Abstract: A modified cellulose and/or chitin for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein Cell is cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, R" is H or R, Z corresponds to the following groups of atoms: SR", SO.sub.3 H and salts thereof, SO-R, SONR".sub.2, SO.sub.2 -R, SO.sub.2 NR".sub.2, SO.sub.2 H and salts thereof, F, Cl, Br, I, NR".sub.2, PR".sub.2, PO.sub.3 H.sub.2 and salts thereof, PO.sub.2 H(OR), PO(OR).sub.2, PO.sub.2 HR" and salts thereof, POR"(OR) and POR".sub.2, x+t=0.75 to 2.85, t=0 to 2.85, x=0 to 2.85, and z=0.01 to 0.45. A process for preparation of the cellulose and/or chitin derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A modified cellulose and/or chitin for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein cell is unmodified cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, m=0.75 to 2.85, and x=0.005 to 2.10. A process for preparation of the cellulose and/or chitin derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A modified cellulose and/or chitin for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein cell is cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, R" is H or R, R"' denotes R, x+t=0.75 to 2.85, t=0 to 2.85, x=0 to 2.85, and r=0 to 1. A process for preparation of the cellulose and/or chitin derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A modified cellulose for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein cell is cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, R" is H or R, R"' denotes R, x+t=0.75 to 2.85, t=0 to 2.85, x=0 to 2.85, and r=0 to 1. A process for preparation of the cellulose derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: Silated polysaccharides having 0.0005 to 2.0 silyl molar substitution per anhydrosaccharide unit form water resistant films when cast from aqueous solution and dried in the presence of atmospheric carbon dioxide. These films are soluble in aqueous caustic. A preferred water soluble polymer is a cellulose ether with 0.005 to 1.0 silyl substitution.

Abstract: There is disclosed a diagnostic agent containing a non-radioactive paramagnetic metal species which agent comprises a physiologically tolerable, water-soluble, hydroxyl group-containing macromolecular product to which is chemically bound said metal species, said product consisting essentially of at least one polymeric or polymerized carbohydrate or polymerized sugar alcohol or derivative thereof.

Abstract: A paramagnetic metal species-containing diagnostic agent is disclosed which comprises a non-radioactive paramagnetic metal species and, as a carrier therefor, a physiologically tolerable, water-insoluble, hydroxyl group-containing, particulate macromolecular product consisting essentially of at least one polymeric or polymerized carbohydrate or polymerized sugar alcohol or derivative thereof.

Abstract: A modified cellulose for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein Cell is cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, R" is H or R, Z corresponds to the following groups of atoms: SR", SO.sub.3 H and salts thereof, SO-R, SONR".sub.2, SO.sub.2 -R, SO.sub.2 NR".sub.2, SO.sub.2 H and salts thereof, F, Cl, Br, I, NR".sub.2, PR".sub.2, PO.sub.3 H.sub.2 and salts thereof, PO.sub.2 H(OR), PO(OR).sub.2, PO.sub.2 HR" and salts thereof, POR"(OR) and POR".sub.2, x+t=0.75 to 2.85, t=0 to 2.85, x=0 to 2.85, and z=0.01 to 0.45. A process for preparation of the cellulose derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A modified cellulose for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein cell is unmodified cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, m=0.75 to 2.85, and x=0.005 to 2.10. A process for preparation of the cellulose derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method to selectively oxidize a polyglucose, on the oxygen of the hydroxy groups of the C-6 position of the glucose rings, while substantially maintaining the degree of polymerization of the polyglycosidic units, comprising heating a 6-sulfonyl polyglucose, for instance 6-O-para-(P)-toluene sulfonyl polyglucose with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the presence of at least a catalytic amount of a catalyst selected from a member of the group consisting of: symmetrical--collidine, sodium bicarbonate and pyridine, to produce a polyglucose having aldehyde groups on the oxygen of the hydroxyl on the C-6 position of the glucose rings. In a preferred embodiment when pyridine is selected, this method enables use of that reaction to obtain other new products having other functional groups, mainly on the C-6 position of the glucose rings, without having to purify the aldehyde which may serve as intermediate.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical preparations for topical administration containing a pharmacologically active substance together with hyaluronic acid or a molecular weight fraction thereof. The hyaluronic acid may be in the form of the free acid or may be a salt with an alkali or alkaline earth metal, magnesium, aluminum or ammonium, or in the form of a salt with one or more pharmacologically active substances.

