Abstract: A catalytic composition for oligomerizing olefins, in particular ethylene, comprises mixing at least one nickel complex, prepared by reacting a nickel salt with a phosphonite ligand, with at least one hydrocarbylaluminum compound in a small proportion with respect to the nickel and selected from the group formed by tris(hydrocarbyl)aluminum compounds, chlorinated or brominated hydrocarbylaluminum compounds and aluminoxanes.

Abstract: Metal catalysts comprising hollow forms or spheres are made of metal alloy and optionally activated. The metal catalysts can be used for the hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, isomerization reductive alkylation, reductive amination, and/or hydration reaction of organic compounds.

Abstract: A fixed bed Raney copper catalyst, which is doped with iron, noble metals or other metals, is employed as the fixed bed catalyst in the fixed bed dehydrogenation of alcohols.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for renewing the activity of a Dispersed Active Metal (DAM) catalyst during operation of a reactor wherein the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to produce a mixture of hydrocarbons is being carried out comprising withdrawing a mixture of hydrocarbons and a portion of the DAM catalyst, reducing the hydrocarbon content thereof, heating the mixture above the melting temperature of at least one of the metals of the DAM to form a melt, removing any slag that forms on the melt, cooling the melt to form a solid, reducing the particle size thereof to form a renewed particulate DAM catalyst, which is then returned to the reactor. Wherein the DAM catalyst is a Raney catalyst, a leachable metal is added to the reduced hydrocarbon mixture or the melt under non-oxidizing conditions and, after the solid is reduced to a fine particle size, extracting the leachable metal with caustic.

Abstract: Raney copper which is doped with at least one metal from the group comprising iron and/or noble metals is used as a catalyst in the dehydrogenation of alcohols.

Abstract: Fixed-bed Raney-type catalysts are made from metal alloy fibers and/or flakes previously fabricated according to the crucible metal extraction method and then tablated, pressed in mats and/or located into a cartridge. The catalysts are used for the hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, isomerization, reductive alkylation, reductive amination, and/or hydration of organic compounds.

Abstract: Metal catalysts comprising hollow forms or spheres are made of metal alloy and optionally activated. The metal catalysts can be used for the hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, isomerization reductive alkylation, reductive amination, and/or hydration reaction of organic compounds.

Abstract: Raney copper, which is doped (promoted) with an effective quantity of a doping (promoting) agent selected from the group boric acid, onium fluorides, salts of fluorine complex anions, and heteropoly acids, represents an outstanding oxidation catalyst for amine-group-containing primary amines to carboxylic acids.

Abstract: This invention is the new and useful embodiment of a long-recongized principle—that heterogeneous catalysis takes place in at least two steps, (1) hydrogen is taken up (absorbed) by the catalyst, and (2) that absorbed hydrogen that undergoes the further catalytic reaction.

Abstract: A process for the modification of a hydrogenation catalyst of the Raney nickel, Raney cobalt, nickel-on-carrier or cobalt-on-carrier type, which process includes treating the hydrogenation catalyst at temperatures of about 0° C. to about 120° C. with carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, a lower aliphatic aldehyde, an aromatic aldehyde, an aliphatic ketone, an aromatic ketone, a mixed aliphatic/aromatic ketone, glyoxal, pyruvaldehyde or glyoxylic acid as the modification agent in a liquid dispersion medium consisting of water or an organic solvent for a duration of about 15 minutes to about 24 hours. When the thus-modified catalyst is used in the hydrogenation of a nitrile to the corresponding amine, the selectivity is increased, and significantly favors the amount of the primary amine vis-à-vis the undesired secondary amine in the hydrogenation product as compared to when the corresponding unmodified catalyst is employed.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for regenerating a hydrogenation catalyst, and hydrogenation methods carried out with a catalyst comprising at least one regenerated catalyst. More particularly, it concerns a method for regenerating Raney catalysts used in total or partial hydrogenating processes of compounds comprising nitrile functions into amine functions. Said method consists in treating the spent catalyst with a basic solution and optionally in subjecting said catalyst to hydrogenation before stripping to eliminate the impurities present on the catalyst. Thus, the regenerating method enables to recuperate up to 100% of the catalytic activity.

Abstract: Raney alloy catalysts applied to a support are described, said catalysts having an extremely thin layer of Raney alloy with a thickness of 0.01 to 100 &mgr;m. These catalysts are prepared by vapor deposition of the appropriate metals under reduced pressure. They are generally suitable for all known hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions and are extremely abrasion-resistant.

