Abstract: The invention provides methods for one or more of preventing or treating sarcopenia and muscle atrophy in animals. The methods comprise administering isoflavones to the animals, preferably in amounts of from about 0.001 to about 10 g/kg/day.

Abstract: The present invention relates to photochromic indeno-fused ring pyran compounds represented by the following Formula (I-A): The present invention also relates to photochromic dichroic compounds, such as represented by Formula (I-A), in which (i) Z2 is a group N—R13 in which R13 is a group L, and (ii) optionally at least one R1 independently for each n is selected from a group L, in which the group L independently in each case is a lengthening group that provides the photochromic compound with dichroic properties, in accordance with some embodiments. The present invention also relates to photochromic articles, such as photochromic ophthalmic articles, that include one or more photochromic compounds according to the present invention, such as represented by Formula (I-A).

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of preparing fused ring indeno compounds that involves reacting together a dienophile and a lactone compound, in the presence of a catalyst, and a carboxylic acid anhydride.

Abstract: The present invention relates to photochromic indeno-fused ring pyran compounds represented by the following Formula (I-A): The present invention also relates to photochromic dichroic compounds, such as represented by Formula (I-A), in which (i) Z2 is a group N—R13 in which R13 is a group L, and (ii) optionally at least one R1 independently for each n is selected from a group L, in which the group L independently in each case is a lengthening group that provides the photochromic compound with dichroic properties, in accordance with some embodiments. The present invention also relates to photochromic articles, such as photochromic ophthalmic articles, that include one or more photochromic compounds according to the present invention, such as represented by Formula (I-A).

Abstract: The present invention relates to intermediate compounds represented by the following Formula (I-A), The intermediate compounds of the present invention, such as represented by Formula (I-A), can be used to prepare photochromic compounds, such as photochromic fused ring indenopyran compounds, including but not limited to photochromic fused ring indeno-naphtho-pyran compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing carbon nanomaterials and/or carbon micromaterials, in particular multi-wall carbon nanotubes. This method is characterized according to the invention in that the materials, in particular the side walls of the materials, undergo microwave-assisted functionalization. In addition, a correspondingly modified material is described.

Abstract: An epoxide agent for an epoxy resin system, the epoxide agent comprising at least one non-acid functional rosin moiety and at least one epoxide moiety. Another embodiment is a curing agent for an epoxy resin system comprising at least one non-acid functional rosin moiety and at least one moiety that is reactive with an epoxy.

Abstract: The present teachings provide compounds of formulae I and II: where Q, Ra, R1, W, and n are as defined herein. The present teachings also provide methods of preparing compounds of formulae I and II, including methods of preparing compounds of formula II from compounds of formula I. The compounds disclosed herein can be used to prepare semiconductor materials and related composites and electronic devices.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a reversibly thermochromic system comprising a substituted or an unsubstituted 6,11-dihydroxy-naphthacene-5,12-dione and a base and to a reversibly thermochromic composition comprising the reversibly thermochromic system and a carrier material and to novel substituted 6,11-dihydroxy-naphthacene-5,12-diones.

Abstract: A reaction product comprising an adduct of a mid-range vinylidene content PIB polymer composition and maleic anhydride, a phenolic compound or a compound having a reactive site for subsequent amination. The PIB composition comprises a relatively low molecular weight, mid-range vinylidene content PIB polymer product wherein at least about 90% of the PIB molecules present in the product comprise alpha or beta position isomers. The vinylidene (alpha) isomer content of the product may range from 20% to 70% thereof and the content of tetra-substituted internal double bonds is very low, preferably less than about 5% and ideally less than about 1–2%. The mid-range vinylidene content PIB polymer products may be prepared employing a liquid phase polymerization process conducted in a loop reactor at a temperature of at least 60° F. using a BF3/methanol catalyst complex and a contact time of no more than 4 minutes.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes for industrially advantageously producing at a good yield respectively, a hydrogenated aromatic polycarboxylic acid and an acid anhydride thereof each having a high purity. The present invention provides processes for producing a hydrogenated aromatic polycarboxylic acid by (1) hydrogenating an aromatic polycarboxylic acid at a hydrogen partial pressure of 1 MPa or more by a batch system in the presence of a catalyst containing rhodium and palladium in a proportion of 0.

