Abstract: Compounds prepared by the addition of the mercaptan group of 3,5-dialkyl-4-aminobenzenethiol to activated ethylenic double bonds or the sulfenyl chloride of 3,5-dialkyl-4-aminobenzenethiol to trialkyl phosphites are effective stabilizers for organic materials subject to oxidative and/or thermal degradation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a resin composition which selectively absorbs light of the wavelength band in the vicinity of wavelength 580 nm, as well as to the optical products to be formed from this resin composition. The beads possessing light selective function are formed from a transparent polymer which contains a neodymium compound: these beads are then dispersed in a transparent resin composition. Comparing to the case when the neodymium compound is directly dispersed in the resin composition, a large amount of neodymium compound can be added to the resin composition without decreasing the mechanical and thermal properties of the resin composition.

Abstract: A flame retardant resin composition which includes the following component (A) and component (B) blended in the ratio (A):(B)=100:1-40 parts by weight. Component (A) is a thermoplastic resin including 0-70% by weight of a rubber component and 100-30% by weight of a polymer component formed from monomers comprising a methylated aromatic vinyl monomer and an hydroxylated aromatic vinyl monomer and, optionally, an aromatic vinyl monomer other than the above monomers, a cyanated vinyl monomer, a (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer, maleic anhydride, and a maleimide monomer; graft ratio of the thermoplastic resin being 10-150% when the rubber component is used. Component (B) is a flame retarder.

Abstract: Flame retardant polymer blend compositions exhibiting increased weld line strength comprise a polycarbonate polymer, an ABS resin, a phosphate flame retardant compound and a polyalkylmethacrylate. Preferred polyalkylmethacrylates comprise polymethylmethacrylate homopolymer and copolymers thereof with at least one C.sub.l -C.sub.4 alkyl acrylate.

Abstract: A crosslinkable resin composition containing:(A) from 10% to 90% by weight of a thermoplastic resin component,(B) from 90% to 10% by weight of a curable resin component, comprising, expressed by reference to the curable resin (100%),(i) 50% to 95% of a (meth)acryloyl derivative, and(ii) 50% to 5% of a (meth)allyloxy derivative, and(C) from 0% to 30% by weight of a plasticiser for the thermoplastic resin component, is disclosed.Also a new crosslinked resin layer and a process for the manufacture of the new crosslinked resin layer on a substrate are described.The crosslinked resin layer herein exhibits a desirable balance between flexibility, resistance to stain and resistance to scuff properties, in combination with outstanding mechanical and chemical properties.The crosslinkable resin composition is particularly suitable for coating application of various substrates such as flooring materials, wall covering materials, coils, wires, and various shaped articles e.g. cars, containers and metallic profiles.

Abstract: A flow modifier for a thermoplastic resin, which is a hydroxyphenyl-containing organophosphorus compound represented by formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 each represents a hydroxyl group, ##STR2## a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; a, b, c, and d each represents an integer of from 1 to 3; n represents 0 or an integer of from 1 to 3; when n is 0 or 1, the compound contains one hydroxyl group or ##STR3## group per molecule; and when n is 2 or 3, the compound contains one or two, in total, of hydroxyl group and ##STR4## group per molecule and thermoplastic resin composition containing the flow modifier is disclosed.

Abstract: Improved thermoplastic resinous blends are disclosed comprising a carbonate polymer; an organophosphorus compound; a fluorinated polymer; and a halogenated diphenol oligocarbonate.

Abstract: According to the present invention there are obtained improved ignition resistant carbonate polymer blends having unexpectedly better combinations of toughness, ignition resistance, processability and stability. In particular the blend comprises a major amount of carbonate polymer, a minor amount of a rubber-modified monovinylidene aromatic copolymer, and an optional rubbery core/shell graft copolymer impact modifier. As ignition resistance additives the blends contain a metal salt of an aromatic sulfur compound, a buffering aromatic sulfur compound, an organophosphorus compound, and a tetrafluoroethylene polymer.

