contact area. A catalytically relevant substance is introduced into pores of the catalyst base using a transport fluid and remains on pore wall areas after removal of the transport fluid. The introduction is carried out such that an amount of the catalytically relevant substance relative to the surface remains on the pore wall areas as a function of location within the pore and decreases within the pore after exceeding a specific pore depth. A blocking fluid can first be introduced into pore regions beyond the specific pore depth, thus blocking these regions when transport fluid containing the catalytically relevant substance is introduced.

Abstract: A method of re-using a spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst, previously used in an FCC process, in an additional FCC process, where the method includes the steps of: providing FCC catalyst that has been utilized in an FCC process, defined as spent FCC catalyst, wherein the spent FCC catalyst includes both aluminum and at least one rare earth element therein; and reacting the spent FCC catalyst with an extracting agent to extract at least a portion of the at least one rare earth element from the spent FCC catalyst, while extracting no more than half of the aluminum from the spent FCC catalyst. After performing the reacting step, the reacted spent FCC catalyst can be used in an additional FCC process.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a spent ionic liquid catalyst including (a) applying a voltage across one or more pairs of electrodes immersed in a spent ionic liquid catalyst comprising conjunct polymer-metal halide complexes to provide freed conjunct polymers and a regenerated ionic liquid catalyst; and (b) separating the freed conjunct polymers from the regenerated ionic liquid catalyst is described. An alkylation process incorporating the regeneration process is also described.

Abstract: A process for regenerating one or more deactivated cobalt comprising Fischer-Tropsch catalyst particle(s), comprising the steps of: (i) oxidizing the catalyst particle(s) at a temperature between 20 and 400° C.; (ii) treating the catalyst particle(s) for more than 5 minutes with a solvent, which solvent comprises an amine, (iii) drying the catalyst particle(s); and (iv) optionally reducing the catalyst particle(s) with hydrogen or a hydrogen comprising gas. This process may be preceded by a step in which Fischer-Tropsch product is removed from the catalyst particle(s).

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for regenerating a sorbent that has been poisoned by components derived from flue gas. The sorbent is treated with an agent to remove the poisoning components and introduce a promoting agent into the sorbent. The method and apparatus can also be used to enhance the effectiveness of a new sorbent.

Abstract: In a NOx removal catalyst used for removing nitrogen oxide in flue gas, when a silica (Si) component as an inhibitor that causes an increase in an SO2 oxidation rate accumulates on a surface of the NOx removal catalyst, the silica component accumulating on the surface of the NOx removal catalyst is dissolved, thereby regenerating the catalyst. Accordingly, the inhibitor such as the silica component covering the surface of the NOx removal catalyst can be removed, thereby enabling to provide a catalyst without having an increase in the SO2 oxidation rate of the regenerated NOx removal catalyst.

Abstract: Processes for the rejuvenation of a spent adsorbent, wherein the adsorption capacity of the spent adsorbent may be repeatedly restored by treating the spent adsorbent with a basic solution and subsequent adsorbent activation, thereby allowing a plurality of adsorption cycles using a single adsorbent sample. Processes for ionic liquid catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion and hydrocarbon product purification are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for regenerating a solid filter containing iodine in the form of silver iodide and/or iodate and possibly molecular iodine physisorbed, in a solid filter containing silver in the form of nitrate. The iodine is extracted from the filter by putting the filter into contact with a basic aqueous solution containing a reducing agent. The extraction is achieved at room temperature, and then the filter is separated from this basic aqueous solution. Next, silver is extracted from the filter by putting the filter into contact with an acid aqueous solution. The filter is then separated from the acid aqueous solution. Finally, the filter is impregnated with silver by putting the filter into contact with a silver nitrate solution and then drying the filter. This method can be used in nuclear installations, notably factories for reprocessing used nuclear fuels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for regenerating a sorbent that has been poisoned by components derived from flue gas. The sorbent is treated with an agent to remove the poisoning components and introduce a promoting agent into the sorbent. The method and apparatus can also be used to enhance the effectiveness of a new sorbent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for regenerating a deactivated heteropolymolybdophosphoric acid catalyst, comprising the steps of grinding the deactivated catalyst into particles having a particle size of 40 mesh or less, mixing the particles with a mixture comprising aqua ammonia, which is an aqueous solution containing ammonium ions and organic auxiliaries, kneading the mixture of particles and aqua ammonia in a kneader to obtain a paste, drying the paste, molding the paste into cylindrical particles with a through hole in its longitudinal axis, and heating the paste in atmosphere at 350˜450° C. for 1˜10 hours to produce the generated catalyst.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for regenerating a sorbent that has been poisoned by components derived from flue gas. The sorbent is treated with an agent to remove the poisoning components and introduce a promoting agent into the sorbent. The method and apparatus can also be used to enhance the effectiveness of a new sorbent.

Abstract: A method for treating a catalyst base that comprises a contact area of porous material. A fluid, such as a flue gas stream, can be conducted along the contact area. A catalytically relevant substance is introduced into pores of the catalyst base using a transport fluid and remains on pore wall areas after removal of the transport fluid. The introduction is carried out such that an amount of the catalytically relevant substance relative to the surface remains on the pore wall areas as a function of location within the pore and decreases within the pore after exceeding a specific pore depth. A blocking fluid can first be introduced into pore regions beyond the specific pore depth, thus blocking these regions when transport fluid containing the catalytically relevant substance is introduced.

Abstract: A system for effecting the pretreatment therewith of a sorbent comprising a conveying line (105), such as a pipe, and a plurality of solution nozzles operative for purposes of introducing a solution to treat the sorbent. More particularly, the conveying line (105) includes an inlet (107), an outlet (109), and an inner surface (105a) that is operative to define a passageway (190) through which sorbent particles are capable of being transported between the inlet (107) of the conveying line (105) and the outlet (109) of the conveying line (105).

