Abstract: A method of preparing a transparent polymer material includes mixing mineral nanoparticles selected from nanoparticles of alkaline-earth metal carbonates, alkaline-earth metal sulfates, metallic oxides, oxides of metalloids, and siloxanes, and a composition A including at least one thermoplastic polymer in the molten state selected from polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in order to obtain a master-batch, the mixture of step i) including at least 25% and at most 75% by weight of the mineral nanoparticles. The master-batch obtained in step i) is mixed with a composition B of a thermoplastic polycarbonate matrix (PCm) in the molten state, to obtain a transparent polymer material including at most 10% by weight of the mineral nanoparticles, preferably at most 5% by weight of the mineral nanoparticles.

Abstract: Strengthened thermoplastic materials use fly ash or cinders as extenders. The extended materials use fly ash or cinders that preferably contain no more than about 2% by weight of moisture. The thermoplastic materials are preferably foamed and extruded to form extruded closed cell foam articles, for example a window blind slat, shutter louver, shutter stile, or shutter frame. Thermoplastic materials formed with the fly ash or cinders can also be formed into non-foamed products or into pellets for use in later extruding to form products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polyolefin composition comprising a polyolefin base resin comprising an olefin homo- or copolymer (A) having hydrolysable silicon-containing groups, and an inorganic mineral filler (B) containing on its surface silanol groups or precursors thereof.

Abstract: A protective coating is provided. This protective coating comprises a synthetic resin solid content (A); and a mixture of (B-1) acetylene glycol represented by the following general formula (1): and/or an ethoxylated derivative of the acetylene glycol represented by the following general formula (2): (B-2) at least one member selected from polyoxy(ethylene-propylene) block polymers represented by the following formula (3): O(C2H4O)w(C3H6O)x(C2H4O)y(C3H6O)zH??(3).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a vegetation basis, which can be molded at low pressure and temperature and further, keep the crumbled structure suitable for plant growth either by means of a viscosity of a sheath-core type fiber or by addition of a hot melt adhesive, as the powder-typed eco-friendly adhesive, and a fibrous material to the artificial soil, instead of using the liquid-type adhesive, and further can readily absorb and retain water even in case the basis is dried after molding, by additionally incorporating bentonite or water absorbant polymer, if necessary, and to a process for production thereof. In addition, the present invention provides an eco-friendly vegetation basis, which can be decomposed within a short period of time after rooting the plants, and a process for production thereof.

Abstract: A method for forming a composite structure, using a mandrel that is later removed from the composite structure, involves production of a mandrel by depositing a particulate mixture, including an aggregate and a binder, into a mold and removing the mandrel from the mold. The mandrel may be treated while still in the mold by heating, curing with an agent, microwave energy, or by some combination thereof. Once finished, the mandrel can be used in manufacturing polymer and/or composite components.

Abstract: A topcoat additive for addition to a topcoat. The topcoat additive includes a liquid thermoplastic polymer emulsified in an emulsifier to obtain a liquid thermoplastic emulsion. The liquid thermoplastic polymer is a silicone thermoplastic polymer including an Si—O backbone. The silicone thermoplastic polymer may be a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thermoplastic polymer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fiber reinforced nylon composition, wherein the composition includes (A) 25 to 75 parts by weight of a polyarylamide resin, (B) 25 to 75 parts by weight of a reinforcing fiber having a cross-sectional aspect ratio of 1.5 or more, and (C) an impact modifier, and the impact modifier is included in an amount of 1 to 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of a mixture of the polyarylamide resin and the reinforced fiber. According to the present invention, the fiber reinforced nylonresin composition may exhibit minimal or no warpage, can have excellent fluidity and impact resistance, and can provide high whiteness and a glossy-coating due to minimal or no surface change after dipping in boiling water.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide materials and methods for hydrophobic coatings that can include hydrophobic core-shell nano-fillers dispersed in an elastomeric polymer matrix.

