Abstract: Described are methods for preparing phenols, benzene carboxylic acids, esters and anhydrides thereof from furanic compounds by reaction with a dienophile, wherein the furanic compounds are reacted with a hydrazine and/or oxime and then reacted with a dienophile.

Abstract: In a process for controlling a gas phase oxidation reactor for preparation of phthalic anhydride, by passing a gas stream which comprises an aromatic hydrocarbon and molecular oxygen through a multitude of reaction tubes arranged in the gas phase oxidation reactor, each of which comprises a bed of at least one catalyst and the temperature of which can be controlled by means of a heat transfer medium, at least one control parameter is measured and correcting interventions for control of the control parameter are determined, the at least one control parameter comprising the phthalic anhydride yield and the correcting parameter used being the temperature of the heat carrier medium. Over at least 90% of the lifetime of the catalyst, the change in the correcting parameter is limited to a maximum of 0.5 K within a period of 30 days. In this way, the cumulated phthalic anhydride yield over the lifetime of the catalyst is maximized.

Abstract: A process for charging a longitudinal section of a catalyst tube with a homogeneous fixed catalyst bed section whose active composition is at least one multielement oxide or comprises elemental silver on an oxidic support body and whose geometric shaped catalyst bodies and shaped inert bodies have a specific inhomogeneity of their longest dimensions.

Abstract: Embodiments of an invention disclosed herein relate to apparatuses and processes related thereto including modifications of support members that significantly reduce the magnitude of stress at junctions between the support members and the shell walls of the apparatuses.

Abstract: The present invention provides a protein delivery means (e.g., a polyion complex) which allows efficient introduction into cells (particularly into the cytoplasm), is highly stable in serum, and is also widely applicable. The polyion complex of the present invention comprises a cationic polymer having a polycation moiety and a charge-conversional protein whose overall charge is converted from basic or neutral to acidic by a specific charge regulator.

Abstract: A method for purifying an oxydiphthalic anhydride comprises diluting a first mixture comprising an oxydiphthalic anhydride, a solvent, a catalyst, and an inorganic salt with a solvent, to provide a second mixture having a solids content of 10 to 30 percent based on total weight of the second mixture; filtering and washing the solids of the second mixture at a temperature below the crystallization point temperature of the oxydiphthalic anhydride to provide a third mixture; hydrolyzing the third mixture by adding water and a water-soluble acid to form a fourth mixture; heating the fourth mixture; then cooling to provide a solid-liquid mixture, optionally decanting a portion of the liquid, rediluting the remaining solid-liquid mixture, then filtering to provide a solid component; washing the solid component with water to provide a fifth mixture of oxydiphthalic tetraacid and water; ring closing the oxydiphthalic tetraacid to provide oxydiphthalic anhydride, and filtering the oxydiphthalic anhydride.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to temperature control of a reactor using probability distribution of temperature measurements. In one embodiment, a method of controlling a temperature of a chemical reaction includes injecting a reactant stream into a reactor and through a catalyst bed of the reactor. The reactant stream includes a hydrocarbon and oxygen. Injection of the reactant stream into the catalyst bed causes an exothermic chemical reaction. The method further includes circulating a coolant through the reactor, thereby removing heat from the catalyst bed. The method further includes measuring temperature at a plurality of locations in the catalyst bed. The method further includes calculating a fraction of the catalyst bed greater than a predetermined maximum temperature limit using a probability distribution generated using the temperature measurements.

Abstract: A multimetal oxide of the formula I Aga-bMbV2Ox*cH2O,??I where M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Tl, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Au, Al, Fe, Co, Ni and/or Mo, a is from 0.3 to 1.9 and b is from 0 to 0.5, with the proviso that the difference (a?b)?0.1 and c is from 0 to 20 and x is a number determined by the valence and amount of elements different from oxygen in the formula I, which has a crystal structure giving an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which displays reflections at the lattice spacings d of 15.23±0.6, 12.16±0.4, 10.68±0.3, 3.41±0.04, 3.09±0.04, 3.02±0.04, 2.36±0.04 and 1.80±0.04 ?. Precatalysts and catalysts produced therefrom for the partial oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons are also provided.

