Abstract: A method for producing a homocyclic or heterocyclic compound includes reacting a compound of formula (I) with a compound of formula (II) in presence of a base: R1—B-G??(I) In formula (I), B is an unsaturated moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted vinylene, ethynylene, aryleneethynylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylenevinylene, and a combination thereof, the vinylene or arylenevinylene has n (=0, 1 or 2) substituent(s) R2, G is an electron-withdrawing group, R1 is hydrogen or a substituent, and two of R1, R2 and G may joint together to form a ring. In formula (II), R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen or a substituent, R5 is an electron-withdrawing group, and two of R3, R4 and R5 may joint together to form a ring. The conjugate acid of the base has a pKa in the range of 1 to 15.

Abstract: Nonlinear optical chromophores having thiophene-containing bridging groups between the electron-donating and electron-accepting ends of the chromophore are disclosed, including bridging groups which contain cyclic moieties in combination with conjugated double bonds between the electron-donating and electron-accepting ends of the chromophore.

Abstract: A method for producing a homocyclic or heterocyclic compound includes reacting a compound of formula (I) with a compound of formula (II) in presence of a base: In formula (I), B is an unsaturated moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted vinylene, ethynylene, aryleneethynylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylenevinylene, and a combination thereof, the vinylene or arylenevinylene has n (=0, 1 or 2) substituent(s) R2, G is an electron-withdrawing group, R1 is hydrogen or a substituent, and two of R1, R2 and G may joint together to form a ring. In formula (II), R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen or a substituent, R5 is an electron-withdrawing group, and two of R3, R4 and R5 may joint together to form a ring. The conjugate acid of the base has a pKa in the range of 1 to 15.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the manufacture of compounds of general formula I or III including nitrile functions. Specifically, the invention relates to the manufacture of compounds including nitrile functions from compounds which include carboxyl functions and which are advantageously of natural and renewable origin.

Abstract: Problem to Be Solved: to provide a chromophore having a far superior nonlinear optical activity to conventional chromophores and to provide a nonlinear optical element comprising said chromophore. Solution: a chromophore comprising a donor structure D, a ?-conjugated bridge structure B, and an acceptor structure A, the donor structure D comprising an aryl group substituted with a substituted oxy group; and a nonlinear optical element comprising said chromophore.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the manufacture of compounds of general formula I or III including nitrile functions. Specifically, the invention relates to the manufacture of compounds including nitrile functions from compounds which include carboxyl functions and which are advantageously of natural and renewable origin.

Abstract: Problem to Be Solved: to provide a chromophore having a far superior nonlinear optical activity to conventional chromophores and to provide a nonlinear optical element comprising said chromophore. Solution: a chromophore comprising a donor structure D, a ?-conjugated bridge structure B, and an acceptor structure A, the donor structure D comprising an aryl group substituted with a substituted oxy group; and a nonlinear optical element comprising said chromophore.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of compounds comprising nitrile functions and of cyclic imide compounds. It relates more particularly to the production of compounds comprising nitrile functions from compounds comprising carboxylic functions, advantageously of natural and renewable origin, and from 2-methylglutaronitrile (MGN) or a mixture N of dinitriles comprising 2-methylglutaronitrile (MGN), 2-ethylsuccinonitrile (ESN) and adiponitrile (AdN).

Abstract: According to an embodiment, an electro-optic polymer comprises a host polymer and a guest nonlinear optical chromophore having the structure D-?-A, wherein: D is a donor, ? is a ?-bridge, and A is an acceptor; a bulky substituent group is covalently attached to at least one of D, ?, or A; and the bulky substituent group has at least one non-covalent interaction with part of the host polymer that impedes chromophore depoling.

Abstract: Fluorophores derived from photoactivatable azide-pi-acceptor fluorogens or from a thermal reaction of an azide-pi-acceptor fluorogen with an alkene or alkyne are disclosed. Fluorophores derived from a thermal reaction of an alkyne-pi-acceptor fluorogen with an azide are also disclosed. The fluorophores can readily be activated by light and can be used to label a biomolecule and imaged on a single-molecule level in living cells.

Abstract: Problem to Be Solved: to provide a chromophore having a far superior nonlinear optical activity to conventional chromophores and to provide a nonlinear optical element comprising said chromophore. Solution: a chromophore comprising a donor structure D, a ?-conjugated bridge structure B, and an acceptor structure A, the donor structure D comprising an aryl group substituted with a substituted oxy group; and a nonlinear optical element comprising said chromophore.

