Abstract: A plant metabolism regulating agent comprising as an active ingredient an alpha,beta or beta,gamma-un-saturated carboxylic acid or its derivative. It is useful for controlling the metabolism of a plant, facilitating the growth of a beneficial plant such as cereals by inhibiting the growth of undesirable plants or eradicating them, regulating the growth of a plant and dwarfing a plant.

Abstract: 2,3-Difluorophenol derivatives of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, in each case independently of one another, are an alkyl group having 1 to 15 C atoms in which, in addition, one or two nonadjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by --O--, --CO--, --CH.dbd.CH-- and/or --C.tbd.C--;A is 1,4-phenylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or two fluorines, or is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or a single bond; andL.sup.1 and L.sup.2, in each case independently of one another, are H or F,are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: Certain aryl-alkynoic, alkenoic and alkanoic acids and derivatives and their use in treating inflammation, allergy and hyperproliferative skin disease are disclosed.

Abstract: One of the routes to prepare optically active 2-(4-aryloxyphenoxy)propionic acid ester herbicide is to couple optically active 2-(4-hydrophenoxy)propionic acid esters with halogenated aromatic or heteroaromatic compounds. Conversion of the optically active 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid ester into the acid salt prior to the coupling step effectively prevents the racemization that unexpectedly occurs otherwise.

Abstract: Compounds of formula: ##STR1## and stereoisomers thereof, in which A is oxygen or sulphur; Z and Y are independently hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, nitro or cyano; and R, which contains at least one halogen atom, is the group ##STR2## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently hydrogen or alkyl; and R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl or alkoxy.

Abstract: Compounds of formula I ##STR1## are described which are useful to inhibit the formation of serum cholesterol by virtue of their ability to inhibit .beta.-hydroxy-.beta.-methylglutaryl-CoA(HMG CoA), the rate-controlling substance in the synthesis of serum cholesterol.

Abstract: Compounds are provided which comprise a fluorocarbon terminal portion and a chiral hydrocarbon terminal portion, said terminal portions being connected by a central core, said compounds having tilted smectic mesophases or having latent tilted smectic mesophases which develop when said compounds having said latent mesophases are in admixture with said compounds having tilted smectic mesophases or said compounds having latent tilted smectic mesophases.

Abstract: An optically active 2-fluoro-1-alkanol compound represented by the formula (Ia): ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl group having 1-16 carbon atoms, and C* is an asymmetric carbon atom; and an optically active compound derived from the fluoroalkanol and represented by the formula (Ib): ##STR2## wherein R and C* are the same as above, m is 1 or 2, n is 0 or 1, and A is a releasable substitutent. Because of the fluorine atom directly attached to an asymmetric carbon atom, these compounds are particularly effective in increasing a spontaneous polarization, improving a electric field responsive characteristic of a liquid crystal composition, and controlling the liquid crystal state.

Abstract: Cyclohexane derivatives of formula I ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl group which has 1-12 C atoms and in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by O, --CO--O-- or --OCO--,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 each independently of one another are trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or unsubstituted or fluorine-substituted 1,4-phenylene, and one of the groups A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 can also be a single bond,X is --CN, halogen, OH, --COOR.sup.1, --OOCR.sup.1, --COR.sup.1, --OR.sup.1 or R.sup.1 andR.sup.1 is an alkyl group which has 1-12 C atoms and in which one or two CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by O, but excluding direct links between two O atoms,with the proviso that, in the case of X=CN, A.sup.2 is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or fluorine-substituted, 1,4-phenylene, are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline phases.

Abstract: A process of preparing chiral alcohols by the asymmetric catalytic hydrogenolysis of epoxides using rhodium or ruthenium catalysts containing chiral phosphine ligands.

Abstract: A fluoroalkane derivative represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R denotes an alkyl group having 1-16 carbon atoms, C* denotes an asymmetric carbon atom, R.sup.1 denotes an alkyl or alkoxy group having 1-16 carbon atoms; ##STR2## respectively denote a phenylene group ##STR3## a cyclohexylene group ##STR4## or a pyrimidinylene group ##STR5## p is 0 or 1, q is 0 or 1 when p is 1, r is 0 or 1; and l, m and n are respectively 0 or a positive integer satisfying the relationship of l+m+n.gtoreq.1. The fluoroalkane derivative has a fluorine atom providing a large dipole moment and directly connected to an asymmetric carbon atom, so that it provides a high speed responsive characteristic through an increased spontaneous polarization when contained in a liquid crystal composition, especially a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition.

