Abstract: A secondary battery includes: a cathode; an anode; and an electrolytic solution including a cyano compound, the cyano compound including a compound represented by R1-O—C(?O)—O—R2 (R1, R2, or both include a cyano-group-containing group), a compound represented by R3-C(?O)—O—R4 (R4 includes the cyano-group-containing group), or both.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing cyanoacetic acid in a hydrolysis reaction of a predetermined cyanoacetate in the presence of an acid catalyst. Further, are provided methods for producing a cyanoacetic acid derivative and a metal containing compound by using the produced cyanoacetic acid as a staring material. Herein, the method for producing cyanoacetic acid enables the content of a malonic acid byproduct generated in the hydrolysis reaction to be greatly lowered, allowing the produced cyanoacetic acid to be used as a starting material without any purification treatments. Those advantageous effects result in the great improvement in the purity and yields of the cyanoacetic acid derivative and the metal containing compound produced by said cyanoacetic acid. Accordingly, the above mentioned methods make it possible to produce cyanoacetic acid, the cyanoacetic acid derivative and the metal containing compound, as excellent in the productivity and economical efficiency.

Abstract: A method for the creation of a carbon-carbon (C—C) bond or of a carbon-heteroatom (C-HE) bond includes reacting a compound carrying a leaving group with a nucleophilic compound carrying a carbon atom or a heteroatom (HE) capable of replacing the leaving group, thus creating a C—C or C-HE bond, in which process the reaction is carried out in the presence of an effective amount of a catalytic system comprising at least one copper/butadienylphosphine complex.

Abstract: There is provided a process for stereoselectively producing E-form of 3-acyloxyacrylonitrile compound (3) or Z-form which comprises reacting 3-oxopropionitrile compound (1) with an acid chloride (2), characterized in that the reaction is conducted with removal of hydrogen chloride, or by using an organic base or an inorganic base, to thereby regulate the stereostructure of the product; a process for producing the compound (1) characterized by reacting acetonitrile compound (5) with an aromatic ester compound (6) by use of an alkali metal alkoxide in a hydrocarbon solvent while removing alcohol formed as a by-product by azeotropic distillation in a separating tank; and a process for isomerizing E-form of 3-acyloxyacrylonitrile compound to Z-form thereof by use of an organic base.

Abstract: There is provided a process for stereoselectively producing E-form of 3-acyloxyacrylonitrile compound (3) or Z-form which comprises reacting 3-oxopropionitrile compound (1) with an acid chloride (2), characterized in that the reaction is conducted with removal of hydrogen chloride, or by using an organic base or an inorganic base, to thereby regulate the stereostructure of the product; a process for producing the compound (1) characterized by reacting acetonitrile compound (5) with an aromatic ester compound (6) by use of an alkali metal alkoxide in a hydrocarbon solvent while removing alcohol formed as a by-product by azeotropic distillation in a separating tank; and a process for isomerizing E-form of 3-acyloxyacrylonitrile compound to Z-form thereof by use of an organic base.

Abstract: This invention describes protected 5,7-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxoheptanoic acid ester and 5,7-dihydroxy-2-alkyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxoheptanoic acid ester for the synthesis of epothilones and epothilone derivatives and process for the production of these esters.

Abstract: Provided is a polyfunctional compound which can be used as an optical recording material in which a large quantity of information data can be recorded optically at a high density, which can be used as an optical waveguide material using a refractive index difference occurring between a light-irradiated part and a part not irradiated with light, and which is capable of forming a film and can be used as a photo-alignment film material having excellent photosensitivity. The polyfunctional compound of the present invention includes a chemical structure represented by General Formula (1): where: R1 and R2 each independently represent any of H, CH3, and Cl; X1 to X3 each independently represent any of —O—, —NH—, and —N(alkyl)-; A1 to A3 each independently represent a divalent connecting group; and L1 to L3 each independently represent any of a photoisomerization group, a liquid-crystal group, and H, and at least one of L1 to L3 represents a photoisomerization group.