Abstract: High heat resistant elastic composite laminates, sealants, adhesives, and coatings developed from a resin blend. The resin blend is made up of methyl and optionally phenyl silsequioxane resins selected to produce silanol-silanol condensation silicone polymers formed in a slowly evolving reaction mass containing submicron boron nitride, silica and boron oxide fillers. The required ratio of submicron boron nitride to silica has been discovered for assuring the formation of a high temperature resistant elastic composite blend that will form intermediate flexible ceramic products up to 600 deg C., then continue to form preceramic then dense ceramic products from 600 to 1000 deg C. The thermal yield of the composite is generally greater than 90 wt. % at 1000 deg C. Composite products with different levels of heat transformation can be fabricated within the same product depending upon the thickness of the layers of reinforcement.

Abstract: The present invention relates to polyamide moulding compounds which have very low distortion with good mechanical properties. This is achieved by a combination of transparent polyamide with fibrous reinforcing materials and also particulate fillers. The moulding compounds according to the invention are used for the production of any moulded articles, semi-finished products or finished products.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dried emulsion. In particular, the invention relates to a dried emulsion containing a liquid hydrophobic phase and a water-soluble or water-dispersible polymeric matrix whose hydrophobic phase content is high. The invention also relates to a method for producing the dried emulsion and to uses of this emulsion. The utilized water-soluble matrix contains block copolymers.

Abstract: The vulcanizable rubber mixture according to this invention is used for rubber products in particular vehicle tires and vehicle tire treads, but also technical rubber products like belts on conveyor systems, technical hoses, vibration dampers and impact dampers, or wire coatings. All these products benefit from the improved processability that is achieved with the invention in that the mixture comprises a polymer represented by the formula F1-A-F2, or a mixture of F1-A-F2 with an astral or radial coupling product of F1-A-units, coupled by a multivalent coupling agent; wherein F1 represents a terminal functionalization of the polymeric chain, F2 represents a terminal functionalization different from F1; and A represents the polymeric chain of a polymer formed by the copolymerization between one or more conjugated dienes with one or more aromatic vinyl monomers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a high-performance silicone elastomer composition that is adhesive and that can be crosslinked at high temperature for the assembly of silicone-based substrates, both by platinum and peroxide catalysis, and that may lend itself to a strip conformation. The composition comprises at least one gum, one catalyst and one adhesion promoter of polyorganohydrogensiloxane type, the nature and the amount of said adhesion promoter having been chosen so that Si—H groups are in excess following the reaction for crosslinking the composition, so as to obtain a potential surface density of covalent Si— bonds with the silicone substrate to be bonded of at least one covalent Si— bond per 60 nm2.

Abstract: A thermal spray coating composition comprising up to about 90 weight percent of the composition of a first thermoplastic material and up to about 50 weight percent of the composition of at least one additional thermoplastic material that is different from the first thermoplastic material. Additional components can be added to the empirical compositions in order to best additional secondary properties.

Abstract: A biodegradable resin composition is provided, which is highly transparent with little agglomeration. The biodegradable resin composition comprises a biodegradable polyester resin, a phyllosilicate, and at least one of a polyether phosphate compound, a polar wax and jojoba oil.

Abstract: The invention relates to a plastic component for use in a lighting system, the plastic component comprising a semi-aromatic polyamide (X) comprising repeat units derived from aliphatic diamines and dicarboxylic acids wherein: (a) the aliphatic diamines consist a mixture of 10-70 mole % of a short chain aliphatic diamine with 2-5 C atoms and 30-90 mole % of a long chain aliphatic diamine with at least 6 C atoms; (b) the dicarboxylic acids consist of a mixture of 5-65 mole % aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and optionally aromatic dicarboxylic acid other than terephthalic acid, and 35-95 mole % terephthalic acid; and (c) the combined molar amount of terephthalic acid and the long chain aliphatic diamine is at least 60 mole %, relative to the total molar amount of the dicarboxylic acids and diamines. The invention also relates to a polymer composition that can be used for making the said plastic component comprising 100 pbw of a semi-aromatic polyamide (X) and 1-250 pbw of an inorganic material.

Abstract: An encapsulant adapted for use in a photovoltaic module includes a random terpolymer and a random copolymer. In one embodiment, the terpolymer includes ethylene, methyl acrylate, and glycidyl methacrylate, and the copolymer is a heat resistant copolymer. The encapsulant may include a carrier resin and/or one or more additives, such as a UV absorbing material, a hindered amine light stabilizer, a phosphite antioxidant, and/or a silane.