Abstract: A modified fibrous material comprising cellulose fibers substituted at their cellulose anhydroglucose units by anionic moieties of at least one of the formulae: --PO.sub.3 H.sup.(-) ; --(CH.sub.2).sub.n -PO.sub.3 H.sup.(-) ; --(CH.sub.2).sub.n -SO.sub.3.sup.(-) ; or (CH.sub.2).sub.n --COO.sup.(-) ; where n is from 1 to 3; and capped by copper cations to the extent that said cellulose fibers bind from about 0.1 to about 3.0% by weight of copper, based on the weight of said fibers; as well as processes for its production.

Abstract: An azidonitrate energetic composition i.e. cellulose azidonitrate and a pess of making the same from nitrocellulose and sodium or lithium azide.

Abstract: A regenerative catalyst composition is provided comprising polymer supported covalently bound di- or triphenylated cation radical salts, wherein the cation radical is a Group VA element and the complementing anion is a Lewis acid anion or other anion, such as perhalo acid or acid metal halide. The phenylated cation radical salts, either polymer supported or unsupported, are useful catalytic agents facilitating the versatile Diels-Alder organic synthetic reactions to form cyclohexene compounds including the more intricate terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and prostaglandinoids.

Abstract: The invention comprises of an anionic polyelectrolyte hydrogel reversibly cross-linked with a polyvalent metal cation having a valence of at least two. This hydrogel may be combined with a removal agent for imparting delayed swelling characteristics when contacted with a water-containing fluid. The delayed swelling allows the water-containing fluid to penetrate or permeate the system before swelling is initiated, thereby providing enhanced wetting prior to the onset of swelling and alleviating gel blockage.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a powdery calcium cellulose glycolate which comprises reacting cellulose glycolic acid in wet form with a calcium reagent, drying and pulverizing the resultant, wherein the calcium reagent is calcium hydroxide or a combination of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of water-soluble cellulose ethers, comprising the steps of activating cellulose with ammonia, alkalizing the activated cellulose, and etherifying the alkali cellulose. In the process, the activated cellulose is alkalized in the presence of ammonia and, optionally, in the presence of an organic solvent, and the ammonia is removed from the alkali cellulose in the presence of the alkalizing agent and, optionally, the organic solvent. Etherification proceeds in a medium which contains at least portions of said organic solvent. The organic solvent comprises, in particular, an alkanol which has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. For the etherification step, carboxymethylation or hydroxyethylation is preferred.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of a water soluble alcohol from an aqueous mixture of the alcohol comprises incorporating in the mixture at least about 0.5% of a base selected from the group consisting of ammonium or alkali or alkaline metal hydroxide, ammonium or an alkali or alkaline metal carbonate or mixtures thereof; and at least about 0.2% of an electrolyte. The aqueous-alcohol mixture separates into two immiscible layers, and the layers are separated.

Abstract: Highly reactive cellulose is prepared by mercerizing cellulosic material and reacting it with an hydroxyalkylating agent to a degree of substitution ranging from 0.05 to 0.3, said degree of substitution being short of rendering the cellulose appreciably soluble in water. The highly reactive cellulose is particularly useful for the preparation of such cellulose derivatives as cellulose acetate at considerably improved production levels.

Abstract: Heat treatment of never-dried dissolving pulps prior to drying prevents or retards the hornification and consequent decrease in esterification reactivity which normally occurs on drying of untreated pulps.

Abstract: Improved basic polysaccharides are prepared by contacting a polysaccharide with a tetravalent onium salt such as tetramethylammonium chloride prior to contacting it with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide. Polysaccharide derivatives having a greater degree and uniformity of substitution are prepared from such improved basic polysaccharides.

Abstract: A direct process for converting cellulose into alkali cellulose for subsequent production of a filterable viscose by combining particles of cellulose with the largest 1% of the particles having a minimum size Y of less than 600 microns and the bulk density X of the particles being greater than 0.2 g/cm.sup.3 such that the relationship between X and Y is defined by the equation Y-760X.ltoreq.50; and 125 g to 240 g of 20-40% aqueous NaOH for each 100 g of cellulose for at least 4 minutes at 15.degree.-60.degree. C.