Abstract: The invention relates to 3,5-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-valeronitriles for the synthesis of epothilones and epothilone derivatives and process for the production of these new intermediate products in the synthesis and the use for the production of epothilones or epothilone derivatives.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the general formula (I), in which Ar, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, W, a, b and n are as defined in claim 1, and to any enantiomers thereof. The active ingredients have advantageous pesticidal properties.

Abstract: This invention relates to compounds comprising isocyano derivatives tethered to solid supports for use in 3 and 4 component condensation reactions. The invention also relates to methods for synthesizing cyclic derivatives by a 3 and 4 component condensation reaction using the compounds of the invention.

Abstract: Novel pyrimidin-4-one derivatives of formula [1] are provided, which are useful as active ingredients of herbicides, wherein R1 is hydrogen or alkyl; R2 is alkyl optionally substituted with halogen; R3 is alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, alkenyl, or alkynyl; and Q is substituted phenyl. Also provided are intermediates for their production and processes for producing these intermediates.

Abstract: Acrylonitrile compounds having pesticidal activity of formula (I) and salts thereof. wherein Q is Y is ═C(R4)— or ═N—, R1 is alkyl, haloalkyl, etc., each of R2 and R3 is halogen, alkyl which may be substituted, alkenyl which may be substituted, etc., R4 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or haloalkyl, 1 is from 1 to 4, m is from 0 to 5, n is from 0 to 3, q is from 0 to 4, when 1 is 2 or more, a plurality of R2 may be the same or different, when each of m, n and q is 2 or more, a plurality of R3 may be the same or different.

Abstract: A method of making (.+-.)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid that comprises condensing isovaleraldehyde with ##STR1## to form primarily ##STR2## reacting the ##STR3## with a cyanide source to form ##STR4## decarboxylating the ##STR5## to form ##STR6## hydrolyzing the ##STR7## with an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide to form an alkali or alkaline earth metal carboxylate salt; and hydrogenating the alkali or alkaline earth metal carboxylate salt to form (.+-.)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same or different and are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, aryl, benzyl, or C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 cycloalkyl. The present invention also provides a method of making (.+-.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## where the symbols have the meaning defined in the specification have retinoid-like biological activity.

Abstract: Stabilisers of formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may be C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, the substituents R.sub.3 to R.sub.8 may be hydrogen, the variable n may be 1 or 2, and, when n is 1, A may be an alkoxy radical, and, when n is 2, A may be a diamine radical.

Abstract: A fuel additive having the formula: ##STR1## wherein A.sub.1 is a thioether, a sulfoxide, a sulfone, a sulfonic acid, a sulfonamide, a nitrile, a carboxylic acid or ester, or a carboxamide; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; n is an integer from 0 to 100; and when n is 0 to 10, R.sub.5 is polyalkyl having an average molecular weight of 450 to 5,000; and when n is 5 to 100, R.sub.5 is hydrogen, alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl, alkaryl or an acyl group having the formula: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.6 is alkyl, phenyl, aralkyl or alkaryl; R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are independently hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy; A.sub.2 is a thioether, a sulfoxide, a sulfone, a sulfonic acid, a sulfonamide, a nitrile, a carboxylic acid or ester, or a carboxamide; and x and y are independently integers from 0 to 10; with the proviso that when n and x are both 0, then A.sub.

Abstract: A process and intermediates for the enantioselective synthesis of 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing an optically active cyanohydrin carboxylic acid ester from an optically active cyanohydrin of opposite configuration, wherein said starting cyanohydrin is converted with a carboxylic acid in the presence of a dialkyl azodicarboxylate and a triarylphosphine.The invention also relates to a method of preparing an optically active cyanohydrin of opposite configuration by a subsequent solvolysis of the ester obtained under conservation of the configuration.

