Abstract: Impact modified polyvinyl chloride is prepared by suspension polymerizing vinyl chloride in the presence of a dual catalyst system of a monomer soluble catalyst and a water soluble catalyst to form suspension polymer particles having irregular and porous surfaces, and then polymerizing, in the presence of the porous particles, monomers for forming gelled rubber-containing interpolymer particles having a Tg of less than 25.degree. C. No emulsification system is required for the rubber interpolymerization. Rubber-containing interpolymer particles in the order of 1 micron or less are formed on the surface of the suspension polyvinyl chloride particle. The process can be conducted in one reaction vessel and product contamination is reduced. The product can be used alone or blended with other thermoplastic polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride, to increase the impact strength thereof.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of(a) acrylic acid;(b) an iron acrylate from the group consisting of ferrous or ferric acrylates;(c) methylene bis acrylamide; and(d) a water-soluble polymerization catalyst which also is a reducing agent when the iron acrylate is ferric acrylate and an oxidizing agent when the iron acrylate is ferrous acrylate;with the ratio of (a) to (b) being between 10:0.1 to 10:1.5, which solution forms a water resistant gel.

Abstract: There is provided a synthetic polymer useful as a thickener in aqueous compositions. The polymer preferably comprises the reaction product of methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate in certain specified proportions. The thickener is particularly effective in latex paint formulations.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are monomeric compounds having the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein: R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently hydrogen or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;R.sup.4 is arylene having 6 to 18 carbon atoms;m is an integer from 1 to 4; andn is an integer from 0 to 4.These monomers can be homopolymerized or copolymerized with one or more other polymerizable monomers, and can particularly be copolymerized with those monomers having substituents which are susceptible to attack or degradation by a base. The resulting crosslinkable polymers are useful in relief image materials, such as photoresists and lithographic plates.

Abstract: A 30-60% solution of acrylonitrile in dimethyl sulfoxide is polymerized using a redox catalyst system of water soluble bisulfite salt and a water soluble persulfate salt.

Abstract: A polymer having as a component thereof a moiety corresponding to a monomer having the following formula ##STR1## wherein n=0 or 1, X is bromine, chlorine or a mixture thereof and R represents hydrogen or methyl, a method of preparing the same and the use of such a polymer, including a copolymer thereof in a plastic composition containing a normally flammable plastic.

Abstract: A continuous process for the preparation of water-soluble copolymers of vinyl carboxylic acids and lower alkyl acrylates is disclosed. The process employs a tubular reactor and polymerizes the monomers in aqueous solution in the presence of a free radical catalyst. Molecular weights of from 3,000-300,000 and preferably from about 5,000-25,000 are obtained utilizing this process.

Abstract: New crosslinkable polymers, in particular polymerization products of 5-maleimidyl-isophthalic acid derivatives and 5-(nadic acid)-isophthalic acid derivatives and vinyl monomers and polycondensation products of the said isophthalic acid derivatives and diamines, diols or aminoalcohols and optionally a di-, tri- or tetra-carboxylic acid derivative are described. These polymers are distinguished by good processability and good solubility in customary organic solvents and are suitable for the manufacture of various industrial products, such as thin films, thick films and compression mouldings. spThis is a Divisional of application Ser. No. 696,349, filed on June 15, 1976, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,115,368, issued on Sept. 19, 1978.

