Abstract: A photovoltaic cell is provided that includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoactive layer disposed between the first and second electrodes. The photoactive layer includes a photoactive polymer containing a first monomer repeat unit, which contains a moiety of formula (1): in which A and R are defined in the specification.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an antireflective coating composition comprising a novel polymer without an aromatic chromophore, where the polymer comprises a structural unit derived from an aminoplast and a structural unit derived from a diol, triol, dithiol, trithiol, other polyols, diacid, triacid, other polyacids, diimide or mixture thereof, where the diol, dithiol, triol, trithiol, diacid, triacid, diimide, diamide or imide-amide optionally contain one or more nitrogen and/or sulfur atoms or contain one or more alkene groups. The invention also relates to the novel polymer and a process for using the novel antireflective coating composition in a lithographic process.

Abstract: A proton conductive membrane displays sufficient proton conductivity even at low humidities and low temperatures. The proton conductive membrane includes: a block copolymer including an ion conductive polymer segment (A) and an ion nonconductive polymer segment (B), the segment (A) and the segment (B) being covalently bound in a manner such that main chain skeletons of the segments are covalently bound at aromatic rings thereof through binding groups, (i) the membrane having a morphology including a microphase separated structure, (ii) the ion conductive polymer segment (A) forming a continuous phase.

Abstract: Disclosed is an aromatic sulfonic acid ester derivative represented by the formula (1); in the formula, X is an atom or a group selected from a halogen atom excluding fluorine, —OSO3CH3 and —OSO3CF3, A is a divalent electron attractive group, B is a divalent electron donating group or a direct bonding, Ra is a hydrocarbon group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, Ar is an aromatic group having a substituent of —SO3Rb (wherein Rb is a hydrocarbon group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms), m is an integer of 0 to 10, n is an integer of 0 to 10 and k is an integer of 1 to 4. Also disclosed is a process for producing a polyarylene having a sulfonic acid group, which process comprises the steps of coupling polymerization of an aromatic compound containing the derivative of the formula (1), to prepare a polyarylene and hydrolysis of the polyarylene, and which process has high safety and is easily capable of controlling the amount of sulfonoc acid group introduced into a polymer and the introducing position thereof.

Abstract: A monomer containing an electron-withdrawing group and an electron-donative group which can be easily controlled in the upper limit of the amount of a sulfonic acid, which impairs the mechanical properties of a copolymer, and can provide a sulfonated polymer that forms a proton-conductive membrane having a high proton conductivity over a wide temperature range, an excellent mechanical strength and an excellent proton conductivity and showing inhibited swelling in hot water and an aqueous solution of methanol, and a copolymer obtained from the monomer. A monomer containing an electron-withdrawing group and an electron-donative group represented by the following general formula (1): wherein Y represents a iodine atom, chlorine atom or bromine atom; X represents an electron-withdrawing group; B represents an electron-donative group; and Z represents an aryl group having a specific structure or a monovalent condensed ring hydrocarbon group such as naphthyl group.

Abstract: The invention concerns redispersible polymer powders characterized by a proportion of 3 to 30% by wt relative to the polymer weight of condensation products of amino-s-triazine/formaldehyde/sulfite with molar ratios of amino-s-triazine to formaldehyde to sulfite of 1/1.3-6.0/0.3-1.5 and with a low free formaldehyde content. These condensation products of amino-s-triazine/formaldehyde/sulfite are exceedingly effective protective colloids when spray-drying polymer dispersions and can be combined in problem-free manner with casein.

Abstract: Disclosed is a highly viscous condensation product containing sulfonic acid groups based on amino-s-triazines with at least 2 amino groups and formaldehyde which has a viscosity of 500 to 100,000 cp at 20.degree. C. and a pH value of 8.0 to 13.0 as an aqueous solution with a solids content of 20% by weight. The product is obtainable by (a) condensation of amino-s-triazine, formaldehyde and sulfite in a molar ratio of 1:1.9 to 2.9:0.7 to 1.3 in aqueous solution at a pH value of 9.0 to 12.0 and a temperature of 50.degree. to 90.degree. C. until the sulfite is no longer detectable, and (b) subsequent further condensation at a pH value of 2.0 to 5.0 and a temperature of 50.degree. to 100.degree. C. until the viscosity exhibits the desired value.

Abstract: A process of producing an aqueous solution of a sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde resin. The process comprises condensing melamine and formaldehyde or a precursor of formaldehyde (e.g. paraformaldehyde) in an aqueous mixture having a pH in the range of 8-10 to form a reaction mixture containing a condensation product of melamine and formaldehyde. The condensation product is then reacted in an aqueous mixture having a pH of 8-10, preferably 8-9, with a sulfonating agent to produce a mixture containing a sulfonated condensation product. Finally, polymerizing the said sulfonated condensation product in an aqueous mixture having a pH of 5-7 to form a resin solution. In the process, at least one of the sulfonation step and the polymerizing step is carried out under superatmospheric pressure (generally 5 to 70 p.s.i.) and at an elevated temperature of, in the case of the sulfonating step, 100.degree.-130.degree. C. for a time of 1 to 5 hours or of, in the case of the polymerizing step, 105-150.degree. C.

Abstract: Water dispersible polyester polymers, polyesteramides polymers and blends of these polymers are dispersed in water and spray dried to form fine powders. In the solid state, these powders can absorb oils and/or diffuse ambient light, thereby resulting in the production of significant reduction in gloss and tack of lipids in cosmetic and personal care products when applied to ordinarily oily skin.

Abstract: A process for the production of sulphonic acid group-containing condensation products based on amino-s-triazines with at least two amino groups and formaldehyde with a low content of free formaldehyde, whereina) an amino-s-triazine, formaldehyde and sulphite is condensed in a mole ratio of 1:1.3 to 6:0.3 to 1.5 in aqueous solution at a pH value of 9.0 to 12.0 and at a temperature of 50.degree. to 90.degree. C. until sulphite is no longer detectable.b) subsequently, further condensation is carried out at a pH value of 2.0 to 7.0 and at a temperature of 50.degree. to 90.degree. C. until the viscosity of the solution is 4 to 1000 mm.sup.2 /s at 80.degree. C. andc) thereafter the condensation product is subjected to an after-treatment in a strongly alkaline range of pH.sqroot.11.0 and at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: A process for preparing a free-flowing curable powder resin composition with a sintering temperature above 40.degree. C., comprising the steps of condensing a methylolurea or methylolaminotriazine with an aliphatic alcohol and a reactive compound containing hydroxyl or amide groups; blending the condensate with a polyester or polyacrylate; and grinding the blend to a powder of average particle size in the range of 20 to 150 microns.