Abstract: Provided are NCC-based materials, as superb barrier materials for preventing oxygen and humidity from penetrating therethrough.

Abstract: A composite material can include a gel and at least one nanostructure disposed within the gel. A method for healing a soft tissue defect can include applying a composite material to a soft tissue defect, wherein the composite material includes a gel and a nanostructure disposed within the gel. A method for manufacturing a composite material for use in healing soft tissue defects can include providing a gel and disposing nanofibers within the gel.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a terpene-rich sample is prepared for terpene analysis using liquid chromatography via an extraction method that takes little time, uses minimal external equipment, and permits direct injection of extracted terpenes into a liquid chromatography instrument for analysis. An embodiment of the invention involves preparing a terpene-containing sample for analysis by liquid chromatography by liquid extraction; heating the liquid extract in a vial that contains a filter medium or solvent; collecting the terpenes in the medium by the vapor pressure forced through the filter from heating; and eluting the collected terpenes into a vial or directly into a chromatography injector.

Abstract: Flame retardant cellulose acetate is prepared comprising cellulose acetate flakes and an organophosphate compound bonded to the cellulose acetate flakes. Accordingly, the bonded phosphate-functional group provides the cellulose acetate flakes with pendant phosphate ester functionality. Numerous phosphate derivatives can be envisaged that will accomplish the intended task.

Abstract: Ionic liquids and cellulose ester compositions and processes for producing ionic liquids and cellulose esters. Cellulose esters can be produced by subjecting a cellulose-ionic liquid solution comprising cellulose, one or more ionic liquids, and one or more co-solvents to esterification to thereby produce an esterified medium comprising a cellulose ester. The co-solvents employed in the present invention can be either miscible or immiscible with the cellulose-ionic liquid solution but can be readily dispersed or soluble in the esterified medium.

Abstract: Ionic liquids and cellulose ester compositions and processes for producing ionic liquids and cellulose esters. Cellulose esters can be produced by subjecting a cellulose-ionic liquid solution comprising cellulose, one or more ionic liquids, and one or more co-solvents to esterification to thereby produce an esterified medium comprising a cellulose ester. The co-solvents employed in the present invention can be either miscible or immiscible with the cellulose-ionic liquid solution but can be readily dispersed or soluble in the esterified medium.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention provides a method of extracting arabinoxylan from corn fiber wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) heating an aqueous mixture of corn fiber and a liquid; (b) contacting the mixture of step (a) with a protease enzyme, thereby providing a proteolyzed corn fiber and a liquid; (c) separating the liquid from the proteolyzed corn fiber; (d) contacting the proteolyzed corn fiber at least once with an alkaline extractant, thereby providing an insoluble cellulose material and a liquid comprising arabinoxylan; (e) separating the insoluble cellulose material from the liquid comprising arabinoxylan; and (f) reducing the volume of the liquid comprising arabinoxylan by removing excess alkaline extractant, thereby providing a concentrated liquid comprising from about 10% to about 50% solids, wherein the solids comprise arabinoxylan. In a further aspect, the invention provides methods of preparing novel arabinoxylan esters and ethers.

Abstract: A recombinant vaccinia virus derived from the vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) encoding and capable of expressing the E2 gene of Bovine papillomavirus. Also, the use of the virus in the treatment of lesions caused by papillomavirus.

Abstract: In the fluorinated cellulosic material obtained by a method for fluorinating a cellulosic material by reacting a cellulosic material selected from the group consisting of cellulose material and lignocellulose material with at least one fluorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of fluorine-containing olefin compound, fluorine-containing acrylate compound and fluorine-containing methacrylate compound in an organic solvent in the presence of a catalyst, not only the surface but also the inside of the cellulose and/or lignocellulose materials are modified and high performance of the cellulose and/or lignocellulose materials is realized.

Abstract: Ring-contracted N-demethyl-N-isopropyl-erythromycin-A derivatives having a modified side chain and gastrointestinally effective motilin-agonistic properties and the preparation thereof are described.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formula: ##STR1## and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R and Z are as defined herein.The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of formula I, methods of using said compounds of formula I in the treatment of infections and methods of preparing said compounds of formula I.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formula I ##STR1## and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and X are as defined herein. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of formula I, methods of using said compounds of formula I in the treatment of infections, and methods of preparing said compounds of formula I.

Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds having the formula ##STR1## as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of treating bacterial infections by the administration of such compounds; and processes for the preparation of the compounds.

Abstract: An erythromycin A derivative represented by Formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R is a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a nitrophenyl group or a methoxyphenyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has a strong antibacterial activity not only against erythromycin-sensitive bacteria but also against certain erythromycin-resistant bacteria and Haemophilus influenzae.

Abstract: Highly specific biocatalytic reactions have been used to create a population of derivatives from a single starting compound. Examples demonstrate synthesis of derivatives of taxol, taxol-2'-adipate, taxol-2'-vinyl adipate, 2,3-(methylenedioxy) benzaldehyde, (.+-.)-(2-endo, 3-exo)-bicyclo (2.2.2)octo-5-ene-2,3-dimethanol, adenosine and erythromycin.

Abstract: Novel 2-halo-6-O-substituted ketolide derivatives and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof having antibacterial activity having a formula ##STR1## compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a method for treating bacterial infections by administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention, and processes for their preparation.

Abstract: Novel compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein A is --OH and B forms with the 10-carbon a carbon--carbon double bond or A and B together form a carbonate or a carbamate, --OZ is selected from the group consisting of --OH, etherified hydroxy or esterified hydroxy and its non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the compound represented by the formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are hydrogen atoms, R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or an amino group, or R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 in combination represent .dbd.O or .dbd.NOR.sub.11, where R.sub.11 represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 in combination represent .dbd.O, Y represents --N(R.sub.6) (R.sub.7) or --N.sup.+ (R.sub.8) (R.sub.9) (R.sub.10)X.sup.- ; where R.sub.6 to R.sub.10 each represent a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, etc., and X.sup.- represents an anion,a pharmaceutical composition containing the same and a process for producing the same.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formula I ##STR1## and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, Q, X, Y and Z are as defined herein. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of formula I, methods of using said compounds of formula I in the treatment of infections, and methods of preparing said compounds of formula I.

Abstract: A subject of the invention is the compounds of formula (I): ##STR1## in which: X represents a CH.sub.2 or SO.sub.2 radical or an oxygen atom, Y represents a (CH.sub.2).sub.m --(CH.dbd.CH).sub.n (CH.sub.2).sub.o radical, with m+n+o.ltoreq.8, n=0 or 1, Ar represents an aryl radical,W represents a hydrogen atom, or the remainder of a carbamate function.The compounds of formula (I) have useful antibiotic properties.

Abstract: The claimed invention relates to a novel process of preparing N-demethyl-N-alkyl-4"-deoxy erythromycin A and B. The process comprises protecting the 2'-hydroxy or the 2'- and 11-hydroxy of a N-demethyl-4"-deoxy erythromycin derivative having the formula: ##STR1## where R.sub.b is H or OH, with a silyl protecting group and alkylating the N-position of the desosamine sugar.

Abstract: It has been found that sugar acid salts represent beneficial controlled release forms for basic organic drug compounds. Examples of appropriate salts include mono, di, oligo and polysaccharide poly-O-sulphonic acid salts of antibiotics such as tetracyclins and aminoglycosides.

Abstract: A method of producing an N-demethyl-N-isopropyl-8,9-anhydroerythromycin A-6,9-hemiacetal or a salt thereof, characterized in that an N-demethylerythromycin A or a salt thereof is reacted with an isopropylating agent and subsequently treated under acidic conditions, and a method of producing a substantially pure crystal of an 8,9-anhydroerythromycin A-6,9-hemiacetal derivative represented formula (VI): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, whether identical or not, represent an alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or an alkynyl having 2 to 6 carbon atoms; R.sup.3 represents hydrogen or a hydroxyl group; one of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 represents hydrogen and the other represents a hydroxyl group, or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 bind together to represent O.dbd.; R.sup.6 represents hydrogen or a hydroxyl group that may be substituted for; R.sup.

Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds having the formula as well as pharmaceutically acceptable sats, esters or prodrugs thereof, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of treating bacterial infections by the administration of such compounds; and processes for the preparation of the compounds.

Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds having the formula ##STR1## as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of treating bacterial infections by the administration of such compounds; and processes for the preparation of the compounds.