Abstract: Esters and amides of aminomethylenecyanoacetic acid I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenylyl or five- or six-membered hetaryl with one, two or three nitrogens or one oxygen or one sulfur or one nitrogen and one oxygen or one nitrogen and one sulfur, which can be benzo-fused, it being possible for these radicals to be substituted by one to three C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl groups, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkoxy groups, halogen atoms, cyano groups, hydroxyl groups or groups of the formulae COOR.sup.3, COR.sup.3, CONHR.sup.3, OCOR.sup.3 or NHCOR.sup.3, and whereR.sup.3 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl or phenyl,X is C.sub.2 -C.sub.30 -alkylene which can be interrupted by non-adjacent oxygens, or is C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 -alkenylene or C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 -alkynylene where the unsaturated bonds are not adjacent to the ester oxygens, or is C.sub.5 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkylene or phenylene, andY is O or NH.

Abstract: All possible stereoisomeric forms and mixtures thereof of a compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl of up to 4 carbon atoms, --CN and aralkynyl of up to 10 carbon atoms, Y is selected from the group consisting of halogen, --CH.sub.2 F, --CHF.sub.2, and --CF.sub.3, A is selected from the group consisting of ##STR2## having pesticidal properties.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## where n, W, X, Y, Z, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are as defined herein exhibit fungicidal, insecticidal, and acaracidal activity.

Abstract: Described are caffeic acid derivatives represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein either one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl group, a group --CO.sub.2 R.sup.4, or a group --CONR.sup.5 R.sup.6, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 being either a hydrogen atom or a particular group, and the other is the group --CO.sub.2 R.sup.4 or the group --CONR.sup.5 R.sup.6, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are coupled together to represent a 5-membered ring so formed, Y represents a particular group or atom, X represents a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.12 aralkyl, heterocyclic or heterocyclic ring-alkyl group, m and n stand for particular integers, and R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a group --OCO.sub.2 R.sup.7, R.sup.7 being a hydrogen atom or a particular group, or a group --OCONR.sup.8 R.sup.9, R.sup.8 representing a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl group and R.sup.9 representing a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.

Abstract: A non-functional liquid rubber is prepared by the solution polymerization of vinyl monomers. The polymer may be a homopolymer or a copolymer. As a copolymer the preferred monomers are a conjugated diene and a vinyl substituted nitrile such as acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile. A non-functional initiator is employed that is either an azo initiator or a peroxide initiator.

Abstract: The invention relates to dihalogenobenzene derivatives of the formula IR.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1 --A.sup.2 --(Z.sup.2 --A.sup.3).sub.n --R.sup.2wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and n are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: Novel laser-optical recording elements which can be repeatedly erased and recorded on contain recording layers (a) which exhibit enantiotropic, ferroelectric smectic liquid crystalline (S.sub.C*) behavior, so that they can be switched back and forth between two thermodynamically stable, optically distinguishable ferroelectric smectic liquid crystlaline S.sub.C* order states on exposure to a laser beam of sufficient luminous power, by applying an external electric field. The recording layers (a) themselves consist mainly or exclusively of novel polymers P having chiral mesogenic side groups.

Abstract: A UCN-1028D derivative represented by the formula: ##STR1## has protein kinase C inhibitory activity and is expected to be used as an active ingredient in anti-tumor agents, etc.

Abstract: A mesomorphic compound represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 denotes an alkyl group having 1-16 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 denotes an alkyl group having 2-10 carbon atoms; X denotes a single bond or --O--; Y denotes --OCH.sub.2 --, ##STR2## Z denotes a single bond, ##STR3## respectively and independently denote ##STR4## k, l and n are respectively 0, 1 or 2 satisfying the relation of k+l+n=2 or 3; C* denotes an asymmetric carbon atom. The mesomorphic compound, when added as a component, provides a liquid crystal composition showing an improved field respective characteristic or is effective in preventing occurrence of a reverse domain.

Abstract: Novel aryl and heteroaryl 4-cyano-2,2,4-trichlorobutyrates are prepared by reacting a corresponding aryl or heteroaryl trichloroacetate with acrylonitrile in the presence of a catalyst. Also provided is a novel process for producing 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol comprising cyclization of an aryl or heteroaryl 4-cyano-2,2,4-trichlorobutyrate in an inert organic solvent at elevated temperatures, in the presence of anhydrous hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: A process and intermediates for the enantioselective synthesis of 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid are disclosed.