Abstract: Compositions capable of simultaneous two-photon absorption and higher order absorptivities are provided. Compounds having a donor-pi-donor or acceptor-pi-acceptor structure are of particular interest, where the donor is an electron donating group, acceptor is an electron accepting group, and pi is a pi bridge linking the donor and/or acceptor groups. The pi bridge may additionally be substituted with electron donating or withdrawing groups to alter the absorptive wavelength of the structure. Also disclosed are methods of generating an excited state of such compounds through optical stimulation with light using simultaneous absorption of photons of energies individually insufficient to achieve an excited state of the compound, but capable of doing so upon simultaneous absorption of two or more such photons. Applications employing such methods are also provided, including controlled polymerization achieved through focusing of the light source(s) used.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions and methods for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases which are pathophysiologically related to GPR35, and/or GPR35-hERG signaling complex. For example, disclosed are compounds for preventing and/or treating diseases which are pathophysiologically related to GPR35 in a subject.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a nonlinear optical chromophore includes the structure D-?-A, wherein D is a donor, ? is a ?-bridge, and A is an acceptor, and wherein at least one of D, ?, or A is covalently attached to a substituent group including a substituent center that is directly bonded to at least three aryl groups.

Abstract: A method of recovering ammonia by the distillation of an aqueous solution containing ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide. The distillation is conducted using a distillation apparatus having at least its portion which comes into contact with the aqueous solution made of an alloy 1 or alloy 2. The alloy 1 contains 3% by weight or more of molybdenum, 15% by weight or more of nickel and 15% by weight or more of chromium. The alloy 2 contains 1% by weight or more of molybdenum, 9% by weight or less of nickel and 20% by weight or more of chromium. The use of the alloy 1 or alloy 2 prevents the corrosion of the distillation apparatus and enables the stable recovery of ammonia for a long period of time.

Abstract: A composite having electro-optic activity including a chromophore compound dispersed in a host material comprising a dendronized chromophore compound, methods for making the composite, and electro-optic devices including the composite.

Abstract: The present invention provides stock solutions for production of nonlinear-optical materials using a wet coating method. In particular, the invention provides a stock solution containing a nonlinear-optically active organic compound, which is a push-pull ?-conjugated compound having a particular chemical structure, having one or more cross-linkable functional groups. In addition, the invention provides a stock solution comprising a nonlinear-optically active organic compound having at least a certain chemical structure and a matrix-forming compound having one or more cross-linkable functional groups. Further, the invention provides a nonlinear-optical material and a nonlinear-optical device, both prepared by using the stock solutions.

Abstract: Fluorophores derived from photoactivatable azide-pi-acceptor fluorogens or from a thermal reaction of an azide-pi-acceptor fluorogen with an alkene or alkyne are disclosed. Fluorophores derived from a thermal reaction of an alkyne-pi-acceptor fluorogen with an azide are also disclosed. The fluorophores can readily be activated by light and can be used to label a biomolecule and imaged on a single-molecule level in living cells.

Abstract: Alkoxy-substituted phenyltetraene nonlinear optically active compounds, films and devices that include the compounds, and methods for making and using the compounds, films, and devices.

Abstract: The invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, amide, solvate or salt thereof, including a salt of such an ester or amide, and a solvate of such an ester, amide or salt. The invention also provides also provides the use of such compounds in the treatment or prophylaxis of a condition associated with a disease or disorder associated with estrogen receptor activity. Formula (I), wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 are as defined in the specification, and wherein either the bond between the C1 and C2 carbon atoms is a double bond or the bond between the C2 and C3 carbon atoms is a double bond, R2 being absent when the bond between the C1 and C2 carbon atoms is a double bond.