Abstract: In the overall methods of hydrogenating esters and maleic anhydride, which methods comprise a hydration reaction, comprising conducting the hydration reaction in the presence of the shaped Raney metal fixed-bed catalysts of the invention.

Abstract: A fixed bed Raney copper catalyst, which is doped with iron, noble metals or other metals, is employed as the fixed bed catalyst in the fixed bed dehydrogenation of alcohols.

Abstract: A method for producing fine, essentially contamination free, noble metal alloys is disclosed. The alloys comprise particles in a size range of 5 to 500 nm. The method comprises 1. A method for preparing a noble metal alloy at low temperature, the method comprising the steps of forming solution of organometallic compounds by dissolving the compounds into a quantity of a compatible solvent medium capable of solvating the organometallic, mixing a portion of each solution to provide a desired molarity ratio of ions in the mixed solution, rapidly quenching droplets of the mixed solution to initiate a solute-solvent phase separation as the solvent freezes, removing said liquid cryogen, collecting and freezing drying the frozen droplets to produce a dry powder, and finally reducing the powder to a metal by flowing dry hydrogen over the powder while warming the powder to a temperature of about 150° C.

Abstract: Raney copper, which is doped (promoted) with an effective quantity of a doping (promoting) agent selected from the group boric acid, onium fluorides, salts of fluorine complex anions, and heteropoly acids, represents an outstanding oxidation catalyst for amine-group-containing primary amines to carboxylic acids.

Abstract: To obtain a Raney catalyst for fixed bed permitting a continuous use with a high initial activity and to produce a high purity sugar-alcohol at a low cost using the same. For this object, sugar-alcohol is produced by: using the powder type Raney catalyst made by using for the hydrogenation under the hydrogen pressure a lump form Raney catalyst made by (i) the first step for melting nickel and aluminum, (ii) the second step for obtaining quenched lump alloy by quenching droplets of said melted mixture and (iii) the third step for classifying and activating said quenched lump alloy as it is or once it is broken, collecting said lump form Raney catalyst, crushing into powder and reactivating, and hydrogenating sugars under the hydrogen pressure.

Abstract: A novel precious metal doped porous metal catalyst is disclosed. The precious metal is present in from 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent and distributed throughout the particles of porous metal to provide a surface to bulk ratio distribution of not greater than 60. The present invention is further directed to a process of forming said doped catalyst and to improved processes of catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds.

Abstract: Raney nickel catalysts obtainable by a process in which the melt of an alloy comprising 50 to 94 wt. % aluminum, 10 to 50 wt. % nickel, 0 to 20 wt. % iron, 0 to 15 wt. % cerium, cerium mixed metal, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum or manganese and, optionally, further glass-forming elements is allowed to solidify rapidly with a cooling rate of >104 K/s and the rapidly solidified alloy is then subjected to a treatment with organic or inorganic bases are described. A process for the preparation of the Raney nickel catalysts mentioned and their use in the hydrogenation of organic compounds, in particular aromatic nitro compounds, are furthermore described.

Abstract: An amorphous alloy catalyst for hydrogenation and its preparation method are disclosed herein. The catalyst essentially consists of nickel ranging between 60 and 98 wt %, iron ranging between 0 and 20 wt %, one doping metal element selected from the group consisting of chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese and tungsten ranging between 0 and 20 wt %, and aluminum ranging between 0.5 and 30 wt % based on the weight of said catalyst, wherein the weight percentages of iron and the doping metal element component may not be zero at the same time; and just one broad diffusion peak appears at about 2 &thgr;=45±1° on the XRD patterns of the catalyst within 2 &thgr; range from 20 to 80°. The catalyst herein can be used in processes for hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds such as olefin, alkyne, aromatics, nitro, carbonyl groups, nitrile and soon, and for hydrorefining of caprolactam in particular.

Abstract: Shaped Raney metal fixed-bed catalysts are doped with rhenium. Saturated or unsaturated esters are hydrogenated to their corresponding mono- or polyhydroxyalcohols.

Abstract: Raney copper which is doped with at least one metal from the group comprising iron and/or noble metals is used as a catalyst in the dehydrogenation of alcohols.