Abstract: New crosslinkable polymers, in particular polymerization products of 5-maleimidyl-trimellitic acid derivatives and 3,5-bis-(maleimidyl)-phthalic acid derivatives and vinyl monomers and polycondensation products of the said imidyl compounds and diamines, diols or amino-alcohols and optionally a di-, tri- or tetra-carboxylic acid derivative are described. These polymers are distinguished by good processability and good solubility in customary organic solvents and are suitable for the manufacture of very diverse industrial products, such as thin and thick films and the like.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of emulsifier-containing vinyl chloride polymers suitable for hard processing, the particle diameter of 90% of which is more than 63 .mu., by polymerization of vinyl chloride and optionally monomers copolymerizable therewith in an aqueous emulsion in the presence of water-soluble catalysts and alkali salts of carboxylic acids as emulsifiers at pH 9.5-11.5 and spray-drying the thus-obtained latex, is characterized by conducting the polymerization in a dispersion containing at least 45% by weight of monomers with sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids of 8-18 carbon atoms as emulsifiers to a conversion of at least 80%, and, during the spray-drying step, reducing the pH to 6.0-8.0.

Abstract: Novel water-soluble acrylamide copolymers contain 40 to 70 percent by weight acrylamide units, at least 30 percent of hydrophobic vinyl units and at least 10 percent of vinyl units having ionic properties. In aqueous solution these copolymers have the properties of cationic or amphoteric surface active agents.

Abstract: A method for reducing the amount of free vinylidene chloride in an aqueous dispersion of a vinylidene chloride polymer by adding to the dispersion a small amount of a redox initiator, and then subjecting the dispersion to a temperature in the range of room temperature to about 40.degree. C. for a period of at least one hour. Substrates such as packaging films can be coated with the aqueous dispersion, or with a solvent solution of the polymer after separation from the dispersion. By use of such a coating bath, the amount of vinylidene chloride vapor in the atmosphere near the coating station is significantly less than the amount when using a coating bath of polymer not subjected to the method of the invention.

Abstract: A poly(hydroxy) telechelic styrene polymer polymerization process comprising contacting an olefin, a free radical polymerization initiator, and a poly(hydroxyorgano) polysulfide is described. The poly(hydroxy) terminated styrene polymers can be end-capped and/or coupled with other polymeric materials. The styrene polymers can be molded, calendered, or extruded as films, sheets, fibers, laminates or other useful articles of manufacture.

Abstract: Amide and imide age resistors such as N-(3,5-di tert.butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) acrylamide and N-(3,5-di tert.butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) itaconimide, age resistant polymers having amide and imide age resistors physically combined therewith and age resistant polymeric compositions prepared by free radical polymerization techniques involving the use of said amides and imides as monomers.

Abstract: A fluoroelastomer composition comprising (a) a fluoroelastomer having stabilized end group derived from an isoparaffin selected from the group consisting of isobutane, isopentane and isohexane, (b) at least one member selected from the group consisting of bivalent metal oxides, bivalent metal hydroxides and mixtures of bivalent metal oxide or metal hydroxide with metal salt of weak acid, (c) an aromatic polyhydroxy compound and (d) a quaternary ammonium compound of 8-alkyl- (or 8-aralkyl-)1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecenium, provides a fluoro-rubber having low compression set and excellent elastic properties and has excellent processing and storage properties. The fluoroelastomer can be cured with appropriate induction time and fast cure rate by the use of a specific curing agent system mentioned above.

Abstract: A poly(organosiloxy) telechelic styrene polymer polymerization process comprising contacting an olefin, a free radical polymerization initiator, and a poly(organosiloxyaryl) polysulfide is described. The poly(organosiloxy) terminated styrene polymers can be end capped and/or coupled with other polymeric materials. The styrene polymers can be molded, calendered, or extruded as films, sheets, fibers, laminates or other useful articles of manufacture.

Abstract: In the production of a water-soluble, cationic high polymer of (A) at least one of acrylamide and methacrylamide and (B) at least one of ammonium type monomers of either one of the formulas: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each a lower alkyl group, R.sub.4 is a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, an aryl group, a hydroxy(lower)alkyl group, a benzyl group or a group of the formula: --CH.sub.2 COO(CH.sub.2).sub.m CH.sub.3 (m being an integer of 0 or 1), R.sub.5 .crclbar. is a group of either one of the formulas: --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 COO.crclbar. and --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 SO.sub.3 .crclbar.