Abstract: Acylated carbohydrates with at least one carboxyalkyl group etherified with the carbohydrate of the following general formulaKH(--O--CHR.sub.1 --(CH.sub.2).sub.p --(COOH or COO.sup.-)).sub.n (--O--CO--R.sub.2).sub.m,wherein KH (carbohydrate) is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide or polysaccharide, and whereinif KH is a monosaccharide, then n=1 to 4 and m=1 to 4 with n+m=2 to 5;if KH is a disaccharide, then n=1 to 7 and m=1 to 7 with n+m=2 to 8;if KH is a trisaccharide, then n=1 to 10 and m=1 to 10 with n+m=2 to 11; andif KH is a polysaccharide, then n=0.2 to 2.8 and m=0.2 to 2.8 with n+m=0.4 to 3 (with polysaccharide referred to the monosaccharide unit of the KH), and whereinR1 is=H or a moiety with 1-9 carbon atoms, in particular an alkyl or acyl moiety, andR2 is a moiety with 1-9 carbon atoms, in particular an alkyl or acyl moiety, and wherein p=0 to 9.

Abstract: The invention provides novel erythromycin derivatives in which methyl groups on the macrolactone ring have been substituted with --H, -Et, and/or --OH and the ethyl side-chain has been substituted with hydroxymethyl or dihydroxycyclohexylmethyl side-chains. The invention also provides reagents such as isolated polynucleotides, vectors comprising the polynucleotides and host cells transformed with the vectors for making the novel compounds. Methods for making the compounds utilizing genetic engineering techniques are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides novel erythromycin derivatives in which methyl groups on the macrolactone ring have been substituted with --H, --Et, and/or --OH. The invention also provides reagents such as isolated polynucleotides, vectors comprising the polynucleotides and host cells transformed with the vectors for making the novel compounds. Methods for making the compounds utilizing genetic engineering techniques are also disclosed.

Abstract: The instant invention provides novel macrolide compounds and compositions useful in treating bacterial infections. Also provided are processes for preparing same.

Abstract: A process for preparing an erythromycin derivative, such as roxithromycin, from the corresponding oxime is disclosed. The oxime is reacted with a metal alkoxide and results in improvements over prior art processes involving the oxime. Roxithromycin is a known anti-bacterial agent.

Abstract: Novel 6,11-bridged erythromycin compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof having antibacterial activity having a formula ##STR1## compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a method for treating bacterial infections by administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention, and processes for their preparation.

Abstract: This invention relates to compounds of formulas 1 and 2 ##STR1## and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein X, X.sup.1, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.7, R.sup.17 and R.sup.19 are as defined herein. The compounds of formulas 1 and 2 may be useful in the treatment of bacterial, parasitic and protozoal infections, as well as disorders related to bacterial, parasitic and protozoal infections, in mammals, fish and birds. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of formula 1 and 2 and to methods of treating bacterial, parasitic and protozoal infections by administering the compounds of formula 1 and 2.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 4"-deoxyerythromycins, having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is H or OH, R.sup.1 is H or loweralkyl, and R.sup.2 is H or CH.sub.3 by treatment of the starting material, 2'-O-acetyl-4"-imidazolylthiocarbamoyl-erythromycin, with a hypophosphite reagent, in a water-miscible protic solvent optionally comprising a phase transfer agent. In a preferred embodiment, the water-miscible solvent is an alcohol and the starting material is reacted with sodium hypophosphite, ACVA and tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide.

Abstract: Novel 3'-N-modified 6-O-substituted erythromycin ketolide compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof having antibacterial activity having a formula ##STR1## compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as a method for treating bacterial infections by administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention.

Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds having the formula ##STR1## as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of treating bacterial infections by the administration of such compounds; and processes for the preparation of the compounds.

Abstract: The present invention describes a new process for the preparation of azithromycin from a suitable imino ether as precursor, characterised by the fact that the reduction and the reductive methylation of said imino ether are sequentially carried out with a noble metal catalyst and hydrogen in the presence of formaldehyde, or a source thereof, wherein both reactions can be conducted in the same reaction vessel.

Abstract: A subject of the invention is the compounds of formula (I): ##STR1## in which R represents a carboxylic acid remainder containing up to 18 carbon atoms the products of formula (I) can be used to prepare antibiotic products.