Abstract: Perylene derivatives of the general formula I 1

Abstract: A series of polyethylene glycol derivatives possessing a diene moiety has been prepared and characterized. The reactivities of these derivatives in various Diels-Alder reactions have been demonstrated. The potential derivatives, which can be made by various Diels-Alder reactions, are expected to be useful in biotechnical applications.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing phthalides by cathodic reduction of phthalic acid or phthalic acid derivatives, in which the carboxylic acid units may be substituted by units which can be derived by a condensation reaction from carboxylic acid units and in which one or several hydrogen atoms of the o-phenylene unit of the phthalic acid may be substituted by inert radicals. This process is characterised in that the reduction is carried out in an organic solvent which contains less than 50 wt % water and in a non-divided electrolytic cell.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel pure hydrocarbyl succinylating agents, substantially pure derivatives thereof, to a method of preparation of pure substituted succinylating agents and their derivatives, and to the use of thereof as additives for fuels and lubricants. The hydrocarbyl substituted succinylating agents are pure because the real and apparent mole ratios of the succinyl groups to the hydrocarbyl groups in such agents are substantially the same. These are produced by reacting an olefin polymer such as poly(iso)butylene with maleic anhydride to form a hydrocarbyl substitued succinylating agent which is then cleaned by solvent extraction to remove any impurities therein before use in further reactions.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel pure hydrocarbyl succinylating agents, substantially pure derivatives thereof, to a method of preparation of pure substituted succinylating agents and their derivatives, and to the use of thereof as additives for fuels and lubricants. The hydrocarbyl substituted succinylating agents are pure because the real and apparent mole ratios of the succinyl groups to the hydrocarbyl groups in such agents are substantially the same. These are produced by reacting an olefin polymer such as poly(iso)butylene with maleic anhydride to form a hydrocarbyl substitued succinylating agent which is then cleaned by solvent extraction to remove any impurities therein before use in further reactions.

Abstract: Crude mixtures of dioxydiphthalic anhydride containing alkali metal salts are purified by treating the crude mixture with an alkanol, such as n-butanol, to form the dioxydiphthalic acid diester; removing the insoluble alkali metal salts by filtration; removing the excess alkanol; and reconverting the dioxydiphthalic acid diester to dioxydiphthalic anhydride.

Abstract: The dispersants are formed by reacting (a) at least one dispersant having at least one primary or secondary amino group and/or at least one hydroxyl group, with (b) at least one polyolefinic compound substituted at each terminal position by a succinic group. Suitable substances for use as reactant (b) include compounds derived from at least one telechelic compound having up to 5000 carbon atoms and at least two terminal methylene groups by reaction with maleic anhydride or the like. The products are deemed to be effective dispersant/detergents for use in fuels and lubricants. In fuels the products are deemed to exhibit the property of inhibiting and/or reducing deposit formation such as intake valve deposits. In crankcase lubricants, the products are deemed to provide desirable viscosity index improving properties.

Abstract: A process for making a dianhydride product, said process comprising reacting two moles of maleic anhydride and one mole of a vinyl benzene compound in a reaction mixture comprising about 1.5 to 2.0 moles of the vinyl benzene compound per mole of maleic anhydride at reaction temperature in the range from 105.degree. to 125.degree. C. for time to complete the reaction, adding a polar organic liquid to the reaction product mixture and refluxing the mixture, cooling the mixture following reflux and adding a hydrocarbon liquid to precipitate the product, separating the solid dianhydride product by filtration, washing the solids on the filter and drying the solids to make the finished dianhydride product.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which X is O, S, SO, SO.sub.2 or NR.sub.13, R.sub.13 is, for example, methyl, and R.sub.1 to R.sub.12, independently of one another, are, for example, H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 Alkoxy, halogen or --CN. The compounds are photosensitive and photochromic and are suitable as photosensitizers and simultaneously as color indicators, and as photoswitchable color filters.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 independently of one another are H and at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 is a substituent belonging to the group --F, --Si(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl).sub.3 or --COOR.sup.10 ; or each pair of adjacent radicals of R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 is --CO--O--CO--; or at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl--(X).sub.p --, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 alkenyl--(X).sub.p --, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 -alkynyl--(X).sub.p --, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl--(X).sub.p --, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl--C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl--(X).sub.p --, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl--CH.sub.2 --(X).sub.p --, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl--C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl--CH.sub.2 --(X).sub.p --, C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl--X--, C.sub.7 -C.sub.20 alkaryl--X--, C.sub.7 -C.sub.12 aralkyl--(X).sub.p -- or C.sub.8 -C.sub.20 --alkaralkyl--(X).sub.p -- or --Y--(C.sub.m H.sub.2m --O)--.sub.n R.sup.10 each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by --F, --OH, --CN, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed are rigid fluorinated monomers 9-phenyl-9-perfluoroalkylxanthene ##STR1## . The monomers have utility in the preparation of advanced high-performance polymers, particularly polyimides.