Abstract: The invention relates to a copolymer comprising at least 40% by weight of copolymerized acrylonitrile and from 0.5 to 10% by weight of at least one copolymerized unsaturated ester of acetoacetic acid corresponding to the general formula:CH.sub.3 --CO--CH.sub.2 --COO--R--CR'.dbd.CH.sub.2and, optionally, at least one other copolymerized comonomer.

Abstract: Novel polymers derived from either acryloylaminobenzoic acid or methacryloylaminobenzoic acid are provided. The method of producing these polymers involves a free radical polymerization of the monomer at relatively low temperatures in an aqueous solution which contains an alkali metal hydroxide and a free radical initiator.

Abstract: A vulcanizable polyacrylate elastomer composition having improved resistance to hydrocarbon oils is provided which comprises one or more lower alkyl acrylic acid ester monomers polymerized with a comonomer containing either a halogen or an epoxy group, in the presence of from about 0.25 to 10 percent, by weight of total monomer, of a low molecular weight, unsaturated polymer of butadiene or isoprene or copolymers thereof with styrene or acrylonitrile. In addition, a process for preparing such elastomer compositions is also provided, together with the vulcanization of such elastomers and the resulting vulcanized polyacrylate.

Abstract: A polymer having as a component thereof a moiety corresponding to a monomer having the following formula ##STR1## WHEREIN N = 0 OR 1, X is bromine, chlorine or a mixture thereof and R represents hyrogen or methyl, a method of preparing the same and the use of such a polymer, including a copolymer thereof in a plastic composition containing a normally flammable plastic.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel water-soluble thermosetting resin which has the property of providing paper with a nearly constant wet and dry strength over a wide pH range according to methods of wet-end additions or surface applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of chemically uniform acrylonitrile-vinyl chloride copolymers with improved whiteness and improved thermal stability comprising from 25 to 60% by weight of acrylonitrile and from 40 to 75% by weight of vinyl chloride and, optionally, up to 15% by weight of other copolymerized ethylenically unsaturated compounds by emulsion polymerization using a redox catalyst of persulphate and compounds of sulphurous acid, wherein the ratio by weight of reducing component to oxidizing component is at least 4 : 1 and wherein polymerization is carried out at a pH-value in the range of from 2.5 to 4.

Abstract: Salts of poly-.alpha.-hydroxyacrylic acid or their alkyl derivatives are obtained by thermally dehydrochlorinating .alpha., .beta.-dichloro-propionic acid or its alkyl derivatives into the corresponding .alpha.-chloroacrylic acid, polymerizing the .alpha.-chloroacrylic acid in water to obtain a solid product and neutralizing the solid product with an aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide.The poly-.alpha.-hydroxyacrylates are useful as sequestering agents or builders.

Abstract: Biocompatible polymeric microspheres having an average diameter below about 3 microns and having a density at least 15% greater or lesser than organic cells and having covalent binding sites are provided in accordance with this invention. The microspheres are obtained by copolymerizing a hydroxy or amine substituted acrylic monomer such as hydroxyethylmethacrylate with a light or dense comonomer such as a fluoromonomer. A lectin or antibody is bound to the hydroxy or amine site of the bead to provide cell specificity. When added to a cell suspension the marked bead will specifically label the cell membrane by binding to specific receptor sites thereon. The labelled membrane can then be separated by density gradient centrifugation.

Abstract: The invention relates to cross-linkable or cross-linked filaments or fibers of a copolymer comprising at least 65% by weight of acrylonitrile and from 0.5 to 10% by weight of at least one copolymerised N-methylol compound of an unsaturated mono- or bis-urethane or an alkyl ether thereof and, optionally, at least one other copolymerisable monomer.

Abstract: Copolymerizable monoethylenic phosphites are produced by reacting an N-methylol allyl carbamate with a stoichiometric excess of a trialkyl phosphite. The monoethylenic phosphonate product can be copolymerized, especially with N-methylol acrylamide in water solution to provide water solutions of copolymers which cure at low temperature on cellulosic fabrics to provide fire retardancy and the phosphorus provided in this fashion resists removal by washing and dry cleaning.