Abstract: A flexible, lead-stabilized polymeric blend comprising polyvinylchloride, an ethylene copolymer and an alkyl acid phosphate, phosphoric acid or mixtures thereof, the formulation being resistant to lead-cation-induced cross-linking of the ethylene terpolymer.

Abstract: A thermoplastic elastomer composition comprising, as the main blend components, 100 parts by weight of a crystalline chlorinated polyethylene with a chlorination degree of from 20 to 45% and a heat of crystal fusion of from 5 to 35 cal/g as measured by a DSC method and from 10 to 75 parts by weight of a plasticizer.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel filament winding, hand lay-up, reaction injection molding, and pultrusion methods for producing novel articles. Each of the inventive methods utilizes a resin composition comprising a polyester base resin, a viscosity and flow improving agent, and a filler. The viscosity and flow improving agent comprises a phosphated polyester, said phosphated polyester being a saturated polyester having acidic groups. Using the inventive methods, articles having exceptionally high aluminum trihydrate loadings can be formed. These articles exhibit excellent flame resistance and smoke evolution properties.

Abstract: A surface coating composition and method for applying the same to the inorganic substrates. The composition comprises a moisture-curable aqueous urethane dispersion, a cross-linking agent and an anionic surfactant, wherein the anionic surfactant has a phosphate group substituent. The aqueous urethane dispersion comprises discrete linear aliphatic urethane chains and the several chains are linked together upon curing.

Abstract: A flame resistant molding composition containing a polycarbonate resin, a graft polymer and, as a flame retarding agent a phosphoric acid ester of novolak in combination with an anti drip agent is disclosed. The composition may further contain a thermoplastic copolymer and/or polyalkylene terephthalate. A process for the preparation of the composition is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing polyamide fibers with reduced flammability by melt mixing a polyamide with a phosphate ester of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein n is a number of from 1 to 10;m is a number of from 0 to 3;x is a number of from 0 to 3;R is linear or branched C.sub.1 - to C.sub.18 - alkyl radical;at a temperature of from about 180.degree. to about 280.degree. C., and melt spinning fibers.

Abstract: A novel composition is a solution in an organic solvent of an electron donor-acceptor complex of a conjugated aromatic polyazomethine compound and a Lewis acid compound. This composition is coated on a transparent support and the solvent is evaporated to produce an optical device. Decomposition of the polyazomethine-Lewis acid complex coated on the substrate produces a new optical device comprising a film of the polyazomethine compound on the substrate. Compositions of the present invention can also be used for the preparation of optical wave guides, optical switching elements, fibers, and dielectric materials.

Abstract: There is provided a fire retardant polycarbonate resin composition comprising a polycarbonate resin, a specific partially esterified phosphoric acid metal salt and a specific partially esterified phosphoric acid in specific proportions. The polycarbonate resin composition can provide a transparent molded article which are excellent in fire retardance and heat stability.

Abstract: The invention relates to polymer mixtures which comprise a polyphenylene ether, a sterically hindered amine, an epoxy compound, and a salt of a fatty acid. The polymer mixtures according to the invention have a good stability against discoloring by light.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the discovery of particular water-based emulsion formulations that comprise an environmentally acceptable integrated floor care maintenance system. In particular, the present invention provides a low zinc, low phosphate, acrylic-based, integrated floor care maintenance system that includes a low zinc acrylic floor finish having a zinc content of less than 100 ppm and a phosphate content measured as percent phosphorus of less than 0.4% by weight and a floor finish stripper having no added zinc, no added phosphate and containing from about 0.01 to 5% by weight of an ammonium perfluoroalkylsulfonate wetting and emulsifying agent, such as CAS number 67906-42-7, CAS number 17202-41-4 or a mixture of these. Additionally, this invention provides for a low zinc acrylate floor sealer having a zinc content of less than 100 ppm and a phosphate content measured as percent phosphorus of less than 0.