Abstract: A method of killing or controlling insect, mite or nematode pests which method comprises applying to the insect or to the locus thereof an effective amount of a compound of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen or C.sub.1-4 alkyl; and X, Y and Z are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, or OR.sup.1 where R.sup.1 is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group. Certain of the compounds are new.

Abstract: Leukotriene antagonists, a process for the preparation thereof, and the use thereof for the treatment of diseases ##STR1## in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and X have the indicated meanings, a process for the preparation of these compounds, the use thereof as pharmaceuticals, and pharmaceutical products based on these compounds, are described.

Abstract: Dispirotetradecanes of the formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently of each other alkyl containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms wherein one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may also be replaced by --O--, --CO--, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --O--COO-- and/or --CH.dbd.CH-- (trans), one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 also being H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCS,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each independently of each other trans-1,4-cyclohexylene wherein one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by --O-- and/or --S--, or 1,4-phenylene wherein one or more CH groups may also be replaced by N, with it also being possible optionally for A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 to be substituted laterally or axially by F, Cl, CN, CH.sub.3,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each independently of each other --C--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 -- or a single bond,m and n are each 0, 1 or 2,(m+n) 0, 1 or 2,X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3 and X.sup.

Abstract: Leukotriene antagonists, processes for the preparation thereof, the use thereof for the treatment of diseases, and precursors.Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and X have the indicated meanings, processes for the preparation of these compounds, the use thereof as pharmaceuticals, and pharmaceutical products based on these compounds are described. In addition, precursors for the preparation of compounds of the formula I are described.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a novel compound, (L)-menthyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate, and an improved process for making and isolating a substantially pure compound of the structural formula: ##STR1## wherein Y is hydrogen or (L)-menthyl the improvement which comprises: (a) stereoselectively reducing (L)-menthyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate by contacting said compound with S-B-(3-pinanyl)-9 horabicyclo[3,3,1]nonone,(b) stereoselectively isolating (L)-menthyl-(R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate by crystallization, and optionally hydrolyzing the so obtained ester;and further comprises optionally esterifying the so obtained acid by contacting said acid with a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkanol in presence of acid.

Abstract: Compounds of the formulaR.sup.1 --Q.sup.1 --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --(COO).sub.n --(CH.sub.2).sub.p --Q.sup.2 --R.sup.2whereinR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-12 C atoms, F, Cl, Br, CN or --Q.sup.3 --R.sup.3, or one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can also be H;Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 are each independently 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)-octylene or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-4 fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms;R.sup.3 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-8 C atoms, H, F, Cl, Br or CN;m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; n is 0 or 1; and p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; the sum of (m+p) being 2, 4 or 6 and the sum of (m+n+p) being at least 3;but with the proviso that Q.sup.3 is unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene or 1,4-phenylene substituted by a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom, only when n=1 or (m+p)=6 or at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is F, Cl or Br or none of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is CN or two of the radicals R.sup.1 to R.sup.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R represents an ether protecting group and R.sup.1 is a group of (a)-(d) useful as intermediates.

Abstract: Substituted acrylates of the general formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, X is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, tirfluoromethyl, cyano or nitro, Y is ethylene, ethenylene, methyleneoxy, oxymethylene, thiomethylene, methylenethio or oxygen, R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkynyl, and fungicides containing these compounds.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of 2-(hydroxyalkyl)acrylic compounds having the formula ##STR1## wherein X represents a --CN group, a --COOR.sub.3 group, a --COR.sub.4 group or a --CONR.sub.4 R.sub.5 group wherein R.sub.3 is an alkyl group containing 1-4 C atoms and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 independently represent an H atom or R.sub.3, andwherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently represent an H atom or an alkyl group with 1-4 C atoms or an (hetero) aryl group, or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together represent a cyclic compound with 5-12 C atomsby contacting an acrylic compound H.sub.2 C.dbd.CH--X with a carbonyl compound of the formula ##STR2## wherein X, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 denote the same as in the above, this being effected in the liquid phase in the presence of a tertiary amine, characterized in that the reaction is carried out at a pressure in excess of 500 bar in excess of 500 bar, advantageously 1,500-18,000 bar.