Abstract: Skeletal iron catalysts are prepared and utilized for producing synthetic hydrocarbon products from CO and H2 feeds by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Iron powder is mixed with aluminum, antimony, silicon, tin or zinc powder and 0.01-5 wt. % metal promotor powder to provide 20-80 wt. % iron content, then melted together, cooled to room temperature and pulverized to provide 0.1-10 mm iron alloy catalyst precursor particles. The iron alloy precursor particles are treated with NaOH or KOH caustic solution at 30-95° C. to extract or leach out a major portion of the non-ferrous metal portion from the iron and provide the skeletal iron catalyst material. Such skeletal iron catalyst is utilized with CO+H2 feedstream in either fixed bed or slurry bed type reactor at 200-350° C. temperature, 1.0-3.0 mPa pressure and gas hourly space velocity of 0.5-3.0 L/g Fe/h to produce desired hydrocarbon products.

Abstract: A shaped metal fixed-bed catalyst is disclosed which contains at least one catalyst alloy formed of a catalyst metal and an extractable alloying component. The catalyst is activated in an outer layer with a thickness of 0.1 to 2.0 mm starting from the surface by complete or partial extraction of the extractable alloying component. The catalyst may also contain promoters. The catalyst is distinguished from known catalyst in that it is formed exclusively of the catalyst alloy and has a total pore volume of 0.1 to 0.6 ml/g. The catalyst is used for hydrogenation, dehydrogenation and hydrogenolysis reactions.

Abstract: A novel precious metal doped porous metal catalyst is disclosed. The precious metal is present in from 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent and distributed throughout the particles of porous metal to provide a surface to bulk ratio distribution of not greater than 60. The present invention is further directed to a process of forming said doped catalyst and to improved processes of catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds.

Abstract: A shaped, activated, fixed-bed Raney metal catalyst prepared by a method comprising preparing a mixture of powders comprising at least one catalyst alloy of (1) at least one catalytically active Raney process metal, a leachable alloy component and optionally a promoter, (2) at least one binder containing at least one pure Raney metal and (3) a moistening agent. Shaping, calcining and activating said catalyst and doping said catalyst with rhenium.

Abstract: Particulate skeletal iron catalyst is provided which contain at least about 50 wt. % iron with the remainder being a minor portion of a suitable non-ferrous metal and having characteristics of 0.062-1.0 mm particle size, 20-100 m2/g surface area, and 10-40 nm average pore diameter. Such skeletal iron catalysts are prepared and utilized for producing synthetic hydrocarbon products from CO and H2 feeds by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Iron powder is mixed with non-ferrous powder selected from aluminum, antimony, silicon, tin or zinc powder to provide 20-80 wt. % iron content and melted together to form an iron alloy, then cooled to room temperature and pulverized to provide 0.1-10 mm iron alloy catalyst precursor particles. The iron alloy pulverized particles are treated with NaOH or KOH caustic solution at 30-95° C.

Abstract: Skeletal iron catalysts are prepared and utilized for producing hydrocarbon products from CO and H2 feeds by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Iron powder is mixed with aluminum, antimony, silicon, tin or zinc powder and 0.01-5 wt % metal promotor powder to provide 20-80 wt % iron content, then melted together, cooled to room temperature and pulverized to provide 0.1-10 mm iron alloy catalyst precursor particles. The iron alloy precursor particles are treated with NaOH or KOH caustic solution at 30-95° C. to extract or leach out a major portion of the non-ferrous metal portion from the iron, and then dried and reduced under hydrogen atmosphere to provide the skeletal iron catalyst material. Such skeletal iron catalyst is utilized with CO+H2 feedstream in either fixed bed or slurry bed type reactor at 200-350° C. temperature, 1.0-3.0 mPa pressure and gas hourly space velocity of 0.5-3.0 L/g Fe/h to produce desired hydrocarbon products.

Abstract: Noble metal, particularly ruthenium, Raney catalysts which can hydrogenate (1) aromaticity-exhibiting ring portions of organic compounds, (2) carboxylic acids and their ester portions (carbonyl ester groups), (3) ring portions and carboxylic acid or their ester groups in compounds having such ring portions and carboxylic acid or their ester portions, and (4) ring portions and nitrile groups of aromatic nitrile compounds and methods for the preparation of corresponding hydrogenated compounds. The methods allow preparation of hydrogenated compounds having hydrogenated aromatic ring portions, hydrogenated carbonyl ester groups, hydrogenated aromatic ring and carbonyl ester groups, or hydrogenated aromatic rings and nitrile groups under milder hydrogen pressure and temperature conditions than the conventional catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a Raney catalyst comprising iron, cobalt, a third metal wherein the third metal is selected from the group consisting of nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, osmium, iridium and mixtures of any of the metals of this group.

