Abstract: The invention deals with the preparation, compositions, and application of certain high molecular weight hydrophobic citrate polyesters of guerbet alcohols and their alkoxylates, which are useful in polycarbonate processing.

Abstract: A skin treatment composition comprising a physiologically acceptable carrier and 1-35% by weight of a salt of a monoester of citric acid. The skin treatment composition imparts a pleasant smoothness to the skin and may be incorporated in several products to treat skin dryness. The hydrophobic group having an ester linkage to citric acid has 10 to 18 carbon atoms. Monoester of citric acid may be synthesized with low levels of di- and triester by forming citric acid anhydride and reacting this to form the monoester.

Abstract: A skin treatment composition comprising a physiologically acceptable carrier and 1-35% by weight of a salt of a monoester of citric acid. The skin treatment composition imparts a pleasant smoothness to the skin and may be incorporated in several products to treat skin dryness. The hydrophobic group having an ester linkage to citric acid has 10 to 18 carbon atoms. Monoester of citric acid may be synthesized with low levels of di- and triester by forming citric acid anhydride and reacting this to form the monoester.

Abstract: A process for preparing water-scale inhibitors and, more specifically, a neat process for preparing acrylic acid/ethylene glycol graft co-polymers and a method for their use as scale inhibitors.

Abstract: There are described vinyl ether terminated ester oligomers which cure or polymerize particularly rapidly, especially by cationic polymerization which is radiation induced in the presence of an onium salt. The oligomeric units arise from the reaction of a polycarboxylic acid having at least three carboxylic acid groups with a diol, although esters with triols and higher polyhydric diols also are useful, especially where an extensively cross-linked product is desired. The carboxyl-terminated oligomeric esters are esterfied with vinyl ether terminated alcohols which can be thought of as the adducts of alkynes and diols.

Abstract: This application relates to a stereospecific process for preparing specific enantiomers of 4-amino-4,5-dihydro-2-furancarboxylic acid and C.sub.1-6 lower alkyl esters thereof. These compounds are .gamma.-aminobutyric acid transaminase inhibitors useful in the treatment of epilepsy.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the preparation of the esters of an alkyltartronic acid by direct oxidation, with O.sub.2 or the like, at 30.degree.-200.degree. C., of the corresponding alkyl-malonic esters, in the presence of a catalytic system, comprising a salt of a transition metal, selected from Mn, Fe, Co and Cu, and an alkali-metal salt of an aliphatic carboxylic acid, optionally in the presence of a polar solvent.

Abstract: A process for producing an ester is disclosed comprising contacting a gaseous reactant containing at least one organic hydroxy compound and a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with an ester synthesis catalyst of the formulaM.sub.a A.sub.b RuCu.sub.c N.sub.z O.sub.xwhereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ce, Cr, Fe, Mn and mixtures thereof,A is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or mixture thereof,a is from 0 to about 1,b is from 0.002 to about 10,c is from 0.2 to about 20,z is from 0 to about 196 by weight,x is the number of oxygens needed to fulfill the valence requirements of the other elements.The organic hydroxy compound can be provided separately or formed by contacting a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with an alcohol synthesis catalyst at an elevated temperature and pressure. The alcohol synthesis catalyst and ester synthesis catalyst can be in tandem or mixed.

Abstract: Perfluoropolyethers containing an approximate equal number of difluoromethylene and tetrafluoroethylene repeat units distributed either randomly or in alternating sequence along the polymer chain are disclosed. The polymers range in molecular weight from 500-200,000 amu; the lower molecular polymers being fluid and the intermediate and high molecular weight polymers being solid. The perfluorinated copolymers are synthesized by direct fluorination of corresponding methylene oxide/ethylene oxide copolymers.

Abstract: Novel 2-azetidinones of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, --OH, protected hydroxy and --OCH.sub.2 --COOR', R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and hydroxyl protective group and a novel process and novel intermediates for their preparation and a process for the preparation of compounds of the formula ##STR2## wherein R has the above definition, R'd is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, --OH and protected hydroxyl and R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and R.sub.3 ', R.sub.3 ' is amino protective group which are useful intermediates.

