Abstract: A system for mechanical cutting and radiofrequency (RF) treatment of bone and soft tissue includes a probe and an RF power supply. The probe includes an elongated sleeve having a longitudinal axis, a proximal end and a distal end. A cutting member formed of a dielectric material is mounted on the elongated sleeve, and a metal electrode is attached to a surface of the cutting member and configured to deliver RF current. The RF power supply generates current having a pulsed RF waveform and may be connected to the metal electrode to deliver the current having the pulsed RF waveform to the tissue. The use of a pulsed RF waveform reduces a thermal stress on the dielectric material at the interface of the metal electrode and the dielectric material of the cutting member.

Abstract: A carbocyclic or heterocyclic compound, ammonia and an oxygen-containing gas are subjected to fluid catalytic reaction in vapor phase in the presence of a catalyst containing alkali metal to produce an aromatic or heterocyclic nitrile. The use of the catalyst containing a specific amount of alkali metal enables the stable production of the aromatic or heterocyclic nitrile in high yields with little change with time even when water is present in the reaction system. The use of the catalyst containing the alkali metal also enables the recycle and reuse of unreacted ammonia which is usually accompanied by water, thereby reducing production costs.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for producing a nitrile compounds by ammoxidation of a carbocyclic or heterocyclic compound having organic substituent(s) by reacting the compound with ammonia and an oxygen-containing gas, wherein unreacted ammonia is recovered from the reaction product gas and recycled to the reaction system.

Abstract: A process for the alkylation of compounds of the formula II ##STR1## where the reaction with the alkylating agent is carried out in the presence of a base and a trialkylamine and/or trialkylphosphine.

Abstract: There are disclosed a process for producing a nitrile compound which comprises catalytically reacting an alkyl group-substituted aromatic compound or an alkyl group-substituted heterocyclic compound with a mixed gas containing ammonia and oxygen in the presence of 1 a catalyst comprising a vanadium oxide, a chromium oxide, a boron oxide, a molybdenum oxide, and an oxide of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal or 2 a catalyst comprising a vanadium oxide, a chromium oxide, a boron oxide, an alkali metal oxide, and a heteropolyacid. According to the above process and by virtue of the specific catalyst, it is made possible to produce a nitrile compound having an aromatic ring or a heterocyclic ring in an extremely advantageous manner, that is, in high yield at high selectivity to the objective product.

Abstract: This invention relates to a solid catalyst having the following formula for preparing nitrites and its preparation, in particular which contains molybdenum and phosphorus, etc. as main component which can improve the conversion and the selectivity in case of using as a catalyst during the process for preparing a heteroaromatic nitriles.Mo.sub.x P.sub.y O.sub.z X Ywherein,Mo is molybdenum;P is phosphorus;O is oxygen;X is ammonium salt or ion;Y is water; andx,y and z are respectively a number of atom, wherein y/x is 0.01.about.5 and z is 0.01.about.10.

Abstract: Preparation of aromatic or heteroaromatic nitrites of the formula I ##STR1## where X is nitrogen or C-R.sup.6 and all of the R substituents represent hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro, amino or similar groups, provided at least one substituent is a cyano or alkylcyano group. The nitrites I are produced by reacting aromatic or heteroaromatic hydrocarbons of the formula II ##STR2## where X is nitrogen or C-R.sup.6, provided at least one substituent is C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, with ammonia and oxygen at 200 to 600.degree. C. under a pressure of 0.1 to 5 bar in the gas phase over a supported catalyst containing 0.5 to 20% by weight of vanadium oxide. The supported catalyst consists of from 2 to 30 particle fractions whose mean diameters differ by from 10 to 80% and the supporting carrier of the catalyst has a bulk density of 0.6 to 1.2 kg/liter.

Abstract: Supported catalysts which are suitable for ammonoxidation, comprisinga) a spherical or approximately spherical support material which essentially comprises aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and/or zirconium dioxide and whose bulk density is from 0.6 to 1.2 kg/l, andb) an active material which comprises, as essential components, vanadium and antimony in oxidic form.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of dicyanobenzenes of the formula ##STR1## in which x denotes hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, nitro, amino, mono- or di-(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl)amino, phthalimido or a nitrogenous saturated 5-membered or 6-membered heterocyclic radical, which is attached to the phenyl ring via a nitrogen atomin which a xylene of the formula ##STR2## in which x has the meaning stated above,is oxidized at a temperature of from 400.degree. to 500.degree. C. with oxygen in the presence of ammonia and a catalyst.