Abstract: An aqueous dispersion comprising a non-settling colloidal hemicellulose ester polymer in water and a method of producing the same. In the method an esterified hemicellulose is provided wherein at least a part of the esterifying groups are derived from a lower alkanoic acid; the esterified hemicellulose is dissolved in an alkanoic acid to produce a solution; and the solution is dispersed into water to produce an aqueous dispersion of the hemicellulose ester. The present compositions, containing hemicellulose derivatives of low solubility, can be used in paper, paperboard and other fibre-based materials, for paints, surface treatments for polymer films, and polymer films as such, and can be applied as binders.

Abstract: Disclosed is a resin composition including a thermoplastic resin (A), a glass fiber (B) having a ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the fiber cross section of 1.5 to 10 and a flame retardant (C), wherein the mass ratio (A/B) of the thermoplastic resin (A) to the glass fiber (B) is 30/70 to 95/5, and a part or the whole of the thermoplastic resin (A) is composed of a polyamide 11 resin (A1a) or/and a polyamide 1010 resin (A1b); and the resin composition includes 10 parts by mass or more of the polyamide 11 resin (A1a) or/and the polyamide 1010 resin (A1b) and 5 to 40 parts by mass of the flame retardant (C) in relation to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the thermoplastic resin (A) and the glass fiber (B).

Abstract: The invention relates to a specific and novel use of a moulding compound having the following constituents: (A) between 30 and 100 wt. % of a polyamide mixture containing (A1) between 50 and 95 wt. % of an aliphatic, partially crystalline homopolyamide or copolyamide or a mixture of such polyamides, and (A2) between 5 and 50 wt. % of a transparent homopolyamide or copolyamide or a mixture of such polyamides; and (B) between 0 and 70 wt. % of filling and reinforcing materials, and optionally auxiliary materials and additives. According to the invention, the moulding compound can be used to produce a moulded part for drinking water, especially a container or a line, in which, depending on the use, at least some regions of the processed moulding compound are essentially directly exposed to the drinking water.

Abstract: A method for forming a composite structure, using a mandrel that is later removed from the composite structure, involves production of a mandrel by depositing a particulate mixture, including an aggregate and a binder, into a mold and removing the mandrel from the mold. The mandrel may be treated while still in the mold by heating, curing with an agent, microwave energy, or by some combination thereof. Once finished, the mandrel can be used in manufacturing polymer and/or composite components. The mandrel can also be include materials that can be easily removed from the finished composite structure by water, shakeout, chemically dissolving, or by some combination thereof.

Abstract: An aqueous dispersion with a pH of from 2 to 7, comprising (A) at least one swellable polymer or oligomer containing anionic and/or potentially anionic functional groups, (B) surface-modified, cationically stabilized, inorganic nanoparticles of at least one kind, (C) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of amphiphiles and organic compounds which are capable of forming chelate ligands, and (D) at least one crosslinking agent; method for its production and its use for producing highly scratch-resistant coatings, moldings, and self-supporting films.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a thermosetting resin composition including: a bi-functional or multi-functional epoxy resin, a SMA uses as a curing agent, an allyl phenol such as diallyl bisphenol A used as a co-curing agent and a toughening agent a low-bromine or high-bromine BPA epoxy resin or tetrabromobispheno A (TBBPA or TBBA) uses as a flame retardant agent, and an appropriate solvent. After the resin composition of the invention is cured, the resin composition has lower dielectric property and better thermal reliability and tenacity. A copper clad laminate made of an enhanced material such as glass fiber has lower dielectric constant (Dk) and loss tangent (Df), high Tg, high thermal decomposition temperature (Td), better tenacity and PCB manufacturability, and thus very suitable to be used as a copper clad laminate and a prepreg for manufacturing PCBs or applied as a molding resin material for contraction, automobile and air navigation.