Abstract: Citrate esters are formed utilizing organic titanates as a catalyst allowing excess alcohol to be removed. Four citrate esters have been found which provide advantageous plasticizing properties to PVC compositions which include superior toxicity test results and superior soapy water extraction test results. The four citrate esters are: acetyltri-n-hexyl citrate, n-butyryltri-n-hexyl citrate, acetyltri-n-(hexyl/octyl/decyl) citrate, and acetyltri-n-(octyl/decyl) citrate. Articles formed from the PVC plasticized mixtures are extremely useful in the medical or health care field as they demonstrate a low order of toxicity.

Abstract: There is described a process for preparing alkyl esters of methyltartronic acid by hydroxylation of methacrylic acid to alpha-methylglyceric acid with H.sub.2 O.sub.2, in an aqueous medium, in the presence of H.sub.2 WO.sub.4 and optionally of H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 or H.sub.3 AsO.sub.4 or alkaline salts thereof as catalysts, at pH<2 and at temperatures of from 50.degree. to 100.degree. C., by subsequent oxidation of alpha-methylglyceric acid to methyltartronic acid with HNO.sub.3 in excess or with O.sub.2, in an aqueous-alkaline medium, in the presence of Pd or Pt carried on carbon or oxides thereof as catalysts, at temperatures of 60.degree.-100.degree. C., and final esterification of methyltartronic acid with alcohols C.sub.1 -C.sub.4.

Abstract: Ether hydroxypolycarboxylates prepared from epoxysuccinates by treatment with an alkaline calcium compound are disclosed. These compounds act as sequestering agents and are useful as detergency builders. Detergent compositions incorporating the ether hydroxypolycarboxylates can be prepared without use of detergent builder components containing phosphorus or nitrogen.

Abstract: For the analytical and preparative separation of the optical isomers of optically active alkanolamines into their optically pure antipodes a new resolution method is presented which involves an ester formation of the alkanolamines with optically pure and symmetrically O,O disubstituted (R,R)- or (S,S)-tartaric acids. The derivitization reactions are carried out in aprotic solvents and the primary and secondary functions are blocked via ion-pair formations with strong acids, e.g. dichloroacetic acid. The tartaric acid anhydrides are predominantly used as reagents but other ester formation methods are also practicable. The mixture of the diastereomeric alkanolamine tartaric acid monoesters are separable into their optically active and pure isomers by various chromotographic separation techniques, e.g. straight or reverse phase LC, but also by extraction methods e.g. Soxhlet extraction.

Abstract: Perfluoropolyether oligomers or block polymers, having a backbone with one or a plurality of perfluoropolyether segments each consisting essentially of (1) at least one perfluoroisopropyleneoxy unit, (2) a bis(perfluoromethyleneoxy-terminated) unit, and (3) a perfluoroethylidene unit terminating each segment, the backbone of the perfluoropolyether being terminated with COF and/or a functional or nonfunctional derivative thereof, said perfluoropolyethers being made by reacting a perfluoroaliphatic diacid fluoride with hexafluoropropylene epoxide to produce an acid fluoride-terminated perfluoropolyether adduct or oligomer which then can be photopolymerized to yield an acid fluoride-terminated perfluoropolyether block polymer. These oligomers and block polymers are useful as high temperature lubricants, hydraulic fluids, gaskets, adhesives and coatings as well as co-reactants wtih urethane in forming propellant binders.

Abstract: A phenol derivative represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a secondary or tertiary hydrocarbon residue of having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is a hydrocarbon residue having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, X is ##STR2## wherein R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 each is an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Z is an n-valent group and n is an integer of 1 to 8.This compound is effective to prevent the oxidation of organic materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to 2-formyl-2-halomalonates, and their preparation. The compounds are useful in the preparation of their acetals and also in the preparation of 2-(dicarbethoxymethylene)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods of preventing or reducing the degradation of elastin and other proteins and thereby preventing or retarding the disease states caused by said degradation by administering compounds of the formula: ##STR1## or their pharmacologically acceptable salts.