Abstract: A water-in-oil emulsion of a cationic polymer suitable for inversion, comprising a continuous phase comprising a hydrophobic liquid, a discontinuous phase comprising a water-soluble cationic polymer, and a surface active agent system for inventing the emulsion in water, the system comprising a mixture of at least one alkyl phosphate represented by formula (I) or (II) and at least one other surface active agent compatible with the at least one alkyl phosphate: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group having from 8 to 18 carbon atoms; X and Y, which may be the same or different, each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an ammonium group, or an alkanolamino group; and n1 represents 0 or an integer of from 1 to 4; ##STR2## wherein R.sub.2 and R.sub.

Abstract: A printing ink composition having a high degree of rub-off resistance comprising (a) a dispersion of a pigment in a vehicle containing a C.sub.7 -C.sub.40 oil and (b) a polymer latex emulsified in said dispersion. When employed for printing at high speeds, an anti-misting compound such as tridecyl acid phosphate, phosphoric acid, glycerol, or propylene carbonate is preferentially added to the ink composition. Where cost is not of paramount concern, a polytetrafluoroethylene wax is preferentially added to the ink composition.

Abstract: Disclosed is a viscosity index improver in the form of a high-concentration non-aqueous dispersion of a low-viscosity olefinic polymer and a method of preparing the same.

Abstract: A cationic polymer composition suitable for use as a flocculating agent and as a retention aid in paper making consists of a mixture ofa) a hydrophilic cationic polymer,b) an anionic surfactant,optionally c) a water-immeriscible oil in which the polymer a) is insoluble,and, if c) is present,optionally d) a lipophilic non-ionic surfactant,optionally e) waterand optionally f) an oil-miscible polar solvent.The compositions may be prepared by water-in-oil emulsion polymerisation and are readily diluted with water.

Abstract: The novel fast-drying pressure-sensitive adhesives comprises a polymer of a terminally unsaturated vinyl monomer such as isooctyl acrylate and an emulsifier monomer such as sodium styrene sulfonate plus a phosphate emulsifier, especially certain polyoxyethylene phosphates or salts thereof. Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes comprise a backing and the novel adhesive. The novel tape is particularly useful as an automotive masking tape, because it both aheres strongly and can be cleanly removed from automotive paints after typical baking cycles. As compared to prior tapes the novel tapes have equal or better adhesive performance, i.e., at least 35 N/dm of peel adhesion, with a faster drying adhesive layer. The tapes can, therefore, be produced more economically. Furthermore, the adhesive bubbling problem formerly seen with paper backings is eliminated.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a low shrink BMC molding compound that is uniformly dyeable in virtually any color which includes a contraction-compensating additive, such as polystyrene or polyethlene, about 0.3 to 5 parts by weight of a surface active agent of the formula:R--(--X--).sub.n --OPO.sub.3 H.sub.2 ;wherein X=ethylene oxide or propylene oxide; n=0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 40; R=aromatic or aliphatic residue with a carbon number of 5 to 40; and about 250 to 300 parts by weight of mineral filler.

Abstract: Flame retardant additive compositions for flexible polyurethane foam comprise pentabromodiphenyl ether and non-mutagenic halogenated alkyl phosphate ester mixtures of the formula: ##STR1##

Abstract: A fire retardant composition comprises an aqueous solution of at least one ammonium phosphate, an alkyl acid phosphate having from two to four carbon atoms, and a glycol having from two to four carbon atoms. The fire retardant composition is effective for treating thin cellulosic substrates, such as paper, plywood and fiberboard.

Abstract: Described herein are novel heat-stabilized poly(aryl ether ketone) compositions. Stability is imparted by blending a poly(aryl ether ketone) with an aromatic phosphorus compound and an organic acid having a dissociation constant within a well-defined range.

Abstract: Flame retardant polymer blend compositions comprise a polycarbonate polymer, an ABS resin, a phosphate ester flame retardant and a terpolymer formed from an aryl brominated monovinylic aromatic monomer, an ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer, and an alkyl methacrylate monomer in which the alkyl group has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. A preferred terpolymer comprises a dibromostyrene-acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate terpolymer.

