Abstract: A method of removing undesirable material from water-soluble polysaccharide ethers, such as water-soluble cellulose ethers, via contact of an aqueous solution of the water-soluble polysaccharide ether with an anion exchange resin. Anion exchange resins that are useful in the invention are derived from epoxy resin polymers, acrylic based copolymers or a copolymer of styrene-divinylbenzene. The method significantly reduces the amount of colored bodies in the polysaccharide ether.

Abstract: Undesired hydrophilic materials are readily removed from long chain hydrophobic alcohols, from long chain hydrophobic alcohol/glycoside surfactant mixtures and from solutions of glycoside surfactants in water immiscible solvents resulting from dissolving the glycoside surfactants in said solvents or mixing aqueous mixtures of glycoside surfactants with said solvents, by contacting the hydrophilic material containing hydrophobic composition with water in an amount, and for a time period sufficient, to extract at least a portion of the hydrophilic material from the hydrophobic composition and to form a separate aqueous phase and by separating the resulting aqueous phase from the hydrophobic composition.

Abstract: Purified agarose suitable for rapid electrophoresis, characterized by a sulfate content of less than 0.2 wt % but greater than zero, a pyruvate content of 0-0.1 wt %, and a nitrogen content of 0-0.02 wt %. Gels prepared from the agarose exhibit a gel strength at 1.0 wt % concentration of at least 1200 g/cm.sup.2, substantial absence of DNA binding in 0.07 M or less tris acetate buffer, and an electroendosmosis (EEO) at 1.0 wt % concentration of 0.05 or less. Agaroses are purified to provide the low EEO material by dissolving agarose or alkali-modified agar in an aqueous medium buffered at a pH of 6.0 to 8.0 and containing no more than 2.0 nM salt as chloride, and precipitating the agarose by contact with a lower alkanol.

Abstract: The process uses two steps to separate the sugar ester from the crude sugar ester reaction product. The first step entails forming a precipitate of sugar ester from a mixture of alcohol, water and crude sugar ester reaction product. In a second subsequent step, the recovered sugar ester precipitate is washed with an organic solvent.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of sulphur-containing hydrocarbon chains, which consists in producing a fermentative action of two types of bacteria, lactic bacteria and bacteria of the genus Desulfovibrio, in a medium of soluble carbohydrates, to which culture medium sulphur is added in the form of salts or as elemental sulphur, the fermentation process being stopped at the point at which the proportion of sulphur-containing carbohydrate reaches its maximum, by means of alkalinization of the medium and subjecting the latter to a thermal shock at between 80.degree. and 90.degree. C., the medium finally being acidified or neutralized.As a variant, sulphur is bound directly to carbohydrate molecules with a reaction time inversely proportional to the working pressures and temperatures.

Abstract: Separation methodology is disclosed which allows for the separation of mixtures of carbohydrates into highly resolved detectable bands of carbohydrates. The method involves first reacting a mixture of carbohydrates with 1-amino-4-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANSA) to form carbohydrate/ANSA conjugates. The conjugates are subjected to a first-dimensional gel electrophoresis in a first direction to provide separate bands of carbohydrates in the gel. A band in the gel is removed and subjected to second-dimensional electrophoresis in a second direction which is substantially perpendicular to the first direction. More specific bands of more highly resolved carbohydrates are then formed in the second-dimensional gel. The more specific bands within the second-dimensional gel are then electro-blotted onto a substrate surface and can be viewed in extermely small amounts due to the fluorescent capability of the ANSA when viewed under ultraviolet light.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a process for the synthesis of polyol fatty acid polyesters comprising a two-stage transesterification of polyol to polyester, involving a pressure control such that in the first stage the esterification is not allowed to proceed beyond the mono- and/or oligoester, and in the second stage the esterification is continued to the polyester product.

Abstract: A method for extracting and separating an aglycone which constitutes a glycoside, said method comprises steps of:subjecting a material containing the glycoside to hydrolysis to decompose the glycoside into a sugar moiety and an aglycone;extracting the aglycone from the hydrolyzed material by using a fluid at supercritical or subcritical conditions as an extraction agent; andseparating the extracted aglycone from the extraction agent.

Abstract: A chiral two-phase system for resolution of racemic mixtures, or for separation of diastereomers, is disclosed. The system comprises two immiscible liquid phases and one or more enantioselectively binding chiral components, each of which is substantially in one of said phases.Also disclosed is a method for chiral resolution of racemic mixtures, or for separation of diastereomers. Use is here made of the fact that different enantiomers are partitioned differently between the phases in the above-mentioned two-phase system in that one of the enantiomers is selectively bound to one of the chiral components which is substantially in one of said phases.