Abstract: At least one vinylidene halide monomer is polymerized in an aqueous emulsion medium in admixture with ammonium persulfate and at least one ammoniated anionic emulsifier, preferably also together with hydrogen peroxide. The polymerization process is maintained at a pH of at least about 8.5 using ammonium hydroxide. The polymerization process is conducted in the substantial absence of alkali metal ions. Polymerization is both rapid and linear. The resulting polymers have excellent heat stability and water whitening resistance.

Abstract: An emulsion copolymer resin which contains from about 75% to about 90% by weight vinyl chloride, from about 5% to about 15% vinyl acetate and from about 5% to about 15% of a bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonate, has a fusion temperature of from about 200.degree. F. to about 300.degree. F. and has utility as a low fusion resin in the formation of cellular polyvinyl chloride products.

Abstract: An alkali metal or ammonium bisulfite or metabisulfite added incrementally to a polymerizing aqueous solution of dimethyldiallylammonium halide enables control of the intrinsic viscosity of the resulting polymer within desired limits without adverse effect on monomer conversion.

Abstract: An improved process for producing an acrylonitrile melt by polymerizing acrylonitrile alone or a monomer mixture consisting of at least 75% of acrylonitrile and as the remainder at least one different ethylenically unsaturated compound in a system where water is present in an amount from 3 to 80% by weight based on the total amount of the monomer(s) and water, under a pressure above the self-generated pressure at a temperature above 80.degree. C. The improvement is characterized by the use of hydrogen peroxide as the polymerization initiator.

Abstract: Polymer resins which are thermoplastic and high softening with good impermeability to gases are composed of an olefinically unsaturated nitrile, such as acrylonitrile, an N-vinyl imide, such as N-vinyl succinimide, and indene.

Abstract: Polymers of which the side chains contain urethane groups and which have the reactivity of a urethane but can, in addition, contain other reactive groups. The new polymers may be used to produce moldings, coatings or adhesives.

Abstract: Ar-halo-ar(t-alkyl)styrenes, e.g., 2-chloro-4-(t-butyl)styrene, polymerize to form materials having unusually high temperature resistance. Additionally, compositions of such monomers, unsaturated polyesters and free-radical generating catalysts cure at lower temperatures and in less time than similar compositions containing conventional styrene monomers.

Abstract: The invention relates to filaments and fibers the filament-forming substance of which is a copolymer of from 35 to 85 weight % of acrylonitrile, from 5 to 45 weight % of vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide and/or vinylidene chloride, from 5 to 30 weight % of carboxyphosphinic acid derivatives of the formula ##STR1## where R.sub.1 is lower alkyl having up to 8 carbon atoms, or CH.sub.2 Cl--, R.sub.2 is lower alkyl having up to 8 carbon atoms in which a hydrogen atom may be substituted by a halogen atom in case of R.sub.1 being CH.sub.2 Cl--, and R.sub.3 is hydrogen or methyl, and from 0 to 15 weight % of other unsaturated compounds having an activated double bond; the weight percentages being relative to the total amount of monomers, and a process for their manufacture. The filaments obtained are self-extinguishing and excel furthermore by their thermostability and their high degree of whiteness.

Abstract: Polymers and copolymers of ##STR1## are disclosed, wherein X and X.sup.1 are halogen.

Abstract: Carboxylic acid derivatives of the formula (I) ##STR1## where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl or haloalkyl radicals having a total of up to 8 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 is hydrogen or methyl, X is oxygen or sulfur and Y is linear or branched alkylene having up to 6 carbon atoms, a process for their manufacture and filaments and fibers on the basis of modacrylic polymers wherein the fiber-forming substance comprises a copolymer of35 to 85% by weight of acrylonitrile5 to 45% by weight of vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinylidene chloride or a mixture thereof, and5 to 30% by weight of a carboxyphosphinic acid derivative of the formula Iand 0 to 15% by weight of other unsaturated compounds with activated double bond, and a process for their manufacture. The filaments and fibers are self-extinguishing, have a good thermostability and a high degree of whiteness.

