Abstract: Methanol synthesis over a catalyst derived from an alloy of copper and/or a platinum group metal and a highly oxidizable metal such as a rare earth metal can be carried out at unusually low temperatures such as 70.degree. C. and using synthesis gas deficient in hydrogen. The process life of the catalyst is no longer if the starting alloy contains a further metal such as aluminum or manganese. The synthesis gas should preferably be very pure and substantially free of carbon dioxide and water vapor. The process can be advantageously carried out using the catalyst suspended in an inert liquid.

Abstract: Pelletized, high surface area, Cu and Group IA or IIA dual metal promoted Mn-Fe spinels which are reduced and operated in a fixed-bed reactor provide exceptionally high catalytic activity and selectivity in the conversion of CO/H.sub.2 to high molecular weight hydrocarbons. These copper and Group IA or IIA metal promoted iron-manganese catalysts maintain good activity and selectivity to C.sub.5 + hydrocarbons, and give low selectivity to CO2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a precursor of a catalyst containing copper, aluminum and zinc.This precursor is formed by the mixing of two ternary precursors, at different stages of their manufacturing, these two ternary precursors being different from one another in their metallic stoichiometry (atomic ratios between Cu, Zn and Al), in their crystallographic structure and in their elemental morphology.The catalyst obtained from this precursor can be used in particular for the synthesis of methanol.

Abstract: A two-stage process for converting synthesis gas to higher alcohols includes an alkali metal-containing cobalt synthesis gas conversion catalyst in a first stage and a copper-containing catalyst in a second stage. The process allows great flexibility in selecting the product mix by changing catalyst compositions and process conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst and method of making and using same for primary alcohols from synthesis gas. It employes a Group IA alkali metal promoter with copper for a high selectivity and productivity in producing methanol and higher alcohols. Under higher temperatures, and lower hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratios, the catalyst is selective for higher linear alcohols.

Abstract: A process for production of methanol from process gas produced by steam reforming hydrocarbon feedstocks in a tube type reformer followed by removing substantially all CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O from the process gas, adjusting the H.sub.2 /CO molar ratio to about 2 when necessary, and feeding the adjusted process gas to a methanol synthesis reactor contacting a methanol forming catalyst not requiring CO.sub.2 activation at about 200.degree. to about 300.degree. C. to produce product gas comprising methanol, and recovering liquid methanol having purity greater than about 99.85% pure by cooling the product gas to a temperature below the boiling point of methanol and separating the liquid methanol from gaseous components of the product gas. In a preferred embodiment, process gas of H.sub.2 /CO molar ratio of about 2.0 to about 2.

Abstract: Crystalline platinum or palladium aluminosilicates are prepared by incorporating platinum or palladium onto the aluminosilicate and mixing with a methanol synthesis catalyst. Conversion of synthesis gas to low molecular weight hydrocarbons, particularly C.sub.2+3 hydrocarbons, with substantial yield and high selectivity employing these platinum or palladium aluminosilicate compositions as catalysts are also disclosed.

Abstract: A crystalline, galliosilicate molecular sieve having the mordenite structure and the following composition expressed in terms of oxide mole ratios in the anhydrous state:Ga.sub.2 O.sub.3 :xSiO.sub.2 :yM.sub.2 O:tQ.sub.2 Owhere M is an alkali metal, preferably sodium, Q is a quaternary ammonium cation, preferably a benzyltriethylammonium cation, x equals 5.0 to 30, y equals 0.1 to 0.99, preferably 0.40 to 0.90, t equals 0.01 to 0.9, preferably 0.1 to 0.6 and yet equals about 1.0. The crystalline, galliosilicate molecular sieve of the invention may be employed, after reducing its alkali metal content and decomposing Q, as a component of a catalyst which can be used in a variety of chemical conversion processes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a precursor of a catalyst containing copper, aluminum and zinc.This precursor is formed by the mixing of two ternary precursors, at different stages of their manufacturing, these two ternary precursors being different from one another in their metallic stoichiometry (atomic ratios between Cu, Zn and Al), in their crystalographic structure and in their elemental morphology.The catalyst obtained from this precursor can be used in particular for the synthesis of methanol.

Abstract: A process is provided for regenerating aged copper-containing coprecipitated methanol synthesis catalyst. The process includes treating the aged catalyst in an oxidizing atmosphere according to a specified time-temperature ramp, then in a reducing atmosphere. The oxidation-reduction cycle may be repeated as needed. An advantage of the invention is that the catalyst may be regenerated in situ in the same vessel in which the catalyst is utilized to make alcohol.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of methanol by contacting a gaseous mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a novel catalytic system formed by combining (a) a copper salt (b) an alcohol, and (c) a complex hydride, and allowing the combined components to react.