Abstract: A novel process for the manufacture of p-tert.butylbenzene derivatives is described.The process comprises reacting p-tert.butyl-benzyl chloride with a 2-formylpropionate of the formula ##STR1## wherein R represents lower-alkyl, e.g. C.sub.1-6 -alkyl, especially methyl or ethyl,and, if desired, converting the resulting compound of theformula ##STR2## wherein R has the above significance, optionally after purification, into p-tert.butyl-.alpha.-methyl-hydrocinnamaldehyde by decarbalkoxylation.

Abstract: Etherified 3-hydroxyvalerates of the formula I ##STR1## where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are identical or different and are each alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 7 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 10 carbon atoms or aryl of 6 to 10 carbon atoms, are prepared by a process in which a 3-pentenoate of the formula II ##STR2## where R.sub.1 has the above meanings, is reacted with a compound of the formula IIIR.sub.3 -OH IIIwhere R.sub.3 has the same meanings as R.sub.2, at from 30.degree. to 95.degree. C. in the presence of a basic catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for opening the ring of gem dicyanepoxides comprising reacting a gem dicyanepoxide with a mononucleophilic compound in the presence of a hydrohalic acid or a weakly nucleophilic acid.

Abstract: Alkylene or dialkyl ketal of an alpha-acetyl cinnamic acid or ester therof are obtained by reacting alpha-acetyl cinnamic acid or an ester thereof with a ketalizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkyl glycols, dialkyl detals and trialkyl orthoesters in the presence of the transition metal catalyst and an acid catalyst. Also, alkyl alpha-enol ethers of alpha-acetyl cinnamic acid are obtained by heating the alkylene or dialkyl ketals.

Abstract: Acrylic acid derivatives of the general formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another are each alkyl, X is hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano or nitro, Y is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, aryloxy, halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.4 H.sub.4 chain which is fused to the benzene radical, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, NO.sub.2, alkylthio, thiocyanato, cyano, ##STR2## R' and R" independently of one another are each hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio or cycloalkyl or are each unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, and n is from 1 to 4, and fungicides containing these compounds.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 denote alkyl, OH, CF.sub.3 or cyanoethyl, A preferably denotes --COOH, R.sub.3 denotes inter alia alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, fairly high-molecular (>C.sub.12) alkoxy, alkylcarbonylalkoxy or nitrobenzyloxy, are valuable herbicides and growth regulators.

Abstract: An alkylene or dialkyl ketal of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.3 is halo, carboxy or (C.sub.1 -C.sub.12)alkyl, alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, carbalkoxy or alkylthio.R.sup.1 is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.12)alkyl, (C.sub.6 -C.sub.20)aryl or (C.sub.7 -C.sub.21)alkylaryl or aralkyl; andR.sup.2 is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.12)alkyl or the two R.sup.2 taken together are (C.sub.2 -C.sub.12)alkylene.An alpha-enol ether of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 are as defined above and R.sup.2 is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.12)alkyl.

Abstract: Substituted diphenyl ethers of the formula ##STR1## where Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2 and Z.sub.3 are hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylmercapto, haloalkylmercapto, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl or haloalkylsulfonyl, Z.sub.4 is hydrogen, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, acetoxy or alkylmercapto, Y is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro, X is oxygen, sulfur, sulfinyl or sulfonyl, and A is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl ##STR2## and can also be sulfonyl ##STR3## when X is oxygen, and, when Z.sub.4 is alkoxy or alkylmercapto, can also be a methylene chain --(CH.sub.2).sub.m -- by which the radicals Z.sub.4 --CH--X-- are bonded to form a ring, R.sub.1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, R.sub.2 is cyano, methoxy, ethoxy or ##STR4## where B is OH, ONa, O--alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenoxy, --NH.sub.2, --NH--alkyl or --N(alkyl).sub.2, n is 1, 2 or 3, R.sub.3 and R.sub.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R represents an ether protecting group and R.sup.3 is a group of (f)-(i) useful as intermediates.