Abstract: A method is provided for the production of homogeneous copolymers from monomers having differing reaction rates; in particular copolymers of acrylonitrile or of vinylidene chloride are disclosed. The monomers are fed to the reaction mixture at a rate sufficient to maintain a constant monomer ratio in the reaction mixture throughout the course of the reaction, the rate of addition being determined by the rate of evolution of heat as measured by the rate that a cooling system removes heat evolved by the reaction. An injection-mouldable copolymer consisting essentially of acrylonitrile units and uniformly distributed units of styrene or .alpha.-methyl styrene may be produced in this way. Films of the copolymer can be oriented by stretching at 90.degree.-140.degree. C. Its softening point may be increased by copolymerizing a minor amount of N-aryl maleimide.

Abstract: Thermoplastic-thermosetting polymers having good thermal stability are produced by the copolymerization of acrolein and indene.

Abstract: Biocompatible polymeric microspheres having an average diameter below about 3 microns and having density at least 15% greater or lesser than organic cells and having covalent binding sites are provided in accordance with this invention. The microspheres are obtained by copolymerizing a hydroxy or amine substituted acrylic monomer such as hydroxyethylmethacrylate with a light or dense comonomer such as a fluoromonomer. A lectin or antibody is bound to the hydroxy or amine site of the bead to provide cell specificity. When added to a cell suspension the marked bead will specifically label the cell membrane by binding to specific receptor sites thereon. The labelled membrane can then be separated by density gradient centrifugation.

Abstract: There is disclosed a polymerization process for the preparation of large chloroprene polymer particles having an average diameter in the range of from 0.15 to 2.0 microns. The process utilizes a polymerization medium and catalyst system that produces a substantially monodisperse particle size distribution of polychloroprene rubber particles in an aqueous dispersion, said particles having great utility as a rubber phase in thermoplastic polyblends.

Abstract: A process for producing polyacrylamide in a dry and solid form which includes the steps of mixing from 20 to 40% by weight of water and from 60 to 80% by weight of acrylamide to form an aqueous mixture thereof; heating said aqueous mixture to a temperature of between about 50.degree. C and 100.degree. C to form one phase aqueous liquid composition; depositing, on a surface, said one phase aqueous liquid composition and a catalytically effective amount of an aqueous solution of a water soluble polymerization catalyst for the acrylamide, said depositing being done in such a manner so as to form a mixture of said one phase aqueous liquid and said catalytic aqueous solution, said surface being heated to a temperature of between about 50.degree.

Abstract: Alpha-methyl-p-bromo-styrene prepared by the manipulative steps of brominating poly(.alpha.-methyl-styrene) and subsequently depolymerizing the brominated polymer. The alpha-methyl-p-bromo-styrene has particular utility as a co-monomer for preparing copolymers exhibiting a flame retardancy.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for the preparation of aqueous dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene comprising polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene in an aqueous medium containing a polymerization initiator and an appropriate emulsifying agent as well as other necessary additives in the presence of a stabilizing amount of a stabilizing agent selected to be a saturated halogenated acyclic or cyclic hydrocarbon containing less than about 20 carbon atoms or an unsaturated halogenated acyclic or cyclic hydrocarbon containing less than about 20 carbon atoms which is not copolymerizable with the tetrafluoroethylene under the reaction conditions, or a mixture of said halogenated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Four component polymerization initiators for olefinic monomers comprise (1) an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, a persulphate, a permanganate, a chlorate, a perchlorate, a bichromate, a bromate, a ceric salt, an oxazirane, an organic peroxide or an organic hydroperoxide, (2) a chelate compound of a metal such as titanium, iron, vanadium, aluminum, tin, manganese, chromium, cobalt, copper, zinc or bismuth in which the metal is not fully coordinated, (3) an electron donor in amount at most equal to that required to complex completely the said metal of the chelate compound, the said electron donor being for example an amine, a monoalcohol, an ether, an aldehyde, a ketone, an imine, an oxime, an amide, a sulphonamide, or a phosphonamide, and (4) a chelate complex or salt which is different from the chelate compound (2) and in which the metal may be for example, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, chromium, vanadium or tin, the degree of coordination of the said metal being different from that of the met