Abstract: What is described is a method for starting a gas phase oxidation reactor that contains a bed of a first catalyst whose active material comprises a catalytically active silver-vanadium oxide bronze, and at least one bed of a second catalyst whose catalytically active material comprises vanadium pentoxide and titanium dioxide, and whose temperature is controllable by means of a heat transfer medium. In the operating state, a gas stream which comprises a loading cop of a hydrocarbon and molecular oxygen is passed through the reactor over the bed of the first and second catalyst at a temperature Top of the heat transfer medium. For the startup, a) a gas stream is passed through the reactor with a starting loading c0 which is less than cop, and at a starting temperature T0 of the heat transfer medium which is less than Top, and b) the temperature of the heat transfer medium is brought to Top and the loading of the gas stream to cop.

Abstract: An ammonia converter and method are disclosed. The reactor can alter the conversion of ammonia by controlling the reaction temperature of the exothermic reaction along the length of the reactor to parallel the equilibrium curve for the desired product. The reactor 100 can comprise a shell 101 and internal catalyst tubes 109. The feed gas stream enters the reactor, flows through the shell 101, and is heated by indirect heat exchange with the catalyst tubes 109. The catalyst tubes 109 comprise reactive zones 122 having catalyst and reaction limited zones 124 that can comprise inert devices that function to both separate the reactive zones, increase heat transfer area, and reduce the temperature of the reaction mixture as the effluent passes through the catalyst tube 109.

Abstract: What is proposed is an apparatus for automatic catalyst exchange in a plurality of process steps in the catalyst tubes of a reactor with a bundle of catalyst tubes, which are welded in or rolled in between an upper tube plate and a lower tube plate in longitudinal direction of the reactor, and welded tight, comprising a tool carrier device, which is arranged so as to be mobile in a plane above and parallel to the upper tube plate, and which can be equipped with an exchangeable tool for each process step, the exchangeable tool being mobile together with the tool carrier device in the plane above and parallel to the upper tube plate and also vertically, in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the reactor, and being able to access each individual catalyst tube with control by means of a control unit, the position of the longitudinal axis of each individual catalyst tube being measured or calculated and recorded in the control unit in a position database.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a light absorbent for organic anti-reflection coating formation, and an organic anti-reflection film composition containing the same.

Abstract: a method for preparing an oxydiphthalic anhydride comprises contacting, under reactive and substantially anhydrous conditions in a reactor, at least one halophthalic anhydride containing more than 250 ppm chlorophthalide impurity with a carbonate of the formula M2CO3, wherein M is an alkali metal, in the presence of a catalytic proportion of at least one phase transfer catalyst selected from the group consisting of hexaalkylguanidinium halides and alpha,omega-bis(pentaalkylguanidinium)alkane salts, phosphonium salts, phosphazenium salts, pyridinium salts, phosphazenium salts, ammonium salts, and combinations thereof. The phase transfer catalyst is present in a sufficient amount to prepare the oxydiphthalic anhydride when the chlorophthalide is present in an amount that is more than 250 ppm, and the oxydiphthalic anhydride is produced in a yield, based on the carbonate, of at least 70%.

Abstract: A process for charging a longitudinal section of a catalyst tube with a homogeneous fixed catalyst bed section whose active composition is at least one multielement oxide or comprises elemental silver on an oxidic support body and whose geometric shaped catalyst bodies and shaped inert bodies have a specific inhomogeneity of their longest dimensions.

Abstract: To improve the columns used so far for producing phthalic anhydride, and to make them less expensive and easier to install, it is proposed that in the column for concentrating phthalic anhydride two distillation stages are arranged, wherein the removal of the low-boiling components of the crude phthalic anhydride by distillation is effected in the first distillation stage (2) and the separation of the high-boiling components from the pure phthalic anhydride is effected in the second distillation stage (3), both distillation stages being arranged side by side and being separated from each other by a vertical wall (4), and that the bottom (7) of the first distillation stage (2) is connected with the bottom (10) of the second distillation stage (3).