Abstract: What is described is a process for the production of silicon via the carbothermic reduction of silicon dioxide in which silicon carbide is fed as the total reductant source or as a portion of the reductant input. The process also includes recovery and recycle to the furnace silicon monoxide and other silicon-containing materials from the by-produced gases from the furnace to maximize raw material efficiency. Finally, the process includes the recovery of value from the by-produced gases via the use of the gases as a chemical intermediate or the use of the gases as a fuel for a combustion process.

Abstract: The medium pressure Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons conducted with an iron catalyst is made more efficient by temporarily suspending conventional synthesis and treating the catalyst with a high partial pressure of water vapor, after which conventional synthesis is resumed. The treatment inparts a large increase in selectivity for liquids with reduction of methane formation. The treatment is very effective with alkali (e.g. potassium) promoted precipitated iron catalyst.

Abstract: A process for producing methanol by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen, wherein said reactants in the gaseous phase are introduced into a reaction zone comprising one or more fixed catalyst beds using a liquid absorbent, selectively absorbing substantially all of the methanol formed, followed by desorption of the methanol. The absorption of methanol is preferably effected in a separate absorption zone.

Abstract: A process for producing methanol or mixed alcohol which comprises reacting a synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide in a fluidized catalyst bed.Catalyst particles having an average particle diameter of not more than 150 microns and a particle density of at least 1.7 g/cm.sup.3 are used as the fluidized catalyst.The catalyst particles are contacted with the synthesis gas at a superficial linear velocity of at least 0.2 m/sec. under a pressure of 40 to 200 atmospheres.

Abstract: Catalyst composition for the production of methanol and higher saturated aliphatic alcohols from synthesis gas. The catalysts consist essentially of:(i) about 0.18 to about 0.81 mol fraction of copper;(ii) about 0.045 to about 0.54 mol fraction of thorium;(iii) up to about 0.54 mol fraction of zirconium; and(iv) about 0.01 to about 0.2 mol fraction of an alkali metal.

Abstract: A method of preparing methanol consists in that a synthesis-gas containing carbon oxides and hyddrogen is passed through a fixed bed of a copper-containing catalyst under pressure of 3.0-15.0 MPa at a temperature of from 150.degree. to 300.degree. C. The catalyst is divided into two parts either in an equal proportion or in a smaller/greater ratio equal to 0.5-1. The gaseous mixture obtained after passing the first part of the catalyst bed is stirred prior to the supply thereof to the second part of the catalyst bed. As a result, the reaction mixture is formed containing the aim product. Each subsequent direction of passing the synthesis-gas through the catalyst bed and that of removing the reaction mixture are changed to opposite with respect to the previous direction.

Abstract: An improved Fischer-Tropsch process for hydrocarbon synthesis operated in the fluid mode of the Sasol's Synthol Process provides increased diesel and heavier hydrocarbon yield wherein a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst modified by a minor amount of a zeolite catalyst selectively converts enough waxy product to prevent adhesion between catalyst particles which might interfere with catalyst flow thereby permitting maximization of diesel oil and heavy hydrocarbon yield.

Abstract: Self-supporting web of brass or similar cupreous metal is catalytically activated by diffusing aluminum into its surface at low temperatures and then leaching out some of that aluminum with dilute mineral acid, preferably HNO.sub.3, or ammonium persulfate. Resulting catalyst is very effective for reaction of CO with H.sub.2 to make methanol, and web provides very good thermal conductivity for improved temperature control. Activation can be confined to one face of web. Other self-supporting catalysts can be made similarly.

Abstract: An integrated power system is located adjacent a body of saline water. The power system includes a solar powered and a wind driven engine. Desalinization and electrolysis of the water is provided. The system produces carbon dioxide and hydrogen which are used to generate methanol. The methanol can be used as a fuel to drive a combustion engine.

Abstract: A process for synthesis gas conversion utilizing perovskite catalysts is disclosed herein. The perovskites utilized in the process have a carbon selectivity of about eight mol percent or more for oxygenated compounds containing one to six carbon atoms. The process comprises reacting synthesis gas in the presence of a perovskite catalyst in the temperature range of about 200.degree. C. to about 400.degree. C.