Abstract: Linear esters, e.g., alkyl adipates, are facilely prepared by reacting an alcohol and carbon monoxide with a monoolefin, in the presence of cobalt, optionally hydrogen, and a tertiary nitrogen base, and in a reaction solvent which comprises a 5- or 6-membered monoheterocycle containing from 1 to 3 identical or different, non-adjacent oxygen and divalent sulfur heteroatoms, with the proviso that such heterocycle can also contain from one to two carbon-carbon double bonds, and, if a 5-membered heterocycle, can also contain a nitrogen heteroatom separated from an oxygen or sulfur heteroatom by at least one ring carbon atom and linked to one of the adjacent carbon atoms by a double bond.

Abstract: Esters, e.g., alkyl adipates, are facilely prepared by carbonylation among an alcohol, carbon monoxide and a monoolefin, e.g., an alkyl pentenoate, in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of cobalt and a tertiary nitrogen base, and optionally hydrogen, said reaction being carried out in an aromatic hydrocarbon reaction medium bearing from 1 to 3 nuclear substituents, and said substituents comprising cyano or a radical of the formula R--Y-- having up to 20 carbon atoms, wherein Y is a direct valence bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a carbonyl group or a carbonyloxy group (--CO--O--), with R being bonded to the oxygen of the group --CO--O--, and R is alkyl, aralkyl or or aryl, or a cyano substituted such R--Y-- radical, or a radical R--Y-- which includes one of the divalent bridges --O--, --CO-- or --CO--O-- along its skeletal carbon chain, with the proviso that at least one of said substituents is either cyano or a radical R--Y-- wherein Y is other than a direct valence bond.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.f is perfluorinated saturated aliphatic containing 3-20 carbons;R.sup.1 is optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl; andn is a number from 1 to 4.Process for preparing compounds (I): ##STR2## The reaction can be carried out, e.g., by melting an iodine-substituted polyfluoroalkyl ester and contacting the molten ester with chlorine, or an iodine-substituted polyfluoroalkyl ester can be suspended or dissolved in a suitable liquid and reacted with chlorine. A suitable liquid is inert under the reaction conditions; e.g. alcohols or water should be avoided. Process of using compounds (I) to treat (a) textile materials so as to give them dry soil resistance and oil and water repellency, and (b) paper so as to make it repel water and oil.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a tartronic ester of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each independently is an optionally substituted alkyl or cycloalkyl radical, comprising reacting (trimethylsilyloxy)tricyanomethane in the presence of a mineral acid, with at least one alcohol of the formula R.sub.1 OH and R.sub.2 OH and hydrolyzing the product of reaction. Advantageously the alcohols are employed in at least three times the molar amount of the (trimethylsilyloxy)tricyanomethane, and the reaction and hydrolysis are carried out in immediate succession in the same reaction vessel.

Abstract: Certain new halogenated geminal diester compounds are described. The products are useful as broad spectrum antimicrobials.

Abstract: A process is herein described for obtaining lower alkyl esters of C-alkyl-tartronic or C-halogenalkyl-tartronic acids according to the reaction: ##STR1## in which R and R.sup.2, like or unlike each other, may be alkyls having C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 or halogenalkyls having C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 and R.sup.1 is an alkyl having C.sub.1 -C.sub.5.

Abstract: A fluorinated acid fluoride having an ester group which has the formula ##STR1## wherein A,p, q and R are defined below is produced by reacting a diacid fluoride having the formula ##STR2## wherein A represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 bifunctional perfluoro group; p represents 0 or 1; q represents an integer of 1 to 8 with an alcohol having the formula ROH wherein R represents an organic group.

Abstract: A method for making alpha,omega-bis-fluorosulfatoperfluoroalkanes by reacting a perfluorinated alpha-olefin with peroxodisulfuryl difluoride in the liquid phase, and compounds of the formulaFSO.sub.2 -O-(CF.sub.2 -CF.sub.2).sub.n -O-SO.sub.2 F,useful as intermediates in making polymers.

Abstract: A novel process for the preparation of 3-methyl-3-hydroxy-glutaric acid of the formula ##STR1## comprising reacting a compound of the formula ##STR2## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, formyloxy, halogen and acyloxy of 2 to 18 carbon atoms with at least two equivalents of a compound of the formulaX--CH.sub.2 --COOR.sub.1 IIIwherein X is an alkali metal and R.sub.1 is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms to obtain a compound of the formula ##STR3## and subjecting the latter to saponification or optionally catalytic thermal decomposition to obtain 3-methyl-3-hydroxy-glutaric acid and a novel intermediate.