Abstract: The present invention provides novel antiviral compounds, refered to as calanolides, related compounds, and their derivatives, which may be isolated from plants, or derived from compounds from plants, of the genus Calophyllum in accordance with the present inventive method. The compounds and their derivatives may be used alone or in combination with other antiviral agents in compositions, such as pharmaceutical compositions, to inhibit the growth or replication of a virus, such as a retrovirus, in particular a human immunodeficiency virus, specifically HIV-1 or HIV-2.

Abstract: Methods for treating conditions associated with hyperglycemia, especially Type II diabetes, with novel naphthylsulfonic acids and related compounds. These compounds, as single stereoisomers or mixtures of stereoisomers, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are useful in methods of stimulating the kinase activity of the insulin receptor, enhancing the activation of the insulin receptor by insulin, and stimulating the uptake of glucose into cells. A variety of antidiabetic compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the antidiabetic compounds are also disclosed.

Abstract: Process for generating a homogeneous gas mixture of o-xylene and air for the production for the production of phthalic anhydride wherein o-xylene is completely evaporated in the absence of oxygen, superheated and then mixed with air and supplied to a phthalic anhydride reactor.

Abstract: In a process for preparing phthalic anhydride by catalytic gas-phase oxidation of o-xylene or naphthalene or o-xylene/naphthalene mixtures with a gas comprising molecular oxygen over a coated catalyst comprising an inert, nonporous support material on which a catalytically active composition comprising titanium dioxide and vanadium pentoxide is applied in layer form, a catalyst whose catalytically active composition comprises from 3 to 6% by weight of vanadium pentoxide, calculated as V2O5, from 0.3 to 0.5% by weight of a cesium compound, calculated as Cs, and the remainder to 100% by weight of titanium dioxide in the anatase modification is used in the presence or absence of a coated catalyst, differing therefrom, for the catalytic gas-phase oxidation of o-xylene or naphthalene or o-xylene/naphthalene mixtures and, in the presence of such a second catalyst, the latter is used in a combined bed with the catalyst of the above composition in the reactor.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to new polycyclicaromatic-ethynyl terminated materials that possesses excellent mechanical and chemical properties for high-performance composite application that can be cured at lower temperatures than phenyl-ethynyl terminated imide materials.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing perylene pigment compositions by reaction of (a) a perylene tetracarboxylic compound; (b) about 0.01 to about 20% by weight, relative to the perylene tetracarboxylic compound, of a non-pigmentary cyclic anhydride or imide of formula (I) wherein W is O or NR1 (where R1 is hydrogen, a metal, or optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, or aryl), R2, R3, and R4 are various combinations of substituents and/or fused-on rings, and the dotted line is an optional double bond representing R2−C=C—R3; (c) ammonia or a primary alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl amine; optionally in the presence of (d) a solvent and/or (e) one or more dispersants.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing perylene pigment compositions by reaction of(a) a perylene tetracarboxylic compound;(b) about 0.01 to about 20% by weight, relative to the perylene tetracarboxylic compound, of a non-pigmentary cyclic anhydride or imide of formula (I) ##STR1## wherein W is O or NR.sup.1 (where R.sup.1 is hydrogen, a metal, or optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, or aryl), R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are various combinations of substituents and/or fused-on rings, and the dotted line is an optional double bond representing R.sup.2 --C.dbd.C--R.sup.3 ;(c) ammonia or a primary alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl amine; optionally in the presence of(d) a solvent and/or(e) one or more dispersants.

Abstract: A process for producing anhydrides by passing a solution of the acid, preferably an organic polyacid, which is to undergo anhydridation over an acidified clay and a process for producing the catalysts therefor.