Abstract: Improved process for the catalytic gas phase preparation of low molecular weight (C.sub.2-6) olefinic hydrocarbons from mixtures of H.sub.2 and CO, the improvement consisting of contacting and reacting a mixture of H.sub.2 and CO, at a H.sub.2 /CO molar ratio within the range 0.3 to 1.5, at a space velocity of 1 to 100 minutes.sup.-1, at a pressure of 1 to 2000 psia (6.894 kPa to 13.788 MPa), at a temperature within the range 200.degree. to 400.degree. C., in the presence of the catalyst of the empirical formula AB.sub.1-a Fe.sub.a O.sub.3, wherein A, B and a are defined herein, for example, LaFeO.sub.3.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a silica-containing carrier on which a metal component iron, nickel, or cobalt promoted by zirconium is supported snd, in addition, as promoter a noble metal from Group VIII of the Periodic Table; the promoter cobalt/zirconium catalyst is suitable for the preparation of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an improved catalyst and method for the production of methanol from both binary and ternary synthesis gas mixtures.

Abstract: A process for the production of catalyst materials stabilized in the active state, comprising activating the catalyst starting materials in a reducing gas atmosphere, impregnating the activated catalysts with the melt of a solid inert to the active catlayst, and solidifying the melt impregnation by cooling. The particulate catalyst starting material is passed under the reaction conditions of the activation stage through a reaction zone filled with the reducing gas atmosphere which is in direct contact with the melt of the impregnating solid; the activated catalyst material is introduced into this melt; subsequently removed therefrom; and the molten solid left to solidify. If desired, the impregnated catalyst material may be mechanically size-reduced.

Abstract: A process for producing a fluidized catalyst for synthesis of methanol, which comprises molding a composition comprising(A) 10 to 55% by weight of a mixture composed of water-insoluble copper, zinc and zirconium compounds convertible respectively to copper, zinc and zirconium oxides under calcination conditions, said mixture optionally containing a boron compound,(B) 45 to 90% by weight of water, and(C) 0.01 to 1% by weight of ammonia into fine particles, and calcining the fine particles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of activation of a CuO/ZnO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 catalyst slurried in a chemically inert liquid. Successful activation of the catalyst requires the use of a process in which the temperature of the system at any time is not allowed to exceed a certain critical value, which is a function of the specific hydrogen uptake of the catalyst at that same time. This process is especially critical for activating highly concentrated catalyst slurries, typically 25 to 50 wt %. Activation of slurries of CuO/ZnO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 catalyst is useful in carrying out the liquid phase methanol or the liquid phase shift reactions.

Abstract: A process for producing an ester is disclosed comprising contacting a gaseous reactant containing at least one organic hydroxy compound and a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with an ester synthesis catalyst of the formulaM.sub.a A.sub.b RuCu.sub.c N.sub.z O.sub.xwhereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ce, Cr, Fe, Mn and mixtures thereof,A is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or mixture thereof,a is from 0 to about 1,b is from 0.002 to about 10,c is from 0.2 to about 20,z is from 0 to about 196 by weight,x is the number of oxygens needed to fulfill the valence requirements of the other elements.The organic hydroxy compound can be provided separately or formed by contacting a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with an alcohol synthesis catalyst at an elevated temperature and pressure. The alcohol synthesis catalyst and ester synthesis catalyst can be in tandem or mixed.

Abstract: Process for manufacturing primary alcohols by reacting carbon oxides with hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst containing, as essential elements, copper, zinc and aluminum, in respective atomic ratios of Zn/Al=0.4:1 to 2:1 Co/Al=0.2:1 to 0.75:1; Cu/Al=0.1:1 to 3:1, the proportion by weight of each metal with respect to the total metals weight being: copper: 10-50%; cobalt: 5-25%; aluminum: 5-30%; zinc: 10-70%, the homogeneity of the catalyst being such that the variations of the atomic ratios Al/Co, Cu/Cc, Zn/Co within the catalyst, at the scale of 5 nanometers are lower than 15% with respect to the average value of said ratio. The catalyst may be prepared by complexing or by coprecipitation of the catalyst elements.

Abstract: This invention relates to a promoted finely divided or supported iron carbide-based catalyst which is produced by a gas phase pyrolytic decomposition reaction driven by a laser and the use of such a catalyst to produce various heavier hydrocarbons from CO and H.sub.2.

Abstract: A catalyst suitable for use in catalytic shift, or methanol synthesis, comprises copper, zinc oxide, magnesia, and at least one trivalent metal oxide, e.g. alumina. The amount of magnesia is such that the magnesium atoms constitute 0.2 to 7% of the total number of copper, zinc, and magnesium atoms.