Abstract: Electrical power cable having a reduced surface coefficient of friction and required installation pulling force, and the method of manufacture thereof, in which the central conductor core, with or without a separate insulating layer, is surrounded by a sheath of crosslinked polyethylene. A high viscosity, high molecular weight silicone based pulling lubricant or fatty acid amide pulling lubricant is incorporated by alternate methods with the polyethylene to form a composition from which the outer sheath is extruded, and is effective to reduce the required pulling force on the cable during installation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polyamide moulding compound consisting of the following constituents: (A) between 25 and 70 wt. % of an aliphatic polyamide selected from the group PA1010, PA1012, PA1014, PA1210, PA1212, PA1214, PA12 and PA11, or a mixture of at least two of said systems; (B) between 8 and 35 wt. % of a transparent polyamide selected from the group MACM9-36, MACM9-36/PACM9-36, MACMI/12, MACMI/MACMT/12, or a mixture of at least two of said systems; (C) between 10 and 60 wt. % of reinforcing materials; (D) between 0 and 30 wt. % of particulate and/or layered filling materials; and (E) between 0 and 5 wt. % of auxiliary materials and/or additives, the sum of the constituents (A)-(E) amounting to 100 wt. %. Fibres are used at least partially as reinforcing materials (C), the cross-sectional surface of the fibres being either circular or the dimensional ratio of the main cross-sectional axis to the secondary cross-sectional axis being below 2.

Abstract: Tin-free, single-component silicone compositions which are stable with respect to storage in the absence of moisture, and which can be crosslinked into an elastomer by means of polycondensation reactions at ambient temperature and in the presence of water; such elastomers are adherent on various supports and harden rapidly and the silicone compositions contain an alkoxy-functional polyorganosiloxane (POS), a carboxylic acid and/or a carboxylic acid anhydride, and, optionally, a mineral filler of fumed silica type, an alkoxy-functional POS resin and an organometallic compound (containing no tin).

Abstract: The invention relates to absorptive, crosslinked polymers which are based on partly neutralized, monoethylenically unsaturated monomers carrying acid groups, and have improved properties, in particular in respect of their capacity for transportation of liquids in the swollen state, and which has a high gel bed permeability and high centrifuge retention capacity.

Abstract: A baking-drying water damping paint composition from which heavy film-thickness damping paint films can be obtained, heavy film-thickness damping paint films, in which an inorganic filler is filled into the resinous component of paints to higher extent, and which are free from the occurrence of cracks and swelling in the paint films when the paint films are baked and dried.

Abstract: Provided is a polymer composition comprising a thermoplastic, an ethylene alpha-olefin plastomer, a fibrous inosilicate and a slip agent. The polymer composition exhibits superior scratch and mar resistance as indicated by a Ford Five Finger scratch resistance on Ford Fawn 2ZK grain of at least 15 N. Also provided are shaped articles made from the polymer compositions. Also provided are methods for making scratch and mar resistant polymer compositions. Finally, articles made from the polymer compositions are also provided, particularly automotive exterior, interior and fascia parts, requiring scratch and mar resistance.

Abstract: An insulation composition that comprises at least one nitrile butadiene rubber, basalt fibers, and nanoclay is disclosed. Further disclosed is an insulation composition that comprises polybenzimidazole fibers, basalt fibers, and nanoclay. The basalt fibers may be present in the insulation compositions in a range of from approximately 1% by weight to approximately 6% by weight of the total weight of the insulation composition. The nanoclay may be present in the insulation compositions in a range of from approximately 5% by weight to approximately 10% by weight of the total weight of the insulation composition. Rocket motors including the insulation compositions and methods of insulating a rocket motor are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a resin polymer blend comprising at least two dry blended, non-melt processible resin polyimide particulates, wherein the non-melt processible resin polyimide articulates are molded by compression molding.

Abstract: The sealing agent for an optical semiconductor device, which comprises: a silicone resin having a cyclic ether-containing group in the molecular structure; a heat curing agent capable of reacting with the cyclic ether-containing group; and a fine particulate material of silicon oxide, and the sealing agent having a viscosity of 500 to 10,000 mPa·s measured by an E-type viscometer at 25° C. at 5 rpm, a thixotropic value of 1.2 to 2.5 calculated by dividing a viscosity measured by the E-type viscometer at 25° C. at 1 rpm by a viscosity measured at 10 rpm (viscosity at 1 rpm/viscosity at 10 rpm), and a minimum viscosity of 100 mPa·s or higher measured at 1 s?1 in the temperature range of 25° C. to a curing temperature by a parallel plate rheometer.