Abstract: A system provides an oxygen-bearing gas and gaseous reactant stream to a fluidized bed reactor using a sparger to entrain the oxygen-bearing gas into the reactant gas stream. A feed line couples the sparger to the reactor's fluidized bed and introduces the reactant gas stream and entrained oxygen-bearing gas directly into contact with the fluidized bed. A controller controls and maintains both the amount of oxygen-bearing gas and the gaseous reactant above an upper flammability limit, preferably with a safety margin of at least 10%.

Abstract: Polyalkylene substituted carboxylic acylating agents which contain chlorine are synthesized by chlorine induced condensation of polyalkylenes and .alpha.-.beta. unsaturated carboxylic groups are treated with sulfur to reduce chlorine content of the carboxylic acylating agent.

Abstract: Isobenzofurandiones are obtained in particularly advantageous manner by the dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisobenzofurandiones in the presence of catalysts at elevated temperature by a process in which distilled tetrahydro-isobenzofurandiones are heated to temperatures of between 120.degree. and 300.degree. C. in the presence of supported palladium and/or platinum catalysts and in the presence of maleic acid derivatives in a trickle-phase or liquid-phase procedure, the temperature in the liquid-phase procedure being increased at a rate of 0.6.degree. to 3.degree. C. per minute above 80.degree. to 110.degree. C.

Abstract: The process for making phthalic anhydride by catalytic gas phase oxidation of o-xylene or naphthalene includes feeding a gas containing oxygen and the reactant to a first reactor; operating the first reactor to oxidize the reactant and obtain an effluent gas including the reactant, phthalic anhydride and/or maleic anhydride; adding the reactant or a gas containing the reactant to the effluent so that a molar ratio of moles of free oxygen to a sum of moles of the organic compounds in the effluent is less than 7, preferably from 3 to 6; after that, feeding the effluent into a second reactor; and operating the fixed bed reactor to at least partially convert the reactant in the effluent to phthalic anhydride.

Abstract: Novel compounds, their preparation and their use as bifunctional acid-labile crosslinking agents which are cleavable in an acid environment at a pH of below about 5.0 allowing for the controlled release of nucleophilic groups attached thereto are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of tetrafluorophthalic acid and/or tetrafluorophthalic anhydride by reacting a compound of the formula ##STR1## in which X is a radical ##STR2## which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted on the aromatic nucleus by fluorine and/or chlorine and/or alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or is a radical ##STR3## in which R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are as defined, with water, and subsequently removing the water still present by azeotropic distillation or extracting the tetrafluorophthalic acid and/or its anhydride with a water-insoluble solvent or solvent mixture.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of a partial oxidation product by the vapor phase reaction of a hydrocarbon with substantially pure oxygen in the presence of a suitable catalyst. In the improved process, the partial oxidation product is removed, carbon dioxide and excess carbon monoxide, present in the reactor effluent as by-products, are also removed and the remaining gaseous effluent, comprised mainly of carbon monoxide and unreacted hydrocarbon, is recycled to the reactor. The concentration of carbon monoxide throughout the system is maintained sufficiently high to prevent the formation of a flammable mixture in the reactor or associated equipment.

Abstract: An improvement in the oxidation catalyst used for the partial oxidation of n-butane and containing vanadium and phosphorus, zinc and lithium mixed oxides which comprises adding a molybdenum compound modifier in an amount of from about 0.005 to 0.025/1 Mo/V to the catalyst during the digestion of the reduced vanadium compound by concentrated phosphoric acid. The addition of Mo produces a catalyst which is very stable more active system and longer lived than the unmodified catalyst.

Abstract: Petrochemicals are produced by the vapor phase reaction of a hydrocarbon with substantially pure oxygen in the presence of a suitable catalyst. In the improved process, the principal product is removed, carbon monoxide, present in the reactor effluent as a byproduct, is oxidized to carbon dioxide and part of the gaseous effluent, comprised mainly of carbon dioxide and unreacted hydrocarbon, is recycled to the reactor. Removal of carbon monoxide from the recycle stream reduces the hazard of a fire or explosion in the reactor or associated equipment. The use of carbon dioxide as the principal diluent increases heat removal from the reactor, thereby increasing the production capacity of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for producing anhydrides by passing a solution of the acid, preferably an organic polyacid, which is to undergo anhydridation over an acidified clay and a process for producing the catalysts therefor.