Abstract: According to the invented process an alloy powder of catalytically active metal(s) and alkali-soluble metal(s) is suspended in a solution having a weight 3-10 times of that of the alloy and containing 0.5-4 wt % of an alkali hydroxide, where the amount of alkali hydroxide in the solution used is 5-30% of the weight of the alloy, or the alloy powder is suspended in water and a solution containing amount of alkali hydroxide is dropped to it, the suspension is heated at 90-100.degree. C. until the intensive hydrogen development stops, then a solution containing 10-40 wt % alkali hydroxide is added to the suspension in such amount that the content of the alkali hydroxide relative to the weight of the starting alloy is 10-60 wt %, the suspension is stirred at 30-100.degree. C. for further 3-60 minutes, and the solid phase is separated and washed to neutral.

Abstract: An activated fixed-bed Raney metal catalyst which is free of metal powder, has macropores and is based on an alloy of aluminum and at least one metal of subgroup VIII of the Periodic Table, contains more than 80% by volume, based on the total pores, of macropores and is used for the hydrogenation of low molecular weight and polymeric organic compounds.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a process for preparing a cyano group-containing methylamine, comprising hydrogenating only one of the two nitrile groups of a aromatic dinitrile, wherein the aromatic dinitrile is reacted a a high conversion ratio using a small amount of a catalyst under the conditions of a low temperature and a low pressure to prepare a cyano group-containing aromatic methylamine in a high yield.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a Raney catalyst comprising iron, cobalt, a third metal wherein the third metal is selected from the group consisting of nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, osmium, iridium and mixtures of any of these metals.

Abstract: A process for the removal of catalyst poisons from hops and hop extracts is disclosed. After processing the hops to extract the alpha or beta acids therein, the alpha or beta acids are treated with activated nickel catalyst. The activated nickel catalyst binds the catalyst poisons which are believed to be sulfur containing compounds. The activated nickel and catalyst poisons are separated from the alpha or beta acids, and the alpha or beta acids are then hydrogenated and isomerized into tetrahydroisoalpha acids.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a modified Raney nickel catalyst which can serves as hydrogenation catalyst for hydroxy aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxy-butanal, and 2-methyl-3-hydroxypropanal and hydroxy cyclic ethers such as 2-hydroxy-tetrahydrofuran. Further, a process for preparing diols by using the modified Raney nickel catalyst is provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of doping a Raney nickel catalyst doped with metals by the incorporation of the doping metals in the form of a complex into the alkaline attack medium. Also disclosed is a process for the hydrogenation of nitriles to amines using said catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrites to amines and, more particularly, of dinitriles such as adiponitrile (ADN) to diamines such as hexamethylenediamine (HMD).More precisely, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a catalyst for the hydrogenation of nitriles to amines of Raney nickel type doped with at least one additional metal element selected from columns IVb, Vb and VIb of the periodic classification.It is targeted at providing an economic and easy-to-implement process which makes it possible to obtain catalysts which are both active and selective with respect to nitrites and stable.The process is characterized in that it consists in suspending Raney nickel in a solution, preferably an acid solution, of the additional metal element.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of the catalytic reduction of nitriles to amines by use of Raney catalysts doped with one or a number of additional metal elements chosen from the elements of group IVb of the periodic classification.More precisely, it relates to a process for the hydrogenation of nitriles to amines, characterized in that it essentially consists:in selecting a liquid reaction medium which dissolves the nitrile substrate to be hydrogenated,in using at least one inorganic alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide base,and in adopting a catalyst whose doping element/Ni ratio by weight is between 0.05 and 10%.More specific application to the hydrogenation of dinitriles to diamines or to aminonitriles.

Abstract: A hydrogenation catalyst based on an alloy of aluminum and of a transition metal is prepared by preparing a kneaded material from the alloy and an assistant, converting the kneaded material into moldings, calcining the moldings and treating the calcined moldings with an alkali metal hydroxide, by a process in which the assistant used is(a) polyvinyl alcohol and water or(b) stearic acid,and the catalyst prepared according to the invention is used for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis, in particular the partial hydrogenation of aliphatic alpha,omega-dinitriles to aliphatic alpha,omega-aminonitriles.

Abstract: Halonitroaromatic compounds, e.g., 3-chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene, are selectively hydrogenated into the corresponding haloaromatic amines, in the essential absence of hydrodehalogenation, by reacting same with hydrogen in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a novel Raney-type catalyst composition consisting essentially of an alloy of nickel, aluminum and molybdenum, Ni/Al/Mo, the Al/Mo ratio by weight thereof being equal to or greater than 1.