Abstract: A flame retardant produced by surface-treating magnesium hydroxide with a dialcohol amine salt of an alcohol phosphate ester represented by formula (1) ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl, alkenyl group or aralkyl having 10 to 30 carbon atoms, R' represents an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and n represents 1 or 2,and/or an alcohol phosphate ester or an alkali metal salt thereof represented by formula (2) ##STR2## wherein R and n represent the same meanings as in formula (1) and M represents an alkali metal and/or hydrogen, provided that when n=1, each of two M's may independently represent an alkali metal or hydrogen.and a resin composition containing the above flame retardant.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a stabilizer useful to retard transesterification in moldable polymer blends containing polyester(s) during processing of the blends at elevated temperatures, particularly at high temperatures above about 285.degree. C. More particularly, the stabilizer comprises a phosphate-epoxy adduct. The stabilizer may optionally further comprise a reactive functionality component comprising a compound having a imide or oxazoline functionality and/or a hindered phenol component. The invention is also directed to a composition comprising the stabilizer and a particularly defined polymer blend.

Abstract: This invention relates to corrosion-inhibiting compositions and particula to compositions capable of forming films on metal substrates to protect said metal from corrosion. The film-forming compositions which are capable of displacing moisture from the metal surface comprises effective amounts of an acrylic resin, a silicone resin and a copolymer derived from a silicone and alkyd monomers. These resins together with effective amounts of an organic phosphate and a sulfonate are used in combination with lower molecular weight alcohols and at least one solvent.

Abstract: A vulcanizable rubber composition comprising (1) 100 parts by weight of a polymer composition comprising(I) a vinylidene fluoride resin,(II) at least one rubber selected from the group consisting of acrylic rubbers, .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated nitrile-conjugated diene copolymer rubbers and hydrides of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated nitrile-conjugated diene copolymer rubbers, said acrylic rubber consisting of (A) 30 to 99.9% by weight of an alkyl acrylate and/or an alkoxy-substituted alkyl acrylate, (B) 0.1 to 10% by weight of a crosslinkable monomer and (C) 0 to 70% by weight of another ethylenically unsaturated compound copolymerizable with (A) and (B) (the sum of (A), (B) and (C) is 100% by weight) and said .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated nitrile-conjugated diene copolymer rubber consisting of (D) 10 to 60% by weight of an .alpha.,.beta.

Abstract: An aqueous pressure-sensitive adhesive consisting essentially of (1) 100 parts by weight (in terms of solids content) of an aqueous copolymer emulsion obtained by emulsion-polymerizing a monomer mixture consisting of 70-99.9% by weight of at least one alkyl (meth)acrylate in which the alkyl group has 4-12 carbon atoms, 0.1-10% by weight of an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid and 0-29.9% by weight of a monomer copolymerizable therewith, (2) 0.1-10 parts by weight of a phosphoric acid ester compound, and (3) a polyglycidyl compound in such an amount that the proportion of the epoxy group in the polyglycidly compound is 0.1-3 equivalents per equivalent of the carboxyl group in the aqueous copolymer. This aqueous pressure-sensitive adhesive has excellent balance in adhesion to adherend, peelability from adherend and anchoring to substrate; and the peelability from adherend is not varied depending upon the type of adherend and does not change with time or by heating.

Abstract: A plastisol composition which comprises a polyvinyl chloride, a plasticizer and a blocked isocyanate compound as an adhesion-modifier, supplemented with a powdery curing agent for an epoxy resin having a melting point of 50.degree. to 150.degree. C. which is surface-treated. The plastisol composition of the present invention has an improved adhesion property at a lower temperature and is useful as an adhesive, sealing agent and coating agent.

Abstract: A composition comprising epoxidized polyamide wet strength resin and lecithin. The composition provides wet strength to paper and molded pulp products and at the same time increases the internal bonding of the paper or molded pulp products.

Abstract: Magnetic inks useful for the production of magnetic recording products are disclosed. The present magnetic inks contain ferromagnetic barium ferrite particles dispersed in a flexible polymer medium.