Abstract: A method for reducing the formation of dust produced by solid aromatic anhydrides, and aromatic anhydride compositions that have a reduced tendency to emit aromatic anhydride dust, are disclosed. The method comprises treating the aromatic anhydride with low levels of suitable organic compounds.

Abstract: Tetrabromophthalic anhydride and the corresponding free acid are propared by oxidizing in the liquid phase a compound of the formula ##STR1## each of A and A' is independently selected from oxygen, OH or acetoxy; each of R and R' is independently selected from H, OH, alkyl, alkylidene or oxygen;x is 0 or 1; y is 3-x; and R.sub.y and R'.sub.y may together form a closed alicyclic or heterocyclic ring structure.Mixtures of two or more compounds of formula (I), optionally in the presence of an oxidation catalyst, can also be employed as the starting material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the oxidation of organic compounds in a non-uniform fluidized solid catalyst reaction system characterized in that a temperature profile is maintained in the reaction system such that a predominance of the oxidation occurs in a higher temperature zone, unreacted organic compound is adsorbed on the catalyst surface in a lower temperature zone, direct back-circulation of catalyst is restricted between zones and catalyst containing adsorbed organic compound is circulated from the lower temperature zone to the higher temperature zone.

Abstract: Phthalic anhydride is prepared in a multiple tube reactor provided with separate salt baths, the temperature of the salt bath used for cooling the first layer of catalyst, as regarded in the direction of flow of the reaction mixture, being from 2.degree. to 20.degree. C. higher than that of the salt bath(s) associated with the following layer(s).

Abstract: A system for producing phthalic anhydride by vapor phase oxidation of orthoxylene, naphthalene or the like which comprises an oxidation section, and a finishing section comprising: a means for decomposing crude phthalic anhydride liquid such that water, various other by-products and small amounts of phthalic anhydride are removed from the crude phthalic anhydride liquid as decomposer vapor; a means for venting decomposer vapor directly to a top portion of a first fractionation column; the first fractionation column being capable of distilling crude phthalic anhydride liquid received from the decomposer means for the purpose of removing light ends therefrom and which is also capable of recovering phthalic anhydride contained within vapors being vented therefrom; and a second fractionation column capable of distilling the crude phthalic anhydride liquid from the first fractionation column and removing tailings therefrom to produce substantially pure phthalic anhydride; whereby phthalic anhydride is recovered fr

Abstract: The present invention is an improvement to the conventional process for the production of phthalic anhydride. In particular, the present invention enables the crude phthalic anhydride product to be recovered in a more efficient manner.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a halophthalic anhydride, such as chlorophthalic anhydride, comprising the liquid phase reaction of bromine with a halogen substituted hexa- or tetra-hydrophthalic anhydride to produce halophthalic anhydride and gaseous HBr, and reacting the gaseous HBr with chlorine to regenerate bromine.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of a petrochemical by the vapor phase reaction of a hydrocarbon with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst to produce a flammable gaseous product stream comprising the desired petrochemical, unreacted hydrocarbon, oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. In the improved process, a cooled or liquefied inert gas is injected as a quench fluid into the gaseous product stream exiting the hydrocarbon oxidation reactor, thereby cooling the stream to a temperature below the autoignition temperature of the flammable components of the stream, the petrochemical is recovered from the gaseous product and unreacted hydrocarbon is removed from the gaseous product and recycled to the reactor.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of purified oxydiphthalic acid from impure oxydiphthalic anhydride, by treating with a mixture of water and propionic acid or butyric acid to produce oxydiphthalic acid. The acid may be treated to reform oxydiphthalic anhydride. The most effective composition range for the acid-water mixture is from about 25% acid to 75% acid.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for the production of an anhydride by the vapor phase reaction of a hydrocarbon with substantially pure oxygen in the presence of a suitable catalyst. In the improved process, the anhydride product is removed, carbon monoxide, present in the reactor effluent as a by-product, is oxidized to carbon dioxide and part of the gaseous effluent, comprised mainly of carbon dioxide and unreacted hydrocarbon, is recycled to the reactor. Removal of carbon monoxide from the recycle stream reduces the hazard of a fire or explosion in the reactor or associated equipment. The use of carbon dioxide as the principal diluent increases heat removal from the reactor, thereby increasing the production capacity of the reactor.