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of polylactones derived from poly-.alpha.-hydroxyacrylic acids comprises heating a liquid aqueous solution of .alpha., .beta.-dichloropropionic acid to a temperature above 100.degree.C to convert the .alpha.,.beta.-dichloropropionic acid to the corresponding .alpha.-chloroacrylic acid and polymerizing the .alpha.-chloroacrylic acid in the aqueous solution in the presence of a polymerization catalyst to polymerize, hydrolyze and lactonize the .alpha.-chloroacrylic acid.The products obtained can be used as intermediates for the synthesis of salts of poly-.alpha.-hydroxyacrylic acids.

Abstract: Ethylenically unsaturated material susceptible to free radical polymerization, e.g., vinyl chloride monomer, is polymerized, e.g., in an aqueous medium, with an initiator system comprising, in combination, dialkyl pyrocarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, and alkaline reagent, e.g., sodium bicarbonate. The initiator system is added to the polymerization medium in amounts sufficient to polymerize the ethylenically unsaturated material.

Abstract: An anaerobic sealant composition capable of polymerizing upon exclusion of air comprises (1) a polyacrylic ester monomer, (2) an inorganic salt initiator which can be a persulfate or a perchlorate of ammonium, alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal, (3) an accelerator which can be a N,N-di(lower alkyl) amide of a monocarboxylic aliphatic acid, an organic carboximide of a polycarboxylic acid, or an organic sulfimide of a carboxylic acid, and (4) a quinone-type polymerization inhibitor. The composition is prepared by compounding the aforementioned ingredients and suitably aging the resulting formulation.

Abstract: A process of manufacturing approximately spherical polymeric beads of average size less than 20 microns, which process comprises copolymerizing an unsaturated carboxylic acid and a crosslinking agent characterized in that the polymerization is initiated by means of a two part redox free radical system and is carried out in a reaction mixture comprising a fine suspension of droplets of an organic phase in an aqueous phase wherein the organic phase comprises an acid chosen from the group consisting of methacrylic acid and crotonic acid; a crosslinking agent; and an oil soluble and water insoluble first part of a redox free radical initiated system; and wherein the aqueous phase comprises water, at least 15% weight inert salt per volume of aqueous phase, and a suspending agent; and the second part of the redox free radical initiator is at least partially soluble in both the organic and the aqueous phase and is added to the reaction mixture during the course of polymerization while the reaction mixture is maintai

Abstract: Binders for coating compositions are produced by an elevated temperature, aqueous phase polymerization, in the presence of an anionic emulsifier, polyethylene oxide and peroxydisulfate, of a monomer mixture consisting by weight of 10-85% vinyl aromatic component, which may be partially replaced by 0-20% of acrylonitrile, 15-90% by weight of diolefin component and up to 6% each of .beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid or an amide thereof or a mixture thereof, characterized by employing a starting reaction mixture containing 0.05-0.5% of an anionic sulfonate or sulfate emulsifier; 0.5-5% of a polyethylene oxide having an average molecular weight of between 300 and 4,000; and 0.5-2% of a water-soluble peroxydisulfate; and, after a monomer conversion of between 15 and 35% by weight, adding to the reaction mixture another 0.2-1.5% of an anionic sulfonate or sulfate emulsifier.