Abstract: A flameproof, halogen-free thermoplastic molding material contains, based on the molding material consisting of A, B, C, D and E,(A) 40 to 95% by weight of a thermoplastic halogen-free aromatic polycarbonate based on a diphenol,(B) from 5 to 30% by weight of one or more halogen-free graft polymers obtained from, based on B,(b.sub.1) an elastomer (rubber), which accounts for from 40 to 80% by weight, and(b.sub.2) a graft shell on this elastomer which accounts for from 20 to 60% by weight,(C) from 5 to 50% by weight of one or more halogen-free thermoplastic copolymers consisting of, based on C, from 50 to 95% by weight of styrene, .alpha.-methylstyrene, styrene which is substituted in the nucleus, methyl methacrylate or a mixture of these, and from 50 to 5% by weight of (meth)acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, maleic anhydride, N-substituted maleimide or a mixture of these,(D) 1 to 25% by weight of one or more halogen-free phosphorus compounds of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.

Abstract: High impact resistant polycarbonate, a process for producing said polycarbonate, and a polycarbonate resin composition are disclosed. This polycarbonate consists of a main chain with a cumylphenoxy group, as a terminal group, bonded to at least one end thereof, said main chain comprising a repeating unit represented by the formula (I): ##STR1## and has a viscosity average molecular weight of at least 10,000 and an acetone soluble content of not more than 3.5 wt %. The polycarbonate can be efficiently produced by the process of the invention. The composition comprises a polycarbonate resin and a specific amount of a phosphorus-based antioxidant.

Abstract: Coherent thermoplastic aggregates with very high content of pulverized mineral materials, composed of the said materials, of polyolefin polymers and/or copolymers, and possibly also of various familiar adjuvants, characterized by the fact that, in order for them to have both a volumetric mass close to or at most equal to the theoretical volumetric mass of the pulverized mineral substances entering into their composition and an excellent compatibility with redispersion polymers, the polymers and/or copolymers entering into the composition of the said aggregates in presence of a fluidizing agent are chosen within the group of thermoplastics with melting and/or softening point at least equal to 60.degree. C. and index of fluidity at least 50 (measured according to the standard ASTM D 1238) of the polyolefin type, other than those containing a polar monomer.

Abstract: A thixotropic hot-melt adhesive contains reactive silane groups and is still viscous and plastically moldable after cooling. It contains a mixture ofat least one thermoplastic material, andat least one thixotropic agent,wherein silane groups are contained either in the thermoplastic material itself or in at least one added silane-based binder.

Abstract: An aqueous cleaning, coating and polishing composition consisting essentially of 1 to 20% by weight of a water insoluble alkali soluble addition polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic monomer selected from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid and at least one hydrophobic monomer selected from alkyl acrylate and alkyl methacrylate, where alkyl has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and at least one hydrophobic monomer selected from styrene and monoalkylstyrene where monoalkyl has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 13% by weight of an alkyli soluble 2:1 to 3:1 styrene:acrylic acid resin, 5 to 15% by weight of a fugitive plasticizer, 1 to 3% by weight of a permanent plasticizer, 0.01 to 0.05% by weight of an anionic or nonionic fluorocarbon surfactant leveling agent, 0.0003 to 0.003% by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane antifoaming agent; 0.0003 to 0.003% by weight of a 1,2-benzoisothiazol-3(2H)-one or 3(2H)-isothiazolone preservative, ammonia to provide a pH of 8.0 to 9.6 and water q.s.

Abstract: An extrudable composition comprising hydrocarbon polymer, organophosphite or organophosphate compound and fluorocarbon polymer. The organophosphite or organophosphate and the fluorocarbon polymer are present in the composition in such relative proportions and concentrations as to reduce the occurrence of melt defects during the extrusion of said thermoplastic hydrocarbon polymer.

Abstract: A composition having improved fire retardancy consisting essentially of an ethylene copolymer with at least one other comonomer, an ethylene copolymer with an unsaturated carboxylic acid, an alpha-olefin polymer, a plasticizer, alumina hydrate and/or magnesium hydroxide, glass fiber, a surfactant, and an organic acid, is suitable for making building panels and other construction elements, roofing sheets, wire coatings, pipe wraps, etc.