Abstract: Halophthalic anhydrides are prepared by the liquid phase reaction of a brominating agent with halogen substituted hexa- or tetra-hydrophthalic anhydrides.

Abstract: Halophthalic anhydrides are prepared by reaction of chlorine with a saturated or partially saturated halophthalic anhydride at a temperature of 200.degree. to 500.degree. Celsius.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of halogen substituted phthalic anhydrides of the formula: ##STR1## wherein x is a halogen, by the reaction of a halogen substituted tetrahydrophthalic phthalic anhydride of the formula ##STR2## or a geminal dihalogen substituted hexahydrophthalic anhydride of the formula ##STR3## in a vapor or liquid phase while mixed with an air flow and an activated carbon catalyst at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: A process for the production of 4-bromophthalic anhydride which comprises the reaction of 4-chlorotetrahydrophthalic anhydride with elemental bromine, in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of iron or an iron salt is disclosed.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of phthalic anhydride by the catalytic oxidation of naphthlene and/or ortho-xylene which comprises contacting a mixed gas containing naphthalene and/or ortho-xylene and a molecular oxygen-containing gas with a catalyst bed comprising a first catalyst packed on the upstream side of the flow of mixed gas and a second catalyst packed on the downstream side of the flow, wherein the first catalyst has carried on a nonporous inactive carrier a catalytically active component composed of 90 to 67% by weight of titanium dioxide, 8 to 30% by weight of vanadium pentoxide, 2 to 5% by weight of a cesium compound and 0.11 to 0.2 of cesium compound/vanadium pentoxide (molar ratio) (calculated as Cs.sub.2 SO.sub.4), and the second catalyst has carried on the nonporous inactive carrier a catalytically active component composed of 94 to 67% by weight of titanium dioxide, 5 to 30% by weight of vanadium pentoxide and not more than 0.

Abstract: Novel acid-functional poly(alkylene carbonate) polyahls and their salts having surfactant activities are disclosed. These polyahls have, on the average, at least about 0.05 and up to about and including one hydrophilic terminus per molecule and can be produced by the reaction of a random non-ionic poly(alkylene carbonate) polyahl obtained by reacting a monofunctional alcohol, mercaptan, carboxylic acid, primary or secondary amine, alkyl substituted phenol or alkoxylates thereof with an alkylene carbonate and/or an alkylene oxide and/or carbon dioxide and/or a poly(alkylene carbonate) polyahl, and admixing a compound capable of adding an acidic end group thereto. Novel anionic poly(alkylene carbonate) polyahls are also disclosed. Surfactant compositions comprising the acid-functional polyahls of the invention and other non-ionic surfactants are also disclosed. Moreover, surfactant compositions comprising the novel acid-functional polyahls and other anionic surfactants are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides (1) a process for producing a colorless aromatic acid anhydride having a high purity in a high yield by reacting an aromatic carboxylic acid having a carboxyl group bonded to the aromatic nucleus with a lower aliphatic acid anhydride in the presence of at least one metal ion selected from the group consisting of ions of metals of Groups, I, II, III, V, VII and VIII of the periodic table and (2) a process for producing an acid anhydride by an exchange reaction of an organic carboxylic acid anhydride and a carboxylic acid in the presence of at least 5 ppm of at least one metal ion selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Al, Ti and V ions.