Abstract: Catalysts having the general formula:V.sub.1 Bi.sub.a Sb.sub.b Fe.sub.c X.sub.d Y.sub.c Z.sub.f O.sub.gwherein,X=Mo, Cu, W, Nb, Te, P, Sn, Ge, AsY=Co, Ni, Ce, La, Mn, CrZ=Alkali, alkaline earth, B, Tl and,a=0.1-10,b=0.01-20,c=0.01-5,d=0-5,e=o-3,f=0-1, and g is determined by the valance requirements of the elements present,are produced by first forming and calcining an iron-antimony oxide composition which is subsequently combined with compounds of vanadium, bismuth and other elements. The catalysts are useful in the formation of phthalonitriles from the reaction of xylenes with oxygen and ammonia at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: A process for the separation of ortho-, meta- and para-tolunitrile from ternary mixtures of isomers entails removing ortho-tolunitrile from these mixtures by distillation under pressures of from 10.sup.2 and 10.sup.5 Pa and with a reflux ratio of from 1:1 to 200:1, and distilling the remaining binary mixture of meta- and para-tolunitrile to concentrate to more than 75 mol-% para-tolunitrile, and freezing out the paratolunitrile at below 26.degree. C., and a process for the preparation of suitable ternary mixtures of isomers entails isomerization of pure ortho-, meta- or para-tolunitrile or mixtures thereof at from 380.degree. to 580.degree. C. on zeolite catalysts.

Abstract: A process for producing 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile by ammoxidation comprising contacting a starting gas consisting of 2,6-dichlorotoluene, air and ammonia, which comprises carrying out this reaction under the following conditions:(a) the concentration of 2,6-dichlorotoluene in the starting gas is 2.6 mole % or more.(b) the reactor effluent gas is contacting with water to cool to a temperature in the range of 50.degree. to 90.degree. C., whereby 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile in the reactor effluent gas is collected as a slurry in which solidified 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile is dispersed in water, and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile is obtained from the slurry, and(c) the cooled reactor effluent gas from which 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile has been removed is contacted with water again to cool to a temperature in the range of 0.degree. to 40.degree. C., whereby unreacted 2,6-dichlorotoluene in the gas is collected as a dispersion in which it is dispersed in water and 2,6-dichlorotoluene is recovered from the dispersion.

Abstract: Aromatic nitriles, in particular phthalodinitriles, are prepared from an appropriately alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon by catalytic oxidation with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of ammonia at elevated temperatures in the vapor phase, in the presence of a catalyst which contains from 2 to 10% by weight of vanadium(V) oxide, from 1 to 10% by weight of antimony(III) oxide, from 0.02 to 2% by weight of an alkali metal oxide and alumina, by a process in which from 0.01 to 1.0% by weight of an alkaline earth metal, or of a compound of an alkaline earth metal, in particular barium or a barium compound, is added to the catalyst.

Abstract: The activity of a tellurium-free metal oxide catalyst used for ammoxidation of organic compounds at a temperature of from 300.degree. C. to 600.degree. C. is improved in the presence of (a) elemental tellurium or a tellurium compound which is in contact with said catalyst or in the presence of (a) elemental tellurium or a tellurium compound and (b) a molybdenum compound which are in contact with said catalyst. This activity improvement process can be applied to both the fresh catalysts and the spent catalyst having a deteriorated activity. The above described component (a) is preferably composed of a tellurium containing solid to be used in a state of a dry physical mixture with said catalyst. The above described components (a) and (b) are preferably composed of a tellurium containing solid and a molybdenum containing solid respectively or a tellurium-molybdenum containing solid to be used in a state of a dry physical mixture with said catalyst.

Abstract: A process for improving the activity of tellurium containing metal oxide catalysts useful as catalysts for oxidation, ammoxidation or oxidative dehydrogenation of organic compounds by heating the catalysts together with a tellurium containing solid and an optional molybdenum containing solid to a temperature up to about 900.degree. C. in a gaseous atmosphere. The process can be effectively applied to deteriorated or spent catalysts, the activity of which has been deteriorated due to use for a long period of time. The tellurium containing solid used as an activity improving agent is elemental tellurium and the molybdenum containing solid is selected from the group consisting of (i) a molybdenum compound, (ii) at least one molybdenum compound supported on an inert carrier, and (iii) a molybdenum enriched catalyst prepared by adding a Mo component to a metal oxide catalyst (which may be a fresh catalyst or a deteriorated catalyst).

Abstract: A process for improving the activity of tellurium containing metal oxide catalysts useful as catalysts for oxidation, ammoxidation or oxidative dehydrogenation of organic compounds by heating the catalysts together with an activity-improving agent to a temperature up to about 900.degree. C. in a gaseous atmosphere. The process can be effectively applied to deteriorated or spent catalysts, the activity of which has been deteriorated due to use for a long period of time.