Abstract: A process for producing carboxylic acid esters by reacting an olefin and a carboxylic acid in the presence of a crystalline metallosilicate catalyst. The catalyst has a mole ratio of silica to metal oxide of at least 12. The metal of the metal oxide is an element selected from the group consisting of the elements belonging to Groups III, IV, V, VI B, and VIII of the Periodic Table. The catalyst is preferably zeolitic, for example zeolitic aluminosilicate. The process is particularly effective when reacting relatively inactive olefins such as methylene and propylene.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel .omega.-fluorosulfato-perfluorocarboxylic acid derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## in which A denotes halogen, preferably Cl or F, and in particular F, or the group OR wherein R is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl with preferably up to 10 C atoms, in particular CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2 H.sub.5, m denotes a number from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 8 and in particular from 1 to 6, and n denotes a number from 0 to 10, preferably from 0 to 4 and in particular 0 or 1, which are prepared by electrolysis of .omega.

Abstract: Novel acyl-derivatives of the .beta.-hydroxy-.gamma.-butyrobetaine are disclosed (typically pyruvyl carnitine hydrochloride) which are useful therapeutic agents in the treatment of cardiac disorders, hyperlipidoemias and hyperlipoproteinemias.

Abstract: Perfluorinated carboxylic acid fluorides which also have an ester group in the molecule are prepared by decomposition of perfluorinated fluorosulfato compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which R=alkyl, aryl or aralkyl with preferably up to 10 C atoms, in particular CH.sub.3 l or C.sub.2 H.sub.5, m=an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 8 and in particular 1 to 6, and n=0 or an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 0 to 3 or in particular 0 or 1, in the presence of catalytic amounts of at least one alkali metal fluoride and in the absence of solvents; the compounds have the formula II ##STR2## in which R, m and n have the same meaning as in formula I. The compounds II are valuable intermediates, in particular for the preparation of perfluorinated vinyl compounds, which can in turn be processed to homopolymers and copolymers which are exceptionally stable to chemicals or heat.

Abstract: Novel monoalkyl oxybisacetates are attractively useful as surfactants, and particularly in detergent compositions.

Abstract: Ethers of 1,2-disubstituted tartaric acid esters proved to be excellent initiators for thermally initiatable radical polymerization reactions. They show a high reactivity even in low concentrations and yield thoroughly hardened products.

Abstract: Purified hexafluoropropylene oxide is produced by scrubbing to remove impurities that inhibit polymerization of hexafluoropropylene oxide, thus permitting the preparation of polymers having a degree of polymerization of more than 200, including end-capped and chain-extended derivatives thereof.

Abstract: An ester of a fluoroaliphatic radical- and aliphatic chlorine-containing alcohol and a mono or polycarboxylic acid useful in carpet treatment.

Abstract: Novel perhalofluoro ethers and methods for preparing the same having generic formula, ##STR1## wherein a=0 or an integer greater than O;b=0 or an integer greater than O;n=zero or an integer greater than zero;R.sub.f and R'.sub.f are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, perfluoroalkyl and fluorochloroalkyl;X=F, Cl or Br;X'=Cl or Br;Y is an acid group or a group easily convertible to an acid group;Z=F, Cl, Br, OH, NRR' or OA;R and R' are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl having one or more than one carbon atom and aryl;A=alkali metal, quaternary nitrogen, or R.

Abstract: Diesters of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and n is 0 to 10; vinyl ether monomers derived therefrom; copolymers of the vinyl ether monomers with one or more selected perfluorinated monoolefins; articles of manufacture made from the copolymers; process for making the diesters; process for using copolymer membranes in a chlor-alkali cell.

Abstract: A polyacetal carboxylate is provided having the following empirical formula: ##STR1## where M is selected from the group consisting of akali metal, ammonium, tetra-alkyl ammonium groups and alkanol ammonium groups, and n averages at least 4. Such polyacetal carboxylates can be used as complexing agents and detergency builders.