Abstract: Compacted additive blends, or polymer stabilization agent blends, can be added during the post-polymerization process to enhance the processability performance of polymers. The addition of certain compaction aids, such as high melting or non-melting metallic silicates and others, increases the resistance to friability of the compacted additive pellets. These compaction aids are non-migratory during the compaction process and after introduction into the polymer resin and thus have no deleterious effects. The additive blend can contain a variety of suitable additives in addition to the compaction aids.

Abstract: In order to provide curable molding compositions and shaped plastics articles prepared therefrom having an improved easy-clean property compared with the prior art, it is proposed that the curable molding composition for the production of shaped plastics articles contains a liquid monomeric methacrylate component and an amount of a particulate inorganic material ranging from 45 to 85 wt %, based on the molding composition, and that it further contains a hydrophobic monomeric component comprising at least one organosiloxane that is functionalized with an unsaturated group.

Abstract: A resin composition characterized as containing (A) a synthetic resin having a melting temperature of 300° C. or above and (B) a platy inorganic filler incorporated in the resin and having the following properties; pH of aqueous dispersion: 5.5-8.0, amount of extracted alkalis: Na 30 ppm or below and K 40 ppm or below, maximum diameter a: 50 ?m or below, thickness b: 1.0 ?m or below, and aspect ratio (a/b): 20 or above.

Abstract: Compositions containing selected polymer dispersions, colloidal silica, fillers and pigments are described. These can be formulated to give plasters and renders or paints which are distinguished by excellent abrasion resistance, little tendency to soiling, high water vapor permeability, good adhesion and good weathering stability. The compositions according to the invention can be processed to give plasters and renders or paints which have a nanostructured surface and which differ from conventionally produced surfaces.

Abstract: The use of a sulphur-free and low-emission elastomer blend which has properties of various rubbers, and the mechanical properties thereof are improved, in particular, in relation to the permanent set (DVR), elongation at rupture, tensile strength and/or gas permeability (permeation) in relation to the individual compounds, and it also has an improved temperature resistance and an improved resistance to media. The elastomer blend includes a rubber having at least two functional groups which can be cross-linked by hydrosilylation, at least one other rubber comprising at least two functional groups which can be cross-linked by hydrosilylation, and can be used as a material in the insertion area of the fuel cells, in particular, the direct-methanol-fuel cells.

Abstract: A rubber composition usable for the manufacture of tyres, based on at least a diene elastomer, a reinforcing filler and a coupling agent, characterised in that said filler comprises a synthetic metal hydroxide covered with silica, the metal of the hydroxide being selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe, Mg and mixtures of these metals. Use as reinforcing filler, in a diene rubber composition, of such a metal hydroxide. The metal hydroxide is preferably constituted of aggregates (secondary particles) of anisometric form, the primary particles possibly themselves being of anisometric form, for example in the form of rods, which imparts to the compositions of the invention anisotropic properties which are advantageous for separating their mechanical properties. Use of such a rubber composition for the manufacture of rubber articles, in particular of tyres or semi-finished products made of rubber intended for these tyres, in particular of treads.

Abstract: Thermoplastic polymers, rubbery polymeric components and reinforcing fillers are mixed and heated to a range of 380° F. to 440° F. The resulting mixture is then fed into a Banbury mixer, with the resulting mixture fed into a diverter feeding two molds. The velocity of the piston of each mold being filled is controlled to thereby control the density of the molded product along its length. As each mold is filled, it is deposited in a cool water bath (50° F.-60° F.) while the next mold is being filled. The molds are sequentially transferred to an air cooling rack to complete the process. A texture, generally comprising indentations perpendicular to the longitudinal axis on the molded object, provides a frictional surface between the railway crosstie and the ballast beneath the crosstie.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a melt processible theromoplastic composition, comprising a major proportion of a base polymer comprising a first melt processible thermoplastic polymer having a first Fedor's solubility parameter and a first viscosity; and a combination of a carrier polymer and a surface modifying additive, the carrier polymer comprising a second melt processible thermoplastic polymer which has a second Fedor's solubility parameter that is at least about 2.5 (J/cm3)1/2 lower than the first Fedor's solubility parameter, and a second viscosity, the carrier polymer being adhered to the surface modifying additive, and wherein the first viscosity is at least about 10 times the second viscosity.