Abstract: A carbonyl compound represented by following Formula (1): wherein R1 represents hydrogen atom or an organic group; and R2 represents hydrogen atom or an organic group having a carbon atom at a bonding site with the carbonyl group in Formula (1), wherein R1 and R2 may be combined to form a ring with adjacent two carbon atoms, or an equivalent thereof is reacted with an unsaturated compound represented by following Formula (2): wherein each of R3, R4, and R5 represents hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, hydroxyl group, or an organic group and wherein R3 and R4 may be combined to form a ring with adjacent two carbon atoms, or a precursor thereof, to yield a furan compound represented by following Formula (3): wherein R3? represents R3, R5 or hydrogen atom; and R1, R2, R3, R4, are R5 are as defined above.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing optionally substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic nitriles starting from haloaromatics. These are reacted in a copper-catalysed reaction with potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) or potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) in the presence of heteroaromatic amines.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a nonlinear optical chromophore includes the structure D-?-A, wherein D is a donor, ? is a ?-bridge, and A is an acceptor, and wherein at least one of D, ?, or A is covalently attached to a substituent group including a substituent center that is directly bonded to at least three aryl groups.

Abstract: Acceptor compounds useful for making hyperpolarizable organic chromophores having a ?-donor conjugated to a ?-acceptor through a ?-bridge.

Abstract: The method of treating patients be administering phenylalkyl N-hydroxurea derivatives for combating atherosclerotic plaque and cardiovascular diseases and compositions for this use.

Abstract: Electron acceptor compounds, nonlinear optical chromophores made from the electron acceptor compounds, methods for making the electron acceptor compounds and nonlinear optical chromophores, lattices that include the nonlinear optical chromophores, and devices that include the nonlinear optical chromophores.

Abstract: The present invention relates to adenosine A3? receptor ligands of the general formula (I), within those preferably antagonists, as well as their salts, solvates and isomers, and the pharmaceutical compositions containing them, to the use of the compounds of the general formula (I), as well as their salts, solvates and isomers, to the preparation of the compounds of the general formula (I) and theirs salts, solvates and isomers, furthermore to the new intermediates of the general formulae (II) and to the preparation thereof.

Abstract: A reverse synthetic strategy for making organic non-linear optical chromophores involves building up the chromophore from the electron-withdrawing end toward the electron-donating end.

Abstract: The present invention provides benzamide inhibitors of the P2X7 receptor of the formula: wherein R1–R3 are as defined herein. The compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of IL-1 mediated disorders, including, without limitation, inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; allergies, asthma, COPD, cancer, reperfusion or ischemia in stroke or heart attack, autoimmune diseases and other disorders.

Abstract: The present invention relates to substituted cyclopentene compounds of the general formula I, to a process for the production thereof, to pharmaceutical preparations containing these compounds and to the use thereof for the production of pharmaceutical preparations.

Abstract: A compound of formula (I) wherein R?, R?, R??, R??, R??? can be selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, a heteroatom, substituted alkyl and substituted aryl groups for use as a chromophore in electro-optic devices.

Abstract: Nonlinear optically active compounds, methods for making nonlinear optically active compounds, compounds useful for making nonlinear optically active compounds, methods for making compounds useful for making nonlinear optically active compounds, macrostructures that include nonlinear optically active components, and devices including the nonlinear optically active compounds and the macrostructures.

Abstract: Compounds are described that bind to tubulin causing tubulin depolymerization and inhibiting tubulin polymerization. The compounds of the invention are therapeutically effective to inhibit cellular proliferation, for example, as effective anti-cancer agents. The compounds can also induce cytotoxicity in cells such as leukemia cells. The chemical structure of the compounds includes a furan, thiophene, thiazole, oxazole, or imidazole group at one end of the molecule (head) and a hydrophobic, aliphatic chain at the other end of the molecule (tail).

Abstract: A dihydrofuran-containing nonlinear optical chromophore having a ?-electron donor group conjugated to the dihydrofuran group through a ?-electron conjugated bridge group. The nonlinear optical chromophore is a hyperpolarizable chromophore that can be used as an electro-optic modulator in electro-optic devices.

Abstract: The invention provides a pharmaceutical for treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders comprising a compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Abstract: Nonlinear optically active compounds, methods for making nonlinear optically active compounds, compounds useful for making nonlinear optically active compounds, methods for making compounds useful for making nonlinear optically active compounds, macrostructures that include nonlinear optically active components, and devices including the nonlinear optically active compounds and the macrostructures.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing an optically pure (R)- or (S)-tetrahydrofuranyl ketone. By such a method, (R)- or (S)-2-tetrahydrofuran amide is converted to (R)- or (S)-2-tetrahydrofuran nitrile through dehydration in the presence of a dehydrating agent and an amine base. Then, thus prepared (R)- or (S)-2-tetrahydrofuran nitrile is nucelophilic addition-reacted with a nucleophile, followed by hydrolyzing, thereby produce (R)- or (S)-tetrahydrofuranyl ketone having high optical purity, while minimizing production of other by-products.