Abstract: This invention is directed to the preparation of alkali cellulose. More particularly, this invention is directed to a process for the preparation of alkali cellulose having a low water content, wherein finely divided cellulose suspended in a typical inert organic solvent is presteeped and the cellulose suspension is contacted with an alkali metal hydroxide/alcohol mixture and at least one aqueous alkalization solution of different concentration.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method for the continuous production of alkyl cellulose by reacting alkali cellulose with alkylating agents in the presence of inert liquids, wherein:(a) powdered cellulose is reacted with aqueous-alcoholic alkali metal hydroxide solution at temperatures of from about 20.degree. to 80.degree. C. to form alkali cellulose;(b) oxygen is completely removed from the alkali cellulose reaction mixture of step (a) and the water content is reduced to about 2.5 to 6.0 moles per anhydroglucose unit; and(c) the reaction mixture from step (b) is reacted with at least a stoichiometric amount, but not more than with a molar excess of up to about 50%, based on the alkali metal hydroxide, of an alkylating agent in an inert liquid boiling at a temperature of from about 80.degree. to 160.degree. C., the reaction being carried out continuously in stirred tanks-in-series with 2 to 10 units.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for preparing cellulose derivatives by alkalizing cellulose to form alkali cellulose, alkylating the alkali cellulose to form alkylated alkali cellulose, and recovering the alkylated alkali cellulose. According to the process of the invention, finely-divided, preferably powdered, cellulose is reacted with an aqueous-alcoholic alkali metal hydroxide solution at a temperature of from about 20.degree. to 120.degree. C., to form alkali cellulose, oxygen is removed, and the water content is reduced to from about 2.5 to 6.0 moles per anhydroglucose unit, prior to alkylization.

Abstract: Cellulose-containing plants are broken down by mixing with an alkali metal hydroxide, then heated to 150.degree. C. to 220.degree. C. while agitating for 5 to 60 minutes, thereby producing a broken-down alkali metal cellulose-containing plant polymer, then mixed with an acid compound until the pH is 5 to 7, thereby producing a lignin-cellulose resinous product and a mixture of carbohydrates.

Abstract: Solubilized cellulosic material is modified through a condensation reaction with organotin halides. The modified products exhibit lower heats of combustion in air than unmodified cellulose, are hydrophobic and resistant to hydrolysis, and inhibit the growth of a variety of common fungi. The modified products are useful as insulation materials, mildew and mold resistant fabrics, and as material for topical bandages.

Abstract: Easily dispersible anionic water-soluble polymers are disclosed which are prepared by lightly treating particulate water-soluble polymer with a water-soluble aluminum salt and an aluminum chelant. Rate of hydration is retarded when the particles are added to aqueous media, allowing the particles to be dispersed completely before their surfaces hydrate sufficiently to gel and prevent complete dissolution.

Abstract: Solution qualities of carboxymethyl cellulose are improved by preparing the same with cellulose which has been alkalized in the presence of a borate ion-containing salt.

Abstract: In preparation of hydroxyethyl ethers of cellulose, ethylene oxide efficiency of the reaction and solubility characteristics of the product are improved by using alkali cellulose which has been prepared in the presence of boric acid or a boric acid salt.

Abstract: A method for oven drying chemically modified cellulosic materials, especially fibers, having improved fluid absorbency involves incorporating into the cellulose structure while swollen an amphiphilic compound miscible with water which will not evaporate when the fiber is oven dried and will remain in the fiber to prevent collapse of the fiber as the water is removed. The improved method of drying the fibrous cellulosic material produces a product having saline absorbency about equal to that produced when the fibers are dried with a water-miscible solvent and avoids the use of volatile solvents and the disadvantages inherent therewith. The fibers provided by the invention are especially suitable for use in pads which are to be used for absorbing water and body fluids.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for making alkali cellulose having a desired predetermined degree of polymerization in which cellulose is steeped in an alkali hydroxide bath, generally 17-25% sodium hydroxide, and then passed through an RF treatment chamber where it is subjected to an RF energy field, to produce a controlled depolymerization thereof. Upon emergence from the steeping bath, the cellulose passes to an excess solution removing means, such as one or a series of pairs of nip rolls where the excess solution is expressed from the cellulose and the amount of absorbed alkali is controlled. Preferably, the excess solution is recovered and returned to the steeping baths. A second, lower concentration, steep bath may follow the RF treatment chamber.