Abstract: Prodrugs of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors which are useful as antihypercholesterolemic agents and are represented by the following general structural formula (I): ##STR1## and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are disclosed.

Abstract: Stilbene derivatives of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another are each C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, X is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano or nitro, Y is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, aryloxy, halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.4 H.sub.4 chain which is fused to the benzene radical, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, NO.sub.2, alkylthio, thiocyanato, cyano, aralkyloxy, aryloxymethyl, ##STR2## and R' and R" independently of one another are each hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio or cycloalkyl or are each phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by alkyl, halogen or alkoxy, and n is from 1 to 4, and fungicides containing these compounds.

Abstract: Acrylates of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another are each C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, X is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, haloalkyl, cyano or nitro, W is unsubstituted or alkyl-substituted, saturated or unsaturated C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 -alkylene, Y is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, aryloxy, halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.4 H.sub.4 chain fused to the benzene radical, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, thiocyanato, cyano, NO.sub.2, aralkyloxy, ##STR2## and R' and R" independently of one another are each hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio or cycloalkyl or are each phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by alkyl, halogen or alkoxy, and n is from 1 to 4, and fungicides containing them.

Abstract: 7-Substituted lower alkyl hept-6-enoates and 4-hydroxytetrahydropyran-2-ones bearing 6-olefinic substituents (e.g.,) ethyl erythro-3,5-dihydroxy-7-phenyl-hept-6-enoates are prepared by a multi-step process. The process involves 3-protected-lower alkyl 3,5-dihydroxy-hept-6-enoates, which are obtained by cleaving corresponding 6.alpha.-vinyl-4.beta.-protected hydroxy-tetrahydro 2H-pyran-2-ones. The final products are useful as anti hypercholesteremic agents.

Abstract: Certain novel aryl sulfonyl fluorides, their preparation, and their use in inhibiting serine proteases with chymotrypsin-like and elastase-like specificity.

Abstract: For the analytical and preparative separation of the optical isomers of optically active alkanolamines into their optically pure antipodes a new resolution method is presented which involves an ester formation of the alkanolamines with optically pure and symmetrically O,O disubstituted (R,R)- or (S,S)-tartaric acids. The derivitization reactions are carried out in aprotic solvents and the primary and secondary functions are blocked via ion-pair formations with strong acids, e.g. dichloroacetic acid. The tartaric acid anhydrides are predominantly used as reagents but other ester formation methods are also practicable. The mixture of the diastereomeric alkanolamine tartaric acid monoesters are separable into their optically active and pure isomers by various chromotographic separation techniques, e.g. straight or reverse phase LC, but also by extraction methods e.g. Soxhlet extraction.

Abstract: 7-Substituted lower alkyl hept-6-enoates and 4-hydroxy-tetrahydropyran-2-ones bearing 6-olefinic substituents (E), (Z), ethyl erythro-3,5-dihydroxy-7-phenyl-hept-6-enates are prepared by a multi-step process involving lower alkyl 3,5-dihydroxy-hept-6-enates. The final products are useful as anti hypercholesteremic agents.

Abstract: Bicycloheptane substituted ether prostaglandin analogs are provided having the structural formula ##STR1## wherein X is O or ##STR2## and including all stereoisomers thereof. The compounds are cardiovascular agents useful, for example, in the treatment of thrombotic disease.

Abstract: Perfluoropolyether oligomers or block polymers, having a backbone with one or a plurality of perfluoropolyether segments each consisting essentially of (1) at least one perfluoroisopropyleneoxy unit, (2) a bis(perfluoromethyleneoxy-terminated) unit, and (3) a perfluoroethylidene unit terminating each segment, the backbone of the perfluoropolyether being terminated with COF and/or a functional or nonfunctional derivative thereof, said perfluoropolyethers being made by reacting a perfluoroaliphatic diacid fluoride with hexafluoropropylene epoxide to produce an acid fluoride-terminated perfluoropolyether adduct or oligomer which then can be photopolymerized to yield an acid fluoride-terminated perfluoropolyether block polymer. These oligomers and block polymers are useful as high temperature lubricants, hydraulic fluids, gaskets, adhesives and coatings as well as co-reactants wtih urethane in forming propellant binders.