Abstract: Hydrogen cyanide addition to a monosaccharide results in a mixture of product cyanohydrins whose ratio can be changed by conducting the hydrogen cyanide addition in the presence of an agent which forms a complex with the monosaccharide. It is preferred to add the elements of hydrogen cyanide to a preformed complex of the monosaccharide. The product selectivity appears to be dependent upon the concentration of the complexing agent up to about one molar proportion of the latter relative to the monosaccharide with the selectivity being invariant thereafter.

Abstract: Glycoside products having a propensity to discolor (i.e., darken) under aqueous alkaline conditions are stabilized against discoloration under such conditions by treatment with from about 0.01 to about 2 weight percent (glycoside product dry weight basis) of a borohydride material such as sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, etc.

Abstract: A process for preparing lactulose from lactose in which an aqueous lactose mixture is reacted with a sodium aluminate solution and the solution obtained is continuously neutralized by feeding this solution and a sulphuric acid solution to a reactor simultaneously in such a manner as to obtain a pH of between 4.5 and 8.By operating in this manner an aluminium hydroxide suspension is obtained which can be easily separated from the lactulose solution.

Abstract: The present invention is a process for purifying polydextrose to remove manufacturing contaminants such as glucose, sorbitol, citric acid, oligomers, 1,6-anhydroglucose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and other low molecular weight constituents by reverse osmosis wherein an aqueous solution of polydextrose is filtered by pressing it tangentially over a porous membrane at high pressure. This invention process produces a purified polydextrose with the 1,6-anhydroglucose content therein reduced to less than about 0.2% (W/W) and a reduction in the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content to below detectable levels or loss than about 0.01% (W/W), thereby virtually eliminating any bitter taste or musty off-flavor.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a biologically pure culture of a cellulose-producing microorganism, preferably a prokaryote. This cellulose-producing microorganism is capable, during fermentation in an aqueous nutrient medium containing assimilable sources of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic substances, of reversal of direction of cellulose ribbon extrusion. This reversal of direction of cellulose ribbon extrusion results on the cellulose-producing microorganism shuttling, at least periodically, first in one direction and then in the other direction along a length of an earlier-deposited cellulose ribbon to add another cellulose ribbon thereto and produce a cellulose ribbon-bundle having a width of at least two cellulose ribbons.The cellulose-producing microorganism of the present invention may be of the genus Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas or Alcaligenes, preferably of the genus Acetobacter and more preferably of the species Acetobacter xylinum or Acetobacter pasteurianus.

Abstract: A process for recycling the difluoro sugar in the synthesis of 2,2-difluoronucleosides proceeds by removing the base moiety of .alpha.-difluoronucleosides by reduction and hydrolysis, followed by oxidation to put the difluro sugar in a form conventiently recycled into the synthesis, and intermediates useful therefor.

Abstract: A process for producing a sucrose fatty acid polyester comprises reacting sucrose with fatty acid lower alcohol ester(s) in a solvent in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, wherein said fatty acid lower alcohol ester(s) are employed in an amount at least 5 times by mol as much as said sucrose. The alkaline catalyst component is removed from the reaction product thus obtained and the obtained sucrose fatty acid polyester-containing solution is catalytically treated with activated clay. This process enables the production of a sucrose fatty acid polyester containing an extremely small amount of ash components and having an extremely low color value. The alkaline catalyst used in this process may be recovered and reused, which further makes the process of the present invention advantageous.

Abstract: A process for preparing gamma inulin comprising the steps of (a) recrystallizing crude inulin from water at a temperature below 37.degree. C. to obtain a suspension, (b) heating the suspension at a temperature of from about 25.degree. to 45.degree. C. for about 1-3 days, (c) further heating the suspension at a temperature of about 40.degree. to 55.degree. C. for about 0.5 to 1.5 hours, and (d) isolating insoluble gamma inulin from the suspension. A composition comprising particles of inulin or an inulin derivative in the gamma polymorphic form is characterized in that the particles have a low rate of solution in aqueous media above 30.degree. C., particularly above 37.degree. C. The composition is effective as the active component of an immunotherapeutic preparation for activation of the alternative pathway of complement, or for antitumor treatment.