Abstract: Rigid fluorine-containing compounds, monomers, and polymers based on pentacyclic core systems, such as 12H,14H-5, 7-dioxapentacene with perfluoroalkyl and/or aryl groups in the 12, 14 positions, and 5H,12H-7, 14-dioxapentacene, with perfluoroalkyl and/or aryl groups in the 5,12 positions. These monomers have utility in the preparation of advanced high-performance polymers, particularly polyimides. The rigid pentacyclic core decreases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the polymers, while the fluorinated substituents improve the dielectric constant and water absorption properties. Each monomer unit contains within its pentacyclic core two-O-bridges, and two --CRR.sub.f bridges (where R is aryl, substituted aryl or perfluoroalkyl, and R.sub.f is perfluoroalkyl).

Abstract: A photochromic compound represented by the following general formula [I] ##STR1## wherein ##STR2## represents a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or a divalent heterocyclic group each of which may have a substituent,R.sub.1 represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group or a monovalent heterocyclic group each of which may have a substituent, ##STR3## represents a norbornylidene or adamantylidene group which may have a substituent,X represents an oxygen atom or a group of the formula >N--R.sub.3 in which R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, andR.sub.2 represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent.Also provided are a process for production of the photochromic compound, a composition containing the photochromic compound, and the use of the photochromic compound. The colored form of this photochromic compound has excellent thermal stability.

Abstract: Substituted naphthacenediones of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 are H and at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.8, for example R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 or R.sup.2 and R.sup.6, are, for example, C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkenoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 -alkylsulfinyl, --CN, --CF.sub.3, --NO.sub.2, --Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3 or --COO(C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl), are suitable, when incorporated into polymers having hydroxyalkyl groups, for currentless deposition of metals onto the polymer surface. They are in some cases suitable as photoinitiators.

Abstract: Dioxydiphthalic anhydride is prepared by the reaction of dihalophthalic anhydride with an alkali metal compound, such as potassium carbonate. The compound is particularly useful as a monomer in the preparation of polyimides.

Abstract: Aromatic carbonyl compounds, in particular arylene ether ketones, are prepared by reacting an appropriate reagent system in the presence of free Lewis acid and a complex between a Lewis acid, for example, aluminum trichloride, and an inorganic salt controlling agent, for example, lithium chloride, and, optionally, a diluent, such as methylene chloride. The process is particularly advantageous for the preparation of substantially or all para-linked arylene ether ketones as the presence of the Lewis acid/Lewis base complex markedly reduces alkylation and ensures the substantial absence of ortho substitution.

Abstract: Cyclic carbonic acid esters are produced by reaction of hydroxy compounds with phosgene in the presence of a heterocyclic compound containing at least one nitrogen atom as ring member in an aromatic ring.

Abstract: Dioxydiphthalic anhydride is prepared by the reaction of dihalophthalic anhydride with an alkali metal compound, such as potassium carbonate. The compound is particularly useful as a monomer in the preparation of polyimides.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparation of anhydrides containing additional carboxylic acid moieties and dianhydrides of disubstituted maleic anhydride compounds wherein the acid anhydrides and dianhydrides retain their alkene character. The resulting alkene compounds are useful as precursors for polyesters, thermally stable polyamide-imides and polyimides which are also disclosed, as well as a process for their preparation.

Abstract: Novel halo-oxydiphthalic anhydrides are of the formula ##STR1## where X is F, Cl, Br, or I; X' is H, F, Cl, Br, or I.

Abstract: A compound represented by the following general formula [I] ##STR1## wherein ##STR2## represents a norbornylidene group or an adamantylidene group each of which may have a substituent, andX represents an oxygen atom, the group >N-R.sub.2, the group >N-A.sub.1 -B.sub.1 --A.sub.2).sub.m (B.sub.2).sub.n R.sub.3, the group >N-A.sub.3 -A.sub.4, or the group >N-A.sub.3 -R.sub.4, provided that when ##STR3## is an adamantylidene group, X is selected from the above groups excepting the oxygen atom and the group >N-R.sub.2 ; and plastic lens containing the compound of the above formula [I].

Abstract: Novel chromophor derivatives of cyclic anhydrides are provided which have the ability to react with a variety of organic substrates forming adducts which are useful in analytical techniques for the detection and measurement of biological compounds.

Abstract: There are disclosed compounds of the formula ##STR1## where X is methylene, ethylene or O and the dotted line represents an optional double bond, or one of Y or Z is ##STR2## R.sup.1 is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, 2-pyridinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl or 3-pyridazinyl, where the substituents are selected from the group lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, halo, cyano, nitro, hydroxy and trifluoromethyl;m is 2-4;n is 1-3;o is 1-5;and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and their use as antipsychotic/anxiolytic agents having a low liability for extrapyramidal side effects.

Abstract: A process for the preparation and conditioning of organic pigments, which comprises the use of at least one tricyclodecane alcohol or tricyclodecene alcohol.