Abstract: A compound of formula (I) wherein R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R′″″ can be selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, a heteroatom, substituted alkyl and substituted aryl groups for use as a chromophore in electro-optic devices.

Abstract: Compounds of this invention increase plasma levels of high density lipoprotein or HDL, the “good” cholesterol and as such may be useful for treating diseases such as atherosclerosis.

Abstract: A carbocyclic or heterocyclic compound, ammonia and an oxygen-containing gas are subjected to fluid catalytic reaction in vapor phase in the presence of a catalyst containing alkali metal to produce an aromatic or heterocyclic nitrile. The use of the catalyst containing a specific amount of alkali metal enables the stable production of the aromatic or heterocyclic nitrile in high yields with little change with time even when water is present in the reaction system. The use of the catalyst containing the alkali metal also enables the recycle and reuse of unreacted ammonia which is usually accompanied by water, thereby reducing production costs.

Abstract: New oxime derivatives of formula (I) or. (II), wherein m is 0 or 1; R1 inter alia is phenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl, phenanthryl or a heteroaryl radical; R′1 is for example C2-C12alkylene, phenylene, naphthylene; R2 is CN; R3 is C2-C6haloalkanoyl, halobenzoyl, a phosphoryl or an organosilyl group; R4, R5, R10 and R11 inter alia are hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy; R6 inter alia is hydrogen phenyl, C1-C12alkyl; R7 and R8 inter alia are hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl; or R7 and R8, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5-, 6 or 7-membered ring; R9 is for example C1-C12alkyl; and A inter alia is S, O, NR7a; are useful as latent acids, especially in photoresist applications.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran-based electron acceptors which can be used in the preparation of polymeric thin films for waveguide media, and methods of making the same.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran-based electron acceptors which can be used in the preparation of polymeric thin films for waveguide media, and methods of making the same.

Abstract: Olefin co- or homopolymers having a good molecular weight and short chain branching may be prepared in the presence of a tridentate complex of a Group 8, 9 or 10 metal.

Abstract: Methods, compositions, and compounds for modulating the activity of an endothelin peptide are provided. The methods use compositions that contain compounds of formula (1): where X and Y are selected from groups that include O, S, and NH; and Ar1, Ar2 and Ar3 are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted groups that include 5 to 6 membered aryl groups and heteroaryl groups that contain one or two heteroatom(s). The methods are effected by contacting endothelin receptors with one or more of the compounds or with compositions containing one or more of the compounds prior to, simultaneously with, or subsequent to contacting the receptors with an endothelin peptide.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of cyclopentane heptan(ene)oic acid, 2-heteroarylalk(en)yl derivatives as ocular hypotensives.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions which are useful for the treatment of cancer or illnesses which arise due to an abnormally elevated cell proliferation comprise acyl derivatives of aromatic aldehydes, especially arylidene diesters and .alpha.-alkoxyarylidene esters of general formula (I).

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of derivatives of F-type prostaglandins as ocular hypotensives. The compounds used in accordance with the invention are represented by the following formula I: ##STR1## wherein wavy line attachments indicate either the alpha (.alpha.) or beta (.beta.) configuration; hatched segments indicate .alpha. configuration; the solid triangle is used to indicate .beta. configuration; dashed bonds represent a double bond, or a single bond; R is a substituted heteroaryl radical having at least two pendant substituents selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl; halogen; trifluoromethyl; COR.sup.1 ; COCF.sub.3 ; SO.sub.2 NR.sup.1 ; NO.sub.2 and CN or at least one cyano group; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl radical having up to six carbon atoms, X is selected from the group consisting of --OR.sup.1 and --N(R.sup.1).sub.2 ; Y is .dbd.

Abstract: Heterocyclic substituted benzoyl derivatives of the formula ##STR1## where Z is a 5-membered or 6-membered heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated radical containing one to three hetero atoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, useful as intermediates for herbicidal compounds.

Abstract: There are provided new alkane and alkoxyalkane derivatives of the general formula I in which R1, R2, R3, R4 and A have the meanings given in the description, processes for their preparation and insecticidal and acaricidal compositions containing these compounds.