Abstract: The present disclosure provides derivatives of amino acids that have branched alkyl structures and surface-active properties. The amino acid can be naturally-occurring or synthetic, or they may be obtained via a ring-opening reaction of a lactam, such as caprolactam. The amino acid may be functionalized to form a compound that is surface-active and have advantageous surfactant characteristics. The compounds of the present disclosure have low critical micelle concentrations (CMC) as well as superior ability to lower the surface tension of a liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the purification of acrylamido-2-methyl-2-propanesulphonic acid comprising the following successive steps: 1) preparation of a suspension of acrylamido-2-methyl-2-propanesulphonic acid crystals by distillation of an aqueous solution of acrylamido-2-methyl-2-propanesulphonic acid in order to obtain a suspension of acrylamido-2-methyl-2-propanesulphonic acid crystals, 2) isolation of the acrylamido-2-methyl-2-propanesulphonic acid crystals generally by solid/liquid separation from said suspension in order to isolate said acrylamido-2-methyl-2-propanesulphonic acid crystals, characterised in that the distillation step is carried out continuously and at a pressure below atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrated crystalline form of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid having a 2-theta powder X-ray diffraction diagram comