Abstract: A method of detecting a membrane protein by mass spectrometry comprises: (a) providing a solution comprising a detergent micelle in which said membrane protein is contained; (b) providing a mass spectrometer comprising a nanoelectrospray ionisation source, a mass analyser and a detector; (c) vaporising the solution using the nanoelectrospray ionisation source under conditions such that the membrane protein is released from the micelle; (d) ionising the membrane protein; (e) resolving the ionised membrane protein using the mass analyser; and (f) detecting the resolved membrane protein using the detector; wherein the solution contains a phosphate ester detergent which forms said detergent micelle. Also provided are reagents for use in said method.

Abstract: Provided are formulations, methods of making, and methods of using a functional fluid of the present invention to achieve and maintain optimal frictional characteristics in machines housing that fluid, wherein the functional fluid comprises, among others, a friction-modifying amount of an alkyl toluene sulfonate salt or a mixture of alkyl toluene sulfonate salts.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for preparing a neutral or an overbased detergent, the process by: reacting (a) a pre-prepared suspension comprising (i) a metal base with a mean particle size of 10 micrometres or less; (ii) a surfactant; and (iii) an organic medium in which the metal base is suspended typically by a physical process. An overbased detergent may be formed with a further reaction with acidifying overbasing agent. The invention further provides a lubricant composition containing said neutral and overbased detergent.

Abstract: This invention relates to an overbased vaterite containing composition, comprising: a disperse medium, and a calcium salt and calcium carbonate dispersed in the disperse medium, at least about 50% by weight of the calcium carbonate being in the form of vaterite, the composition being substantially haze free.

Abstract: Provided are formulations, methods of making, and methods of using a functional fluid of the present invention to achieve and maintain optimal frictional characteristics in machines housing that fluid, wherein the functional fluid comprises, among others, a friction-modifying amount of an alkyl toluene sulfonate salt or a mixture of alkyl toluene sulfonate salts.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing an overbased metal detergent in an oil medium comprising the steps of: (1) providing a metal salt selected from the group consisting of a hydrocarbyl-substituted organic acid; a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, a phenate, a hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylate and mixtures thereof; (2) further providing methanol and a mixture of alcohols containing 2 to about 7 carbon atoms, wherein the mole ratio of methanol to the mixture of alcohols is about 2.

Abstract: The invention relates to thixotropic compositions and methods of manufacture. The compositions are prepared from fatty acids and sulfonic acids mixed with a stoichiometrically equivalent amount of calcium hydroxide. Oils, calcium carbonate and water are also added to create viscous, grease-like materials that are particularly useful for undercoating applications as well as corrosion inhibiting film coatings.

Abstract: A marine lubricating oil has a major amount of oil of lubricating viscosity; and a minor amount of an overbased, alkyl oxy benzene sulfonate having a TBN of at least 200. Between 40 wt. % and 80 wt. % of the alkyl group is attached at the 4-position and higher positions of the alkyl group. The oxy group can be hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, or hexoxy.

Abstract: The anti-shudder durability of power transmitting fluids, particularly automatic transmission fluids, is improved by incorporating a combination of low potency friction modifiers, alkyl phosphites, specific ashless dispersants and a corrosion inhibitor. The anti-shudder durability of these fluids may be further enhanced by inclusion of a metallic detergent.

Abstract: An additive useful in a marine lubricating oil is produced by reacting at elevated temperatures in the presence of at least one light hydrocarbon solvent and promoter: an alkyl oxy aromatic sulfonate; an alkaline earth metal base; carbon dioxide; and an acid component, such as carboxylic acid, an acid anhydride, an acid choride, or ester thereof. If the alkyl oxy aromatic sulfonate is in the acidic form, then the acid component is in the acidic form. If the alkyl oxy aromatic sulfonate is in the neutralized form, then the acid component is in the neutralized form. If the alkyl oxy aromatic sulfonate is in the overbased form, then the acid component is either in the acidic form or in the neutralized form.

Abstract: New sulfonated bismuth compounds and the preparation thereof are described. These new compounds can be represented by the following general formulae: ##STR1## where R.sub.1 represents a monovalent linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbonaceous radical containing 8 to 36 atoms of carbon, and R.sub.2 represents an atom of hydrogen or a monovalent linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbonaceous radical containing 8 to 36 atoms of carbon. These compounds, which possess surface-active and wear-fighting properties, are used as fuel additives. They can also serve as starting materials in the manufacture of overbased colloidal products usable as lubricant additives by carbonation of at least one calcium, barium, or magnesium oxide or hydroxide, the carbonate formed being kept as a colloidal dispersion in an organic medium by using at least one of the sulfonated bismuth compounds (I) and (II).