Abstract: Di-substituted maleic anhydride compounds are disclosed of the structural formula ##STR1## wherein R and R.sup.1 are selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and phenyl moieties, and R.sup.2 is a divalent aromatic moiety. Polyamide-imide polymers, polyimide polymers and vinyl copolymers derived therefrom are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method is provided for making norbornane anhydride substituted organosiloxane by equilibrating norbornane anhydride organosiloxane with cyclopolydiorganosiloxane, organopolysiloxane and mixtures thereof under neat conditions in the presence of an acidic equilibration catalyst followed by quenching the resulting mixture with a silazane and thereafter devolatilizing the resulting equilibrated product.

Abstract: 2- or 2,3-substituted 5,6,11,12-tetraseleneotetracene or -tetrathiotetracene of the formula ##STR1## in which X is S or Se, R is alkoxy, hydroxyalkoxy, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aralkoxy, --OH, --NH.sub.2, --Cl, --Br or substituted amino and Y is hydrogen or --COR. The compounds can be bonded as side groups to polymers. The polymers and the compounds combine with electron acceptors to form charge transfer complexes which can be used as electrically conductive layers.

Abstract: The reaction of maleic anhydride with vinylbenzene to form tetralin dianhydride is improved by conducting, per mole of vinyl group, 2-20 l/h of air (measured under normal conditions: 20.degree. C./l bar) through the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A method is provided for making norbornane anhydride substituted organosiloxane by equilibrating norbornane anhydride organosiloxane with cyclopolydiorganosiloxane, organopolysiloxane and mixtures thereof under neat conditions. A reduction in the amount of cyclopolydiorganosiloxane generated in the mixture is realized compared to solvent equilibration procedures.

Abstract: Di-substituted maleic anhydride compounds are disclosed of the structural formula ##STR1## wherein R and R.sup.1 are selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and phenyl moieties, and R.sup.2 is a divalent aromatic moiety. Polyamide-imide polymers, polyimide polymers and vinyl copolymers derived therefrom are also disclosed.

Abstract: Curable epoxy resin compositions are provided resulting from the use of a silylnorbornane functional anhydride or imidoamine. The cured products show improved thermal and physical properties as compared to conventional curing agents.

Abstract: Novel polyimides and molding compositions are prepared from novel tricyclo[4.2.1.0.sup.2,5 ] nonane-3,4-dimethyl-3,4,7,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride. The dianhydride is useful for the manufacture of polyimides which are useful as engineering plastics.

Abstract: Novel polyimides, copolyimides and molding compositions are prepared from novel dianhydrides such as bicyclo[4.2.0]octane-2,5 diphenyl-7,8-dimethyl,3,4,7,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride and bicyclo[4.2.0] octane-7,8-dimethyl-3,4,7,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride. The novel polyimides are useful as engineering plastics. The novel dianhydrides are useful for the preparation of the polyimides.

Abstract: The pyrolysis of aromatic compounds with fused rings in the aromatic system which form free radicals on the peri position, for example, by eliminating a stable inorganic gas produces desirable products. These products include electrically conductive inert films. Further, with the addition of suitable inorganic compounds to the reactant, superconducting materials are obtainable. The addition of sulfur to the pyrolysis reactant also is possible and allows production of compounds useful as donors for the production of organic electrically conducting compositions.

Abstract: Cyclic dianhydrides and polyimides are prepared from maleic anhydride compounds and diolefins. The diolefins are alpha-, omega-linear diolefins of up to 100 carbon atoms or cyclic diolefins of up to 40 carbon atoms. The polyimides and copolyimides prepared from these cyclic dianhydrides are useful in films, fibers and coatings.

Abstract: Novel polyimides, copolyimides and molding compositions are prepared from novel dianhydrides such as tricyclo[6.4.0.0.sup.2,7 ] dodecane-3,6-diphenyl-1,8,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and tricyclo-[6.4.0.0.sup.2,7 ] dodecane-1,8,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride. The novel polyimides are useful as engineering plastics. The novel dianhydrides are useful for the preparation of the polyimides. Other dianhydrides can be mixed with our novel dianhydrides to make novel copolyimides useful as engineering plastics.

Abstract: Novel rust inhibitors for hydrocarbon fuels and oils are provided. Also, novel photo-adducts of dimethylmaleic anhydride and olefins useful as rust inhibitors.

Abstract: Silylnorbornane anhydrides are provided by effecting reaction between a silicon hydride and a norbornene carboxylic acid anhydride in the presence of a platinum catalyst. The resulting silicon functionalized norbornane monoanhydrides or dianhydrides can be used to synthesize a variety of tough organosilicon polyimide copolymers and polydiorganosiloxane polyimide block polymers.

Abstract: A method of preparation and/or purification of acid anhydrides is disclosed. Dicarboxylic or polycarboxylic acids contained in the anhydrides to be treated, are dehydrated in an organic solvent in the presence of activated carbon.