Abstract: A sulfur-containing cycloaliphatic compound, useful as a crosslinker for filled sulfur-vulcanizable elastomer compositions, is represented by the general formula: G[-CaH2a—S[C(?O)]bR]n wherein G is selected from the group consisting of: saturated, monocyclic aliphatic group of valence n containing from 5 to 12 carbon atoms and optionally containing at least one halogen, and saturated monocyclic silicone [RSiO—]n[R2SiO—]p group of valence n; wherein each R independently is a hydrogen or monovalent hydrocarbon of up to 20 carbon atoms; each occurrence of subscripts a and b independently is an integer wherein a is 2 to 6 and b is 0 or 1; p is an integer of from 0 to 3; and, n is an integer of from 3 to 6, with the provisos that when b is 0, R is a hydrogen atom, and when G is a non-halogenated, saturated monocyclic aliphatic group of 6 carbon atoms, n cannot be 3.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dispersing agent composition and to a process for treating liquid slurries of bentonite particles, optionally comprising contaminating solids, in order to remove any contaminating solids and/or the bentonite particles, wherein said dispersing agent composition is added to said slurry causing contaminating solids and/or the bentonite particles to settle without flocculation.

Abstract: A moisture resistant concrete coating composition comprising 20% to 30% by weight, based on the weight of the coating composition, of a water dispersible resin having a non-volatile materials content in the range of 40% to about 60%, an average particle size in the range of 80 nm to 400 nm, and a glass transition temperature in the range of ?10° C. to 40° C.; 0.1% to 0.50% by weight of an alkoxysilane; 3.0% to 15% by weight of a mineral aggregate; and 25% to 55% by weight of an extender composition.

Abstract: A composition for use in a fiber modified layer, comprising an aggregate material, a binder, and a plurality of fibers, wherein each fiber has a length of greater than 0.25 inches. Also provided is a method of selecting a fiber modified layer for applying on an existing surface, comprising the steps of: providing a binder mixture having an effective amount of an aggregate material, a binder, and a plurality of fibers, wherein each of the plurality of fibers has a length greater than 0.25 inches; applying the binder mixture to a selected surface to form a fiber modified proposed layer; testing the fiber modified proposed layer for fatigue or crack resistant properties; and selecting the binder mixture for application on the existing surface for performance if the fiber modified proposed layer has fatigue or crack resistant properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sprayable composition containing an aqueous pressure-sensitive adhesive component as well as tetrafluoroethane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and/or compressed air. A further subject of the invention is an aerosol container, having a closable spray opening, that contains the composition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polymer composition wherein inorganic particles are uniformly dispersed at the nano level in the polymer without having said inorganic particles being surface-treated. It further provides a method for manufacturing a polymer composition wherein a co-aggregate which is obtained by uniformly mixing polymer dispersion with an inorganic particle colloidal solution and co-aggregating the polymer primary particles and inorganic particles which are heterogeneous particles, is separated from the solvent and dried so that the inorganic particles are uniformly dispersed at the nano level in the polymer; and the polymer composition which is obtained by said method.

Abstract: The invention relates to nano-modified wire enamels based on polyester, polyesterimide, polyamideimide and/or polyurethane resins, which contain one or more of said resins as binders, nanomaterials, organic solvents, catalysts and additives. Wires coated with these enamels show after curing improved thermal and mechanical properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multiple-coating particle and an anti-glare film having the same. The anti-glare film includes a transparent resin and a plurality of multiple-coating particles. The multiple-coating particles are evenly distributed in the transparent resin. The multiple-coating particle is composed of at least two layers of the distinct transparent materials so as to scatter and refract light due to different refractive indexes and to provide anti-glaring effect.

Abstract: Polymer composite materials having improved gas barrier properties are generally disclosed, along with process of making the same. The polymer composite materials can include phosphonate particles, oxide particles, and combinations thereof. For example, the particles can be metal phosphonate particles, synthetic oxide particles, or combinations thereof.