Abstract: A process for producing an organic compound from a hydrocarbon containing feedstock. The feedstock is divided into two fractions. The first is subject to a primary steam reforming reaction. The reaction product is then combined with the second fraction and reacted with a free oxygen-rich gas in a secondary reforming reactor to form a synthesis gas having a ratio ofH.sub.2 /[2(CO)+3(CO.sub.2)]between 0.80 and 1.00. The synthesis gas is then mixed with a hydrogen-rich stream, which has been separated from a purge gas from the synthesis loop, to form a final synthesis gas. The final synthesis gas is injected into a synthesis loop in which the desired organic compound is formed. The purge gas extracted from the loop is subjected to a physical separation to form a hydrogen-rich gas stream and a residual gas stream. A portion of the hydrogen-rich stream is recycled to form the final synthesis gas.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a mixture of saturated primary alcohols by reacting carbon oxides with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst formed essentially of the following elements: copper, cobalt, zinc, at least one metal A selected from the group consisting of alkali and alkaline earth metals and optionally zirconium and/or at least one metal M selected from the group formed of scandium, yttrium and rare earth metals and/or at least one metal N selected from group VIII noble metals, the proportion by weight of each metal element being: copper: 15-55%, colbalt: 5-25%, zinc: 15-70%, metal A: 0.01-5%, zinconium: 0-55%, metal M: 0-20%, metal N: 0-1%, the total amount by weight of zinc and zirconium in percent by weight of all the metals being from 15 to 70% and the atomic ratios between these metals being: Cu/Co: 0.2:1 to 5:1 and Zn/(Zn+Zr): 0.05:1 to 1:1 and (Zn+Zr)/Co: 0.5:1 to 8:1.The catalyst may be prepared by complexing or by coprecipitating catalytic elements.

Abstract: A catalytic system and process for producing mixtures of methanol and higher alcohols from synthesis gas, the catalytic system comprising zinc, chromium, copper, one or more alkaline metals, and possibly one or more metals chosen from molybdenum, manganese, lanthanium, cerium, aluminium, titanium and vanadium, either all or only part of said elements being chemically bonded to oxygen and/or together.

Abstract: A process for producing alcohols by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising (a) copper; (b) zinc; (c) at least one element selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, thorium and mixtures thereof; and (d) at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Ethanol is prepared with high selectivity by the catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch reaction to form alcohols from hydrogen and carbon monoxide, using a catalyst containing:(1) at least one element selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten and rhenium in free or combined form;(2) a promoter comprising an alkali or alkaline earth element in free or combined form; and optionally(3) a support;forms an alcohol fraction boiling in the range of motor gasoline in at least about 20 percent CO.sub.2 free carbon selectivity.

Abstract: In a process for carrying out a chemical equilibrium reaction by introducing gaseous starting compounds in a reaction zone containing a fixed bed of coarse catalyst particles having interstices between them, fine particles adsorbing substantially all of the product compounds are passed downwardly through the interstices and subsequently withdrawn from the reaction zone.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrocarbons which comprises bringing a gas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide into contact with a catalyst comprising manganese oxide, alkali metal, sulfur, and ruthenium to produce hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons formed are rich in olefins. When a catalyst prepared by combining the above described catalyst with crystalline zeolite is used, the hydrocarbons formed becomes rich in liquid hydrocarbons, particularly, a gasoline fraction.

Abstract: A catalyst and process useful for the production of alcohols from CO and H.sub.2. The catalyst has the formula:RuCu.sub.a M.sub.b A.sub.c N.sub.z O.sub.xwhereinA is an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal or mixture thereof,M is Mo, W or mixtures thereof,a is about 0.3 to about 10,b is 0.03 to about 5,c is about 0.3 to about 15,z is 0 to about 1 weight percent, andx is the number of oxygen atoms needed to fulfill the valence requirements of the other elements.

Abstract: A copper-nickel catalyst containing on an inert, refractory carrier metallic copper and nickel as active component bound to the carrier, characterized in that(a) the catalyst contains at least 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the catalyst, of metallic copper,(b) the catalyst contains less than 20% by weight of metallic nickel, based on the total weight of metallic copper and metallic nickel, the catalyst containing at least 1% by weight of metallic nickel, based on the total weight of the catalyst,(c) at least 80% by weight of the nickel is alloyed in the metallic copper,(d) the copper-nickel-alloy is present on the carrier in small metal particles with an average particle size of less than 14 nm.The invention also relates to the production of this catalyst and to its use for the reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen.

Abstract: Crystalline ferroborosilicate compositions are prepared from a silica containing mixture by digesting a reaction mixture comprising a tetraalkylammonium compound, a sodium hydroxide, a boron compound, an oxide of silicon, an iron ion source, an optional chelating agent and water to provide the crystalline ferroborosilicate which is then palladium ion-exchanged. This composition may be used alone or physically mixed with a methanol catalyst. Conversion of synthesis gas, dimethylether, ethylene and methanol to low molecular hydrocarbons employing these new ferroborosilicates as catalysts is also disclosed.