Abstract: Polyoxymethylene molding materials having improved heat stability and consisting of(A) one or more polyoxymethylene homopolymers and/or copolymers and(B) one or more antioxidants having a sterically hindered phenolic structure,(C) with or without additives, contain(D) as an additive, one or more alkaline earth metal silicates and/or alkaline earth metal glycerophosphates, advantageously in an amount of from 0.002 to 2.0% by weight, based on the weight of component (A),for improving the heat stability, reducing the tendency to discoloration and minimizing the free formaldehyde content.To prepare the novel polyoxymethylene molding materials, the components are advantageously melted in an extruder at from 150.degree. to 260.degree. C.The polyoxymethylene molding materials are useful for the production of films or, preferably, moldings, which are used, for example, in the automotive, electrical appliances and electronics industries.

Abstract: A vulcanizable rubber composition comprising (1) 100 parts by weight of a polymer composition comprising(I) a vinylidene fluoride resin,(II) at least one rubber selected from the group consisting of acrylic rubbers, .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated nitrile-conjugated diene copolymer rubbers and hydrides of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated nitrile-conjugated diene copolymer rubbers, said acrylic rubber consisting of (A) 30 to 99.9% by weight of an alkyl acrylate and/or an alkoxy-substituted alkyl acrylate, (B) 0.1 to 10% by weight of a crosslinkable monomer and (C) 0 to 70% by weight of another ethylenically unsaturated compound copolymerizable with (A) and (B) (the sum of (A), (B) and (C) is 100% by weight) and said .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated nitrile-conjugated diene copolymer rubber consisting of (D) 10 to 60% by weight of an .alpha.,.beta.

Abstract: Compositions of thermoplastic polymers comprising, in mixture, a thermoplastic polymer and a mixture of self-extinguishability-conferring additives, formed by:ammonium phosphate or ammonium polyphosphate: ##STR1## (wherein p is preferably equal to or greater than 50); phosphorus-containing compound definable by means of the general formula: ##STR2## (wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 have the meaning as indicated in the disclosure).

Abstract: An antistatic additive for polymers, particularly polyurethanes, is disclosed. The additive comprises an ionizable metal salt of a fluoroalkyl sulfonic acid and an enhancer. The enhancer is generally a salt or ester of a carboxylic acid or a phosphate ester.

Abstract: Coherent thermoplastic aggregates with very high content of pulverulent mineral materials, said aggregates comprised of the said mineral materials, further of polyolefin polymers and/or copolymers, and possibly additionally of miscellaneous known additives; characterized in that, with the aim of achieving a density near to or at most equal to the theoretical density of the pulverulent mineral materials entering into their composition, while still having excellent compatibility with the polymers of redispersion, i.e., the polymers into which the subject aggregates are to be mixed, the interparticle voids between the grains of the mineral materials, which grains are basically in contact with each other, are at most filled--in the presence of a fluidifacient agent--by at least one polyolefin polymer and/or copolymer having a fusion temperature and/or softening temperature at least equal to 60.degree. C., and having a fluidity index (ASTM 1238) of at least 50.

Abstract: A mineral-filled thermoplastic composition is disclosed which comprises polyethylene or an ethylene-vinyl acetate compolymer; a mineral filler consisting, in the case of polyethylene, of aluminum trihydrate, magnesium hydrate, calcium carbonate or calcium/magnesium carbonates, and, in the case of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, barium titanite or neodymium titanate; and, in the case of polyethylene, an impact promoter consisting of tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, isostearic acid or dodecylpyridinium salts, the selection of the impact promoter being dependent upon the mineral filler being employed, and, in the case of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, an amount of isostearic acid sufficient to increase the ductility of the composition; also disclosed is an additive composition for a thermoplastic composition which comprises a hydrophobic agent and an impact promoter.

Abstract: Repulpable splicing tape, especially adapted for splicing carbonless paper. The preferred adhesive is a blend of acrylate:acrylic acid copolymer, NaOH and/or LiOH KOH, and certain ethoxylated plasticizing components. A small amount of polyamide-epichlorohydrin crosslinker may also be included.