Abstract: The preparation of 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol from trichloroacetyl chloride and acrylonitrile is improved by separately conducting the individual addition, cyclization and aromatization steps. By separating the steps, water and HCl, by-products of the latter steps, can be precluded from interfering with the earlier steps. The individual process steps have also been improved.

Abstract: The new compounds produced from a molecular structural element with two chirality centers and at least one mesogenic structural element are defined by the general formula (I) ##STR1## in which the symbols have the following meaning: Y.sup.1 =H, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.10)alkyl, MC--CH.sub.2 or MC--CO, MC denoting the molecular radical of a mesogenic carboxylic acid after splitting off a COOH group,Y.sup.2 =(C.sub.1 -C.sub.10)alkyl, MC--CH.sub.2 or MC--CO, it being possible for Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 to jointly represent a MC--CH group, which is then part of a dioxolane ring,X=COOR.sup.1, CONH.sub.2, CONR.sup.2 R.sup.3 or C.tbd.N,R.sup.1 =(C.sub.1 -C.sub.10)alkyl or MC--CH.sub.2, andR.sup.2, R.sup.3 =H and (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)alkyl or, independently of each other, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)alkyl.Said esters preferably find application as dopants in twistable liquid crystal phases in which they produce temperature compensation and twisting.

Abstract: Acids, esters, amides and salts of benzhydryl compounds are antidotes for thiocarbamate and acetamide herbicides. These antidote compounds are especially effective to safen acetamide herbicides used to control grassy weeds and broadleaf weeds in rice, sorghum, corn and wheat.

Abstract: Disperse dyes of the formula ##STR1## in which X is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy or halogen, Y is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy-C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy-C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, R is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.12 alkenyl or phenyl, or Y and R, together with the nitrogen atom and the two C atoms linking them, form a 5- or 6-ring, B is a straight-chain or branched C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkylene radical, Z is a bridge member of the formula ##STR2## or a direct bond and A is a radical of the formula ##STR3## which radicals are unsubstituted or substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, halogen or nitro are suitable in particular for dyeing textile material made of polyester fibers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of insecticidally active esters of the general formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same or diferent from each other and represent a hydrogen or a halogen atom; R.sub.3 represents ##STR2## (wherein R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 represent a chlorine or bromine atom or a methyl group when R.sub.4 is identical to R.sub.5, but R.sub.4 represents a chlorine or bromine atom or a methyl group and R.sub.5 represents a trifluoromethyl group when R.sub.4 is different from R.sub.5, and R.sub.6 represents a halogen atom or a difluoromethoxy group); and R.sub.8 represents a hydrogen or a cyano group.The characteristic of the present invention is a one-step procedure comprising directly condensing an organic acid, an aldehyde (and a water-soluble cyanide) in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst and a water-soluble inorganic base by the use of a sulphonyl compound as a condensing reagent.

Abstract: A compound of formula II: ArCHR.sub.1 CO.sub.2 CHDR.sub.2in which formula:Ar represents a phenyl or naphthyl group optionally substituted by one or more halogen, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, methylenedioxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or haloalkyl groups;R.sub.1 represents the group --CH(CF.sub.3)CH.sub.3 or --C(CF.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2R.sub.2 represents the residue of an alcohol R.sub.2 CHDOH in which D is hydrogen or cyano and of which the [1R, cis]2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)cyclopropane carboxylic ester is significantly insecticidal.

Abstract: Amino group containing curing component (A) for compounds (B) which contain epoxy or 1,3-dioxolan-2-one groups, comprising a reaction product of (a.sub.1) active CH alkyl esters of isocyanate adducts thereof with (a.sub.2) polyamines.Mixtures of (A) and (B) with or without diluents and additives give rapid curing even at low temperatures and high atmospheric humidity and are suitable in particular for paint formulations.