Abstract: Improved process and apparatus for making alkali cellulose comprises continuously steeping indefinite length sheets of cellulose in an alkali hydroxide bath, generally 17-25% sodium hydroxide, and then passing the cellulose strip through a chamber where it is subjected to extremely rapid mercerizing conditions, including an RF energy field, to produce depolymerization thereof. Upon emergence from the steep bath, the cellulose passes to an excess solution removing means, such as one or a series of pairs of nip rolls where the excess solution is expressed from the cellulose and the amount of absorbed alkali is controlled. Preferably, the excess solution is recovered and returned to the steeping baths. A second, lower concentration, steep bath may follow the rapid mercerization step.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing polyisocyanate silicate plastics by reaction of an alkali metal cellulose silicate condensation product with a compound having at least two isocyanate groups to produce a polyisocyanate silicate prepolymer. The prepolymer is then reacted with an organic compound to produce a polyisocyanate silicate plastic.

Abstract: There is disclosed an improved process for preparing cellulose ether derivatives which in pertinent part accomplishes this by providing for the uniform distribution of caustic and etherifying reagents over the exposed area of fiberized, never-dried, non-purified natural polysaccharide materials by fluidizing said materials while simultaneously contacting the material with said reagents.

Abstract: A process for preparing a cellulose ether which comprises reacting celluloses untreated or treated with an aqueous solution of alkali hydroxide with an etherifying agent in the presence of an aqueous solution of alkali hydroxide, an organic solvent being substantially immiscible with water and capable of dissolving the etherifying agent and a quaternary salt having the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein M is nitrogen atom or phosphorus atom, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently an organic group and X.sup.- is an anion. According to the process, the etherification is carried out uniformly to give a cellulose ether of a high quality in which the substituents are uniformly distributed.

Abstract: Small particles of cellulose-containing plants are mixed with an alkali metal hydroxide, such as lye flakes, in the ratio of about 2 parts by weight of the plant to 1 to 3 parts by weight of the alkali metal hydroxide, then heated to 150.degree. C. to 220.degree. C. for 5 to 60 minutes while agitating until the plant particles soften or melt, thereby producing broken-down cellulose polymers in the form of dark brown particles or powder.

Abstract: A process for the separation and/or purification of oligo- and polyhydroxy compounds by introducing and subsequently eliminating protective groups, wherein oligo- and polyhydroxy compounds are reacted with bis(ethyl-pivaloyloxy)-diboroxane or ethylboroxine, optionally in inert solvents, the resulting O-ethylboranodiyl derivatives of the hydroxy compounds are separated off and the O-ethylboranodiyl protective groups are eliminated by alcoholic compounds, for example methanol or glycol.

Abstract: Improved process and apparatus for making alkali cellulose comprises continuously steeping indefinite length sheets of cellulose in an alkali hydroxide bath, generally 17-25% sodium hydroxide, and then passing the cellulose strip through a chamber where it is subjected to extremely rapid mercerizing conditions, including an RF energy field, to produce depolymerization thereof. Upon emergence from the steep bath, the cellulose passes to an excess solution removing means, such as one or a series of pairs of nip rolls where the excess solution is expressed from the cellulose and the amount of absorbed alkali is controlled. Preferably, the excess solution is recovered and returned to the steeping baths. A second, lower concentration, steep bath may follow the rapid mercerization step.

Abstract: A dry, solid, water-swellable, water-insoluble absorbent composition of matter comprises an ionic complex of a water-soluble anionic poly-electrolyte and a polyvalent metal cation. The composition is characterized by an ability to uncomplex at an elevated pH and recomplex at a lower pH.

Abstract: The aqueous dispersibility of a water-absorbent composition of matter is improved by a surface treatment which ionically complexes the surface thereof to a moderate degree. A dispersion is formed comprising a water-absorbent composition of matter based on an anionic poly-electrolyte, at least one polyvalent metal cation, and a dispersing medium in which the composition of matter is substantially insoluble. The dispersion is maintained within a given temperature range for a period of time sufficient to ionically complex the exposed surface of the composition of matter, and the dispersing medium is then removed. The product is characterized by a linkage density which is greater at the surface thereof than in the interior thereof and by the presence of ionic linkages at the surface thereof.