Abstract: A method is provided for obtaining concentrated solutions of mucilaginous material by heating plants in an aqueous alkaline medium to form a mixture of solid and liquid, then rapidly expressing the liquid from a thin layer of plant in the apparatus. Apparatus for successively expressing liquid from batches of liquid-solid mixture, said apparatus including a porous septum at the open face of a chamber, the chamber being intermittently sealed to the septum, and having a piston to press the mixture against the septum to express liquid through the septum, the solid residue from each batch being conveyed beyond the unsealed chamber as the next batch is being conveyed into it.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of nonionic glucans by adding a divalent cation to a solution containing solubilized glucan and then adjusting the solution to an alkaline pH resulting in the precipitation of glucan.

Abstract: A process for the isolation of nucleic acids from cell or tissue extracts by precipitating the nucleic acids with a water-soluble ketone, preferably with acetone, optionally in the presence of dimethylformamide or formamide.

Abstract: Long-chain alkylglucosides are purified by extraction with water from reaction mixtures obtainable by reacting monosaccharides and alcohols of 8 or more carbon atoms or by transacetalating short-chain alkylglucosides with alcohols of 8 or more carbon atoms, adjusted to a pH above 6 in either case.

Abstract: This method for making sugar esters entails first reacting a sugar and an ter of that sugar having a degree of substitution greater than 2 with a Lewis acid or Lewis base catalyst in an organic solvent to form a sugar ester having a degree of substitution up to 2 and recovering the sugar ester having a degree of substitution up to 2 at ambient temperature. The recovery step must be conducted at a temperature below the distillation or boiling temperature of the organic solvent or else the DS of the resulting sugar ester will be greater than 2. This process is especially suited for sucrose esters. The reaction between the sugar and the sugar ester is conducted in the absence of a methyl ester of a fatty acid.

Abstract: Surface active glycosides are made by reaction of monose or polyose with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst composition containing acid catalyst and reducing agent; the color properties of the glycosodes so made makes them attractive for use in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and household products. Suitable reducing agents include phosphorous, hypophosphorous, sulphurous, hyposulphurous, nitrous and hyponitrous acids. Suitable catalysts include the known etherification catalysts.

Abstract: A method is provided for isolating DNA from eukaryotic cell and flow sorted chromosomes. When DNA is removed from chromosome and cell structure, detergent and proteolytic digestion products remain with the DNA. These products can be removed with organic extraction, but the process steps associated with organic extraction reduce the size of DNA fragments available for experimental use. The present process removes the waste products by dialyzing a solution containing the DNA against a solution containing polyethylene glycol (PEG). The waste products dialyze into the PEG leaving isolated DNA. The remaining DNA has been prepared with fragments containing more than 160 kb. The isolated DNA has been used in conventional protocols without affect on the protocol.

Abstract: Sandwich assays for detecting and identifying lipopolysaccharides of gram negative bacteria utilizing immobilized lipopolysaccharide binding proteins and labelled detection reagents are provided. The active supports are also useful in removing LPS from biomedical and cosmetic preparations.

Abstract: Process for the production and extraction of polysaccharides from a porphyridium cruentum culture and apparatus for performing the process.This production and extraction process comprises a stage of concentrating the polysaccharides consisting of leaving the culture medium (1) in a photoreactor (22) exposed to sunlight under stagnant conditions and at ambient temperature, leading to the formation of a polysaccharide-rich cream (23) and recovering said cream by skimming, a stage (24) of heating the concentrate obtained at a temperature between 60.degree. and 100.degree. C., a stage of separating the solid and liquid phases formed (26), a stage (30) of precipitating the polysaccharides contained in the liquid phase and a stage (16) of drying the precipitate obtained.

Abstract: The catalytic hydrogenation of a glycoside composition to reduce the color of the composition is disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recovering steviosides from dried plant material of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni by extraction and purification. An extract is obtained through treatment in water at a temperature from room temperature to about 65.degree. C. with stirring and subsequent filtration and centrifugation. This extract is treated with calcium hydroxide, whereupon a precipitate is obtained by means of filtration or centrifugation. This precipitate is treated with a strongly acidic ion exchange resin and subsequently with a weakly basic ion exchange resin, filtered and dried.

Abstract: Mixtures of alkyl glycosides and fatty alcohols are readily separated by distillation without thermal degradation of glycoside. In the presence of one or more viscosity-reducing agents which are heat-stable and color-stable at temperatures of up to 160.degree. C., which are miscible with the alkyl glycosides, which have a boiling point at 760 mbar at least 50.degree. C. above the boiling point of the fatty alcohol present in the mixture, and reduce the viscosity of the mixture to at most 10,000 mPas at the distillation temperature. The fatty alcohols are quantitatively separated off from this mixture by distillation in customary distillation apparatus at a temperature at least 20.degree. C. below the thermal decomposition point of the alky glycosides and under pressures of from 1 to 10.sup.-3 bar.