Abstract: The present liquid crystal compounds are novel ester-type compounds showing a smectic liquid crystal phase and being capable of increasing a dielectric constant anisotropy, represented by the following general formula: R--X.sub.1 --Y.sub.1 --X.sub.2 --Y.sub.2 --NO.sub.2, wherein R is an alkyl group; X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are the same or different from each other and are group --COO-- and --OOC--, and when X.sub.1 is group --COO--, ##STR1## The present liquid composition contains the novel compound, and the present liquid crystal display device uses the liquid crystal composition for utilizing the characteristics of the novel compound. Particularly, the present liquid crystal display device is a thermally addressed display device.

Abstract: A stereoselective process for the preparation of antihypercholesterolemic agents of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor type comprises treatment of an intermediate .beta.-hydroxyketone with a trialkylborane and sodium borohydride at low temperatures.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of .alpha.-haloacetoacetic esters by the reaction of an alkali metal alkoxide with a 5-halo-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one compound, the desired product being obtained as an alkali metal salt which may be converted to the corresponding free ester by treating with acid.

Abstract: A catalyst for isomerization consisting essentially of a salt or complex salt represented by the formula:[ML.sub.m ].sup.n+ [Y].sub.n.sup.- (I)where M is a metal of Group IB, IIA, IIB or VIII of the periodic table, L is a ligand, Y is a conjugated base of a Bronsted acid, m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 and n is 1, 2 or 3.

Abstract: A mixture of an optionally substituted cinnamic acid ester and an optionally substituted .beta.-alkoxy-.beta.-phenyl-propionic acid ester is prepared by reacting an optionally substituted benzaldehyde with an optionally substituted acetic acid ester and an alcoholate in the presence of an alcohol. The reaction can be carried out in a wide temperature range of from -20.degree. C. to +150.degree. C. The ester mixture can be hydrolyzed under acid or alkaline conditions to give optionally substituted cinnamic acid.

Abstract: A novel process for intermediates in the synthesis and hypercholesterolemic compounds of the HMG-CoA reductase type of the following general formula (1): ##STR1## involving an enantioselective aldol condensation is disclosed.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is benzyl or benzyl substituted by hydroxy, chlorine, fluorine, amino, amido, (C.sub.2-5) alkanoylamino, (C.sub.1-4) alkyl, (C.sub.1-4) alkylamino, (C.sub.1-4) alkoxy, (C.sub.1-4) alkylamido, di[(C.sub.1-4) alkyl]amino, or di[(C.sub.1-4) alkyl]amino,R.sub.2, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are each (C.sub.1-4) alkyl, andR.sub.3 is (C.sub.2-4) alkylare prolactin secretion promoters.

Abstract: This invention provides tobacco compositions which contain a hydroxy-substituted carboxylate compound as a flavorant additive.In one of its embodiments, this invention provides tobacco compositions which contain a hydroxy-substituted alkanoate flavorant additive such as ethyl 2-(2-butyl)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-33-phenylpropionate: ##STR1## Under smoking conditions the above illustrated hydroxy-substituted alkanoate additive and its pyrolysis products flavor the mainstream and sidestream smoke.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of certain cyano substituted esters and optical isomers thereof useful as insecticides by dehydration of the precursor carboxamido esters. Intermediates for the preparation of such compounds, e.g., racemic methyl 3-phenoxymandelate, methyl (S)-3-phenoxymandelate and methyl (R)-3-phenoxymandelate are also disclosed.

Abstract: Hydroxyibuprofen is produced in good yield by reduction of p-isobutylacetophenone at the cathode in the presence of carbon dioxide. Hydroxyibuprofen is readily hydrogenolyzed to ibuprofen. Electrochemical carboxylation of other selected aryl methyl ketones is also effected.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 denote alkyl, CF.sub.3, benzyl cyclohexyl, cyanoethyl, phenyl or OH and A denotes, inter alia, the groups --CO--, CHOH or CH--NH.sub.2 and --COR.sub.3 denotes a carboxyl, carboxylic ester or carboxamido group, are active herbicides.

Abstract: .Iaddend.hypercholesterolemic compounds of the HMG-CoA reductase type of the following general formula (1): ##STR1## involving an enantioselective aldol condensation is disclosed.