Abstract: Novel, transient prodrug forms of dopa and dopamine have (i) the structural formula (I): ##STR1## wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, R.sup.3 -CO- and ##STR2## wherein X is O, S or NR.sup.6 ; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or --COOR.sup.8 ; R.sup.2 is hydrogen or OR; R.sup.

Abstract: A process for asymmetrically hydrogenating through the use of microorganisms a double bond connected to tertiary carbon atom in an olefinic aliphatic compound to produce a tertiary, optically active aliphatic compound useful as an intermediate for optically active Vitamins E and K.

Abstract: Novel polyfunctional compounds and a novel process for their preparation are disclosed. These compounds may be converted into the acid or salt forms of cis and trans aconitic acids as well as into a racemic mixture of isocitric acid, alloisocitric acid and the lactones of isocitric acid and alloisocitric acid and their salts. All of the acid and salt forms produced are useful as metal sequestrants and/or detergent builders. The novel polyfunctional compounds can also be saponified to their corresponding alkali metal salts which, in turn, are also metal ion sequestering agents and detergent builders. The polyfunctional compounds are the reaction products obtained from the reaction of selected salts of monoalkyl esters of maleic acid with selected active hydrogen containing compounds.

Abstract: Compounds of the structure ##STR1## wherein X is --F or Cl and each R is independently --H, --CH.sub.3, --C.sub.2 H.sub.5, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 or M where M is an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, ammonium or a quaternary ammonium are disclosed. The above compounds are prepared by treating a compound of the structure ##STR2## where each R.sup.1 is independently --CH.sub.3, --C.sub.2 H.sub.5, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 ; or ##STR3## with a strong protic acid, followed, as desired, by base hydrolysis to form carboxylate salts (R.dbd.M).

Abstract: Zwitterionic surfactant compounds are made readily biodegradable in the environment by the inclusion of a biochemically and/or hydrolytically labile chemical linkage located between the cationic and anionic charge centers of the compounds and anywhere from the second to the tenth atom distant from the cationic charge center. The biodegradable linkage is preferably an ester or amide. The alkoxylated zwitterionic surfactants herein exhibit outstanding particulate soil removal performance and are also effective in removing oily soils from fabrics, in addition to being readily biodegradable. Also described are detergent compositions containing the zwitterionic surfactants, and, optionally containing cosurfactants and detergent builders.

Abstract: The use of acetals as aldehyde generators in foodstuff applications is disclosed.

Abstract: Citric acid or a citrate ester can be prepared by the process comprising the steps of oxidizing isotetralin to form cyclodeca-1,6-diene-4,9-dione, converting the dione into the bis-cyanohydrin derivative, ozonating the bis-cyanohydrin and recovering citric acid or a citrate ester. It is preferred that the isotetralin be prepared by reduction of naphthalene.

Abstract: An extremely mild, oxidative process for converting alkoxyalkanols to the corresponding acids is disclosed which comprises reacting the alcohol with an alkali metal hydroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of palladium.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula ##STR1## wherein M is an alkali metal or ammonium, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R.sub.3 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or COOM are useful sequestrants and detergency builders. Lower alkyl esters and acids of such compounds are useful intermediates for their production.

Abstract: Novel polyfunctional compounds and a process for their preparation are disclosed. These compounds and their alkali metal salts are useful metal sequestrants and/or detergent builders. Selected compounds are also intermediates useful in the syntheses of aconitic acid as well as isocitric and alloisocitric acids and their lactones. The novel polyfunctional compounds are obtained from the reaction of maleic anhydride with selected active methylene or methine containing compounds.

Abstract: Ether carboxylates represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are individually selected from the group consisting of alkyl containing up to 20 carbon atoms, and M.sup.1, M.sup.2 and M.sup.3 are individually selected from the group consisting of alkyl containing up to about 4 carbon atoms, are useful as intermediates to prepare the corresponding acid or alkali metal, ammonium and alkanol amine salts, which are useful as chelants, sequestrants and detergent builders.

Abstract: This invention consists of a process for preparing bifunctional aliphatic organic compounds of at least 6 carbon atoms, wherein a cycloaliphatic oxyhydroperoxide is reacted with an alpha-olefine having its double bond activated by a conjugate electron-attracting group, in the presence of a bivalent Cr salt, a bivalent V salt or a trivalent Ti salt.