Abstract: A process for the production of fermentable sugars from wood or other cellulose-containing biomasses, comprises the steps of (a) hydrolysing the biomass with a dilute sulfuric acid to dissolve hemicellulose while leaving most of cellulose in a solid phase, (b) separating the cellulose-containing solid phase, (c) subjecting the solid phase to rapid pyrolysis at a temperature of 400.degree.-600.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure, preferably in a fluidized bed reactor with a short vapor residence time, to obtain a crude pyrolysis product by condensing the pyrolytic vapors, (d) adjusting the water content of the crude product to form an aqueous phase with high carbohydrate content and a water-insoluble phase containing lignin-derived material, and (e) separating the aqueous phase. Optionally, the aqueous phase may be purified, e.g. by absorption.

Abstract: A process for the liquid phase adsorptive separation of psicose from an aqueous feed mixture of monosaccharides containing psicose along with other aldoses and ketoses. The feed is contacted with a calcium-Y type zeolite in two stages. Psicose and fructose are selectively adsorbed to the substantial exclusion of other aldoses and ketoses. In a first embodiment, the extract from the first stage is psicose and fructose is eluted with the raffinate components. In a second embodiment, psicose is again recovered in high purity from the first place as a first extract material while a second extract material, comprising highly purified fructose, is also recovered. The process can be carried out on a commercial scale by means of a simulated moving bed flow scheme.

Abstract: Arabinose is separated from mixtures of monosaccharides containing arabinose and other aldopentoses and aldohexoses by adsorption on sulfonated polystyrene divinylbenzene crosslinked ion exchange resins exchanged with calcium-ammonium cationic and desorbing the adsorbate with water. The other saccharides are removed from the adsorption process in the raffinate.

Abstract: Monosialoganglioside is prepared by heating ganglioside at a temperature higher than 50.degree. C. in a liquid medium containing water.

Abstract: Mixtures containing cyclodextrins are fractionated by affinity chromatography on matrices bearing hydrophobic ligands. The size and structure of the hydrophobic ligands can be altered to change the relative affinity of the ligands for different cyclodextrins and thus influence chromatographic fractionation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for purifying an impure anthracyclinone glycoside by selective adsorption of a slightly acidic aqueous solution of an impure glycoside on at least one resin and subsequent de-absorption of the purified glycoside by elution with acidic water or a mixture of water and a polar solvent.

Abstract: A process for the liquid phase adsorptive separation of arabinose from an aqueous feed mixture of monosaccharides containing arabinose along with other aldoses and ketoses. The feed is contacted with an ammonium X-type zeolite. Arabinose is selectively absorbed to the substantial exclusion of other aldoses and ketoses and thereafter is recovered in high purity by desorption with water. The process can be carried out on a commercial scale by means of a simulated moving bed flow scheme.

Abstract: A process for the single-stage preparation of glycosyl fluorides by dissolving saccharides in liquid hydrogen fluoride and evaporating the hydrogen fluoride, wherein the resulting glycosyl fluoride is isolated in such a way that, when the evaporation of the hydrogen fluoride is started at a relatively high temperature, in general at -20.degree. to +20.degree. C., the evaporation is effected at a high evaporation rate or, when a low evaporation rate is used at the start of the evaporation, a sufficiently low temperature is set, in general -80.degree. C. to -30.degree. C.

Abstract: Oligoglucosylfructosides wherein an oligoglucosylfructoside having a polymerization degree of 2 or 3 glucose units are recovered in a high purity from a feed solution additionally containing substantial amounts of higher- and lower-oligosaccharides by sequentially admitting predetermined volumes of the feed solution and water to the column of a strongly-acidic cation exchange resin in alkaline-earth metal form; sequentially separating the effluents from the column into the first fraction rich in the higher oligosaccharide, the second fraction rich in the higher oligosaccharide but highly contaiminated with the oligoglucosylfructoside, the first fraction rich in the oligoglucosylfructoside, the fourth fraction rich in the oligoglucosylfructoside but highly contaminated with the lower oligosaccharide, and the fifth fraction rich in the lower oligosaccharide; and recovering the third fraction.