Abstract: An alcohol composition suitable for mixing with gasoline comprises at least 30 percent by weight of methanol, the remainder of said composition comprising higher alcohols the distribution of which on a methanol-free basis isC.sub.2 --about 10 to 90 weight percent,C.sub.3 --about 15 to 60 weight percent,C.sub.4 --about 0.5 to 35 weight percent,C.sub.5 --about 0 to 15 weight percent,C.sub.6 --about 0 to 15 weight percent,and wherein the percent of C.sub.3 is equal to or greater than 1.25 times the percent of C.sub.4.The alcohol composition can be prepared from hydrogen and carbon monoxide under alcohol forming conditions in the presence of a catalyst containing copper and uranium and alkali or alkaline earth metal.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel crystalline silicate useful as a catalyst for various organic reactions such as polymerization of organic compounds, alkylation, isomerization, disproportionation and the like, which has a chemical composition represented by the general formula in the terms of mole ratios of oxides under dehydrated state,(0.1-2)R.sub.2/n O. [aLa.sub.2 O.sub.3.bCe.sub.2 O.sub.3 ].ySiO.sub.2in which R is at least one mono- or divalent cation, n is the valence of R, M is at least one trivalent transition metal ion and/or aluminum ion, and a+b=1, a.gtoreq.0, b.gtoreq.0, and y.gtoreq.12.

Abstract: New catalysts comprising molybdenum on supports of defined wide-pore carbons are useful as catalyst for reaction of CO with H.sub.2 for synthesis of hydrocarbons. Catalysts may be made by depositing Mo(CO).sub.6 on the carbon support particles by vapor deposition or solution impregnation. The catalyst may also comprise a second metal, such as rhodium or palladium.

Abstract: Synthesis gas (a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide) is converted to hydrocarbons by flowing the gas first over iron-containing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and then over a zeolite. The Fischer-Tropsch catalyst contains relatively little nitrogen as a result of its preparation by continuous precipitation at a pH ranging from about 6.6 to 6.9 and a temperature ranging from about 80.degree. to about 100.degree. C.

Abstract: Mixed metal oxide catalysts suitable for the production of alcohols from carbon monoxide and hydrogen are prepared by:(a) forming a solution of the metals in a polar organic solvent,(b) precipitating the metals from the solution either in the form of their oxides or a form thermally decomposable to the oxides,(c) calcining the precipitate to form the oxides and remove thermally decomposable components therefrom, and(d) where an anion other than oxide remains from step (c) removing same from the precipitate.Suitable polar organic solvents are ketones, esters, ethers and alcohols, particularly C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 alcohols. Preferably, the precipitated metals are washed with water to remove anions other than oxide. The method is particularly suitable for the production of catalysts containing metals such as uranium which are difficult to precipitate from aqueous solution.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process of use of a copper and cobalt-containing catalyst for synthesizing saturated primary aliphatic alcohols. This process comprises a first step consisting in at least one catalyst prereduction by means of a gas mixture containing a reducing compound, a second step wherein the prereduced catalyst is contacted with a mixture of hydrogen and carbon oxides (CO, CO.sub.2) for at least 10 hours, so as to produce a mixture of alcohols; a third step wherein the catalyst obtained in the second step is subjected to a treatment with a gas mixture containing a single reducing gas, during about 1 to 400 hours and a fourth step of synthesizing saturated primary aliphatic alcohols from a mixture containing hydrogen and carbon oxides.Optionally the process also comprises an additional step consisting of subjecting the catalyst, whose activity and/or selectivity has been partially lost, to a new treatment according to the procedure defined for the third step.

Abstract: Catalysts useful for the preparation of alcohols from synthesis gas and containing at leat three metal or metal oxide components are prepared by partially oxidizing an intermetallic compound or alloy with a metal oxidizing agent whereby the agent is incorporated into the catalyst.

Abstract: A process for preparing oxygen-containing organic compounds from synthesis gas which comprises contacting the synthesis gas with a solid catalyst prepared by the steps of: mixing (A) a copper compound, (B) a nickel compound and (C) a zinc compound; calcining the mixture; mixing the calcined product with (D) a potassium compound; and then reducing the resulting mixture.The selectivity of alcohols such as ethanol and propanol is high in the process of the present invention. The catalyst of the present invention can be used effectively over long periods of time, since the dissipation of the nickel component in the catalyst during the reaction is decreased.