Abstract: A process for the separation of mutually diastereomeric forms of a cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ester of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 represents hydrogen or halogen,R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or halogen,R.sup.4 represents hydrogen, Cn, --C.dbd.CH or CH.sub.3,R.sup.5 represents hydrogen or halogen, andR.sup.6 represents hydrogen or halogen,comprising reacting such ester in a first stage with about half or an equal molar amount of a second compound of the formula ##STR2## in which R.sup.7, R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 represent hydrogen or methyl, or, together with the C atom to which they are bound and with the adjacent C atoms of the basic structure form a fused 6-membered ring,R.sup.10 represents hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, halogen, amino, methylamino or dimethylamino, andR.sup.

Abstract: A novel phenoxycarboxylic acid of formula (I) is disclosed. The compound is effective as herbicide for eradicating broad-leaved weeds. A combination of the phenoxycarboxylic acid and a N-phosphonomethylglycine or a glufosinate which is known as a herbicide is very effective for eradicating both broad-leaved weeds and narrow-leaved weeds.

Abstract: Substituted acrylates of the general formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, X is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, tirfluoromethyl, cyano or nitro, Y is ethylene, ethenylene, methyleneoxy, oxymethylene, thiomethylene, methylenethio or oxygen, R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkynyl, and fungicides containing these compounds.

Abstract: The invention relates to optically active isomers of trans-3-(2-chloro-2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-vinyl-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-ca rboxylic acid .alpha.- cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxy-benzyl ester of Formula (I), to methods for the preparation of said optically active isomers, to compositions containing said optically active isomers and to the use of said optically active isomers and compositions for their ectoparasiticidal activity.

Abstract: Cyanomethyl esters are prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid halide with an alpha-hydroxynitrile, a molar excess of a hydrogen halide acceptor and a catalytic amount of a tertiary-aminopyridine or N-methylimidazole.

Abstract: A method for preparing a mixture of stereoisomers of .alpha.-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl isovalerate ester derivatives, which is rich is an enantiomer pair of a compound having an (S)-configuration on both the acid and alcohol moieties and an enantiomer thereof having an (R)-configuration on both the acid and alcohol moieties.

Abstract: New anisotropic compounds with a cross-polarizing substituent have the formula (1) ##STR1## The increase in .epsilon..perp. is achieved by the polarizing group X, preferably the cyano group or a halogen atom, which is not laterally on the ring, as with the known compounds, but is on the bridge, that is to say is part of the main bridge bonding rings A and B to one another. Ring A has the formula (1a) or (1b) given herein and is always cycloaliphatic, while ring B can be identical to ring A or is an aromatic ring of the formula (1c) or (1d) herein. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different end groups of the formula (1e) herein.The radical X on the bridge causes less widening of the molecule than a radical X on a ring, which provides comparatively higher clear points and moreover enables aromatic rings to be omitted from the anisotropic compounds.

Abstract: New anisotropic compounds with a cross-polarizing substituent have the formula (1) ##STR1## The increase in .epsilon..perp. is achieved by the polarizing group X, preferably the cyano group or a halogen atom, which is not laterally on the ring, as with the known compounds, but is on the bridge, that is to say is part of the main bridge bonding rings A and B to one another. Ring A has the formula (1a) or (1b) given herein and is always cycloaliphatic, while ring B can be identical to ring A or is an aromatic ring of the formula (1c) or (1d) herein. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different end groups of the formula (1e) herein. The radical X on the bridge causes less widening of the molecule than a radical X on a ring, which provides comparatively higher clear points and moreover enables aromatic rings to be omitted from the anisotropic compounds.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyaryl, aryl or an agronomically acceptable cation; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenylalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl or phenyl group; X is hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro or iodo atom; Y is a hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, phenylalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl group, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenylalkyl and phenyl group may have up to three optional substituents; and B is hydrogen, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, methylene (--CH.sub.2 R.sup.4) or CZZ.sup.1 Z.sup.2 group wherein R.sup.4 is an alkyl or alkenyl group and Z, Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each independently a hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro or iodo atom, provided that Z, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, X and Y are not all hydrogens.