Abstract: Disclosed are 3',3'-N-bisdesmethyl-3',3'-N-bis-substituted-6-O-methyl-11-deoxy-11,12-cyc lic carbamate erythromycin A derivatives which are antagonists of lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, to methods of using the compounds and to the process of making the same.

Abstract: Water miscible pharmaceutical compositions containing up to about 40% of a macrolide antibiotic are prepared by reaction of the macrolide with acid in a non-aqueous water miscible organic solvent system.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of fumaric acid salts of compounds of general formula (II) (wherein R.sub.1 is lower alkyl; and R.sub.2 is lower alkyl), is characterized by reacting a compound, which is prepared from erythromycin A through acetylation of the hydroxyl at position 2', formulation and hemiketalization of the hydroxyl at position 4", oxidation of the hydroxyl at position 11, alkylation of the hydroxyl at position 12 and removal of the acetyl at position 2' and the formyl at position 4", with benzyloxycarbonyl chloride under basic conditions, freeing the obtained compound from the benzyloxycarbonyl group thus introduced, alkylating the nitrogen atom at position 3', converting the obtained compound into a fumaric acid salt, recrystallizing the obtained crude salt from an alcoholic solvent, and recrystallizing the obtained crystal from hydrous ethyl acetate again.

Abstract: Disclosed are 3'-N-desmethyl-3'-N-substituted-6-O-methyl-11-deoxy-11,12-cyclic carbamate erythromycin A derivatives which are antagonists of lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, to methods of using the compounds and to the process of making the same.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the novel antiobiotic 6-O-methylerythromycin A form O solvate, a process for its preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising this compound and a method of use as a therapeutic agent.

Abstract: A method is described for controlling the spread of Lyme Disease spirochete from rodents which have been infected. The method involves orally administering to the rodents a composition which includes an antibiotic (e.g., tetracycline) which is capable of killing the spirochete. Bait compositions are described which include an antibiotic. The bait compositions may be solid or liquid.

Abstract: Disclosed are 9-hydrazone erythromycin and 9-azine erythromycin derivatives and the processes for making the same. The compounds are useful intermediates for conversion into 6-O-alkyl erythromycin. Also disclosed are the processes for converting the compounds into 6-O-alkyl erythromycin.

Abstract: Novel multicyclic erythromycin compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof having antibacterial activity having a formula ##STR1## pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as a method for treating bacterial infections by administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of formula (I).

Abstract: A process for the preparation of N-demethyl-4"-deoxy-erythromycins A and B, having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.a is H or OH, by stepwise addition of iodine and base to the N-dimethyl-4"-deoxyerythromycin, preferably, accompanied by sparging with an inert gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to 13-hydroxy-tylosine derivatives, novel semisynthetic antibiotics from the class of macrolides, and to a process for the preparation thereof. According to the present invention by a reductive opening of the oxirane ring of tylosine 13-hydroxy compounds are obtained, which are then subjected to a hydrogenation of the double bond and then 13-hydroxy dihydro or tetrahydro compounds are subjected to an oximation reaction or 13-hydroxy oximes are subjected to the hydrogenation of the double bond.

Abstract: Novel 6-O-alkyl derivatives of erythronolide B are provided. A process for the preparation of 6-O-alkyl derivatives of erythronolide B using erythromycin B is also provided. A process for preparing 6-O-alkyl derivatives of erythromycin C using novel 6-O-alkyl derivatives of erythronolide B is further provided.

Abstract: Ring-contracted N-demethyl-N-isopropyl-erythromycin-A-spiroacetal compounds corresponding to formula I ##STR1## having gastrointestinally effective motilin-agonistic properties and the preparation thereof.

Abstract: The claimed invention provides a novel method of preparing 6-O-methyl erythromycin A. The process comprises the steps of reducing the 9-keto group of erythromycin A to form a 9-hydroxy erythromycin A, protecting the 9-, 2'-, and/or 4"-hydroxyl groups of erythromycin A, selectively methylating the 6-position of the 9-hydroxy erythromycin A derivative, deprotecting the hydroxyl groups and oxidizing the 9-hydroxyl to afford 6-O-methyl erythromycin A.