Abstract: Shaped, activated Raney metal fixed-bed catalysts are obtained by molding a powder of at least one catalyst alloy, comprising at least one Raney process metal as catalytically active component and a leachable alloy component, and a powder of pure Raney process metal as binder with the addition of a shaping aid and pore-producer and subsequent calcination at temperatures below 850.degree. C. During calcination the shaping aid and pore-producer are burned away. Catalyst alloy powder and binder powder thereby sinter together to give a mechanically stable and porous molded item. This molded item thus consists of particles of catalyst alloys which are bonded by the powder of pure Raney process metal. It has no catalytically inactive, ceramic or glassy binder. The surface layer of the molded item is activated by leaching the leachable alloy component contained in the catalyst alloys with caustic soda solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for the production of pellets of metal powder, more particularly pellets of highly active metal powder, for example Raney catalysts.According to the invention, no inert gas atmosphere is required to avoid oxidation of the metal powder. The pellets are produced by direct press molding of the suspension in a wet environment.The invention also relates to the use of catalyst pellets thus produced in trickle-phase and gas-phase processes.

Abstract: A Raney catalyst composition which has ice as a solid carrier. The reaction involving the Raney catalyst of the invention is carried out by portionwise adding a Raney catalyst containing ice as solid carrier to the reaction mixture. The operation-safe cylindrical or angular vessel used for the storage and/or handling of the Raney catalyst has a conical casing or side walls joining to the bottom through a bend radius of greater than 0.5 mm. The vessel is covered by a tightly closing cap.

Abstract: Porous metal aluminide catalysts are formed by sintering together a mixture of aluminum powder with a powdered pyrophorically activatable metal in the proportion of about 11/2 to 3 atoms of aluminum for every atom of the activatable metal to cause the metal to interact and form a coherent mass, then leaching aluminum out of the mass to render it pyrophoric and then destroying that pyrophoricity.

Abstract: A Raney catalyst composition comprises Raney metal coated with fatty monoglyceride.

Abstract: Method for the production of a catalyst suitable for use in the synthesis of methanol obtained by reacting carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide or mixtures thereof, with hydrogen, comprising forming an alloy containing 0 to 50 weight percent zinc, 30 to 75 weight percent aluminum and the balance being substantially all copper, and extracting aluminum from the alloy using an effective concentration of zincate ions in an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide. Catalysts made by this method are disclosed, together with their use in the preparation of methanol.

Abstract: Anhydrous, solid Raney catalysts in fusible, organic embedding media prepared by initially introducing a Raney catalyst slurry into a vacuum mixer under an inert gas atmosphere, admixing the embedding medium, removing the main quantity of the water at temperatures below the melting point of the embedding medium and removing the residual water above the melting point of the embedding medium in vacuum while maintaining mixing. After the dehydration, the vacuum is terminated by applying an inert gas and the product where called for is shaped into low-surface molded bodies.

Abstract: Coating with high-melting metals can be simplified by alloying high-melting metal with sufficient aluminum to make low-melting alloy that is applied, bonded in place, and then subjected to the leaching out of some or most of the aluminum. The resulting surface is porous and will receive and hold top coatings. Leached surface can be pyrophoric and top coating can be exothermically combustible. Pyrophoric powder can also be coated on boron or carbon fibers or sintered with combustible particles. Carbon can be kept from contaminating diffusion-treated workpieces, by conducting diffusion treatment in retorts containing little or no carbon. Porosity can be created by subjecting workpiece to diffusion conditions in contact with depleting material such as powdered nickel or high-nickel aluminides or cobalt or high-cobalt aluminides. Aluminum particles can be electrophoretically deposited on foil and then diffused in. Leaching aluminum out with caustic is improved when a little H.sub.2 O.sub.

Abstract: In a process of producing composite materials consisting of sheet metal plates, metal strips and foils and provided with a skeleton surface structure, a layer of a metal powder which is difficultly flowable and consists of irregularly shaped particles is applied to a continuously moved metallic carrier layer and is bonded to said carrier layer by cold roll cladding and is sintered in a reducing atmosphere at temperatures of 600.degree. to 1000.degree. C. In order to produce composite materials in which the skeleton structure constitutes a layer that is of uniform thickness throughout the surface and is firmly bonded to the carrier layer, the metal powder is uniformly distributed and applied as regards its bulk volume using a distributing roller, which rotates opposite to the main direction of movement of the carrier layer, whereby a uniform thickness is obtained.