Abstract: Mannose is separated from mixtures with glucose and other saccharides by adsorption of sulfonated polystyrene divinylbenzene crosslinked ion exchange resins, and desorbing the adsorbate with water. Glucose is removed from the adsorption process in the raffinate.

Abstract: Compounds of the forulae I and Ia ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is a group which can be transferred to carbonyl or imine compounds, for example alkyl, allyl, vinyl or the radical of an enol or enamine, R.sup.2 is, for example, cyclopentadienyl, R.sup.3 is the radical of an optically active sugar or sugar derivative, Me is Ti, Zr or Hf, x is 0, 1 or 2 and y is 0, 1, 2 or 3, M.sym. is Li.sym., Na.sym., K.sym., MgY.sym., ZnY.sym., CdY.sym., HgY, CuY.sym. or quaternary ammonium, Y being halogen, are suitable for use as chiral reactants for compounds containing aldehyde, keto and/or N-substituted imine groups.

Abstract: The dark-colored solutions obtained in the preparation of butyloligoglycosides from saccharides and butanol are adjusted to an acidity of 0 to 12 mg of KOH/g. Colorless or light-colored butyloligoglycosides are then extracted from them by water, optionally after the addition of a nonpolar solvent, and are then isolated from the aqueous phase in a conventional way.

Abstract: Methods and compositions are provided for the production and use of enzymes that degrade lipopolysaccharide bioemulsifiers, and, in particular, emulsans. The enzymes may be used to demulsify bioemulsifier-stabilized hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the separation of a polysaccharide from an aqueous system using a water-soluble fatty acid salt and optionally a precipitated liquid to separate out the polysaccharide.

Abstract: A method of preparing a molecular compound of glucosylmoranoline of the formula I ##STR1## with methanol, which comprises stirring an aqueous solution comprising (I) and other moranoline derivatives with methanol, whereupon crystals of the molecular compound of (I) with methanol are formed.

Abstract: A novel method for purifying a sugar phosphate or its salt, in which a sugar-containing mixture of a sugar phosphate or its salt and phosphoric acid or its salt is subjected to electrodialysis to remove the phosphoric acid or its salt from the mixture.According to this method, the phosphoric acid or its salt can be readily obtained in a reusable form. The method is thus quite advantageous in view of the economy.

Abstract: A method for processing aqueous sugar juice containing a mixture of aldehyde-function saccharides and ketonic-function saccharides for separating and selecting ketonic-function saccharides, comprising (a) producing a hydro-organic medium by mixing the juice with an active methylene ketonic compound, a calcium-based catalyst and preferably ethanol, (b) mixing the medium until furanic polyalcohol is formed by condensation of the ketonic compound and the aldehyde-function saccharides and (c) allowing the furanic polyalcohol to precipitate and separating it by physical means from the liquid medium.

Abstract: In the purification of acarbose by contacting an acarbose-containing solution with a cation exchanger to adsorb the acarbose, eluting the ion exchanger and collecting an eluate fraction enriched in purified acarbose, the improvement wherein the cation exchanger is a polymer obtained by polymerizing an aromatic compound possessing at least one vinyl group and at least one hydrophilic monomer in the presence of a solvent for the monomer which is a precipitant for the crosslinked polymer formed, isolating the resistant polymer, and sulphonating the polymer in the presence of a swelling agent for the polymer. The invention gives sharp separation and other processing advantages.

Abstract: Disclosed are hitherto-unknown erlose hydrate, a mixture solid containing the same, and their production and uses. One mole of the erlose hydrate has 1 or 3 moles of cystallization water. The erlose hydrate and a mixture solid containing the same are readily dissolvable in water, non- or scarcely-hygroscopic, low-cariogenic, low-calorific, and, therefore, favorably usable to prepare orally-usable products, e.g. foodstuffs in general, cosmetics, dentifrices, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to immunogenic preparations of Klebsiella species serotype-specific capsular polysaccharides. The invention involves the treatment of Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides in dilute sodium hydroxide to detoxify co-purified toxic lipopolysaccharides and to yield immunogenic vaccine preparations safe for parenteral administration to humans. The polyvalent vaccines prepared by use of the above vaccine are effective at providing protection against infections caused by Klebsiella species bacilli.

Abstract: A process for the separation of mannose is disclosed which comprises the selective adsorption of same on certain types of zeolitic molecular sieves. The process is especially useful for separating mannose from glucose epimerization product or plant tissue hydrolyzate, using zeolites selected from the group consisting of BaX, BaY, SrY, NaY and CaY.