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods for treating deactivated SCR catalysts having an increased SO2/SO3 conversion rate as a result of the accumulation of one or more iron compounds. The methods are characterized in that the catalysts are treated with an aqueous solution of an acidic reactive salt or hydrogen fluoride, with the addition of at least one antioxidant.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for regenerating spent ion exchange resin is described. In one method, a fresh regenerant solution comprising sodium ions and chloride ions is prepared, and passed across spent cation exchange resin to regenerate the spent resin. To recover the spent regenerant solution, a regenerant treatment composition is added to the spent solution to form precipitate flocs, which are then separated out of the regenerant solution. The concentration of at least one of the sodium or chloride ions in the regenerant solution can also be adjusted to form fresh regenerant solution which can be reused.

Abstract: Processes are described for the extraction and recovery of alkali metal from the char that results from catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous material. Among other steps, the processes of the invention include a hydrothermal leaching step in which a slurry of insoluble particulate comprising insoluble alkali metal compounds is treated with carbon dioxide and steam at elevated temperatures and pressures to effect the conversion of insoluble alkali metal compounds to soluble alkali metal compounds. Further, processes are described for the catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous material where a substantial portion of alkali metal is extracted and recovered from the char that results from the catalytic gasification process.

Abstract: Processes are described for the extraction and recovery of alkali metal from the char that results from catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous material. Among other steps, the processes of the invention include a hydrothermal leaching step in which a slurry of insoluble particulate comprising insoluble alkali metal compounds is treated with carbon dioxide and steam at elevated temperatures and pressures to effect the conversion of insoluble alkali metal compounds to soluble alkali metal compounds. Further, processes are described for the catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous material where a substantial portion of alkali metal is extracted and recovered from the char that results from the catalytic gasification process.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of regenerating a titanium-containing molecular sieve catalyst. Particularly, this invention provides a method of regenerating a titanium-containing molecular sieve catalyst used in epoxidation of olefin through simple treatment using a mixture solvent comprising aqueous hydrogen peroxide and alcohol. According to the method of this invention, when the catalyst having decreased activity is regenerated, the activity of the regenerated catalyst is equal to that of new catalyst and can be maintained stable for a long period of time.

Abstract: A method for producing hydrogen peroxide by an anthraquinone process includes the steps of: reducing with hydrogen a working solution containing an organic solvent and anthraquinone in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst; and activating the hydrogenation catalyst when a hydrogenation selectivity has decreased due to repeated use, wherein the catalyst activation step includes a step of treating the hydrogenation catalyst with a first alkaline aqueous solution of pH 10 or above containing an alkali metal, and then washing the treated hydrogenation catalyst with water or a second alkaline aqueous solution that is more weakly alkaline than the first alkaline aqueous solution so as to set a catalyst soak solution comprising 5 parts by weight of pure water in admixture with 1 part by weight of the activated hydrogenation catalyst to a pH of 8.0 or above.

Abstract: A method of regeneration of a SCR catalyst for use in high temperature thermal processes such as in a power plant facility burning fossil fuels, bio-based fuels, or a combination thereof, wherein the catalyst is poisoned by phosphorous components in the flue gas and the catalyst is treated using a base, preferably an alkali metal hydroxide.

Abstract: A method of regeneration of a SCR catalyst for use in a power plant facility burning fossil fuels, bio-based fuels, or a combination thereof, wherein poisons are removed from the catalyst. The method is suitable for use during neutralization using C1 to C8 carboxylic acids.

Abstract: A process for regenerating a used acidic ionic liquid catalyst comprising contacting the used ionic liquid catalyst with at least one metal in a regeneration zone in the absence of added hydrogen under regeneration conditions for a time sufficient to increase the activity of the ionic liquid catalyst is described. In one embodiment, regeneration is conducted in the presence of a hydrocarbon solvent.

Abstract: A method of modifying an alkylation catalyst to reduce the formation of condensed hydrocarbon species thereon. The method comprises providing an alkylation catalyst comprising a plurality of active sites. The plurality of active sites on the alkylation catalyst may include a plurality of weakly acidic active sites, intermediate acidity active sites, and strongly acidic active sites. A base is adsorbed to a portion of the plurality of active sites, such as the strongly acidic active sites, selectively poisoning the strongly acidic active sites. A method of modifying the alkylation catalyst by providing an alkylation catalyst comprising a pore size distribution that sterically constrains formation of the condensed hydrocarbon species on the alkylation catalyst or by synthesizing the alkylation catalyst to comprise a decreased number of strongly acidic active sites is also disclosed, as is a method of improving a regeneration efficiency of the alkylation catalyst.

Abstract: A method of regeneration of a SCR catalyst for use in high temperature thermal processes such as in a power plant facility burning fossil fuels, bio-based fuels, or a combination thereof, wherein the catalyst is poisoned by phosphorous components in the flue gas and the catalyst is treated using a base, preferably an alkali metal hydroxide.

Abstract: A method of regeneration of a SCR catalyst for use in a power plant facility burning fossil fuels, bio-based fuels, or a combination thereof, wherein poisons are removed from the catalyst. The method is suitable for use during neutralization using C1 to C8 carboxylic acids.

Abstract: A process is provided for recycling a catalyst slurry comprising an organic material and a solid catalyst having a metal component disposed on a support. The process comprises contacting the catalyst slurry with an inorganic acid, reacting the inorganic acid with the metal component to form an aqueous metal salt solution phase, and an organic material phase, and separating the support from at least one of the organic material phase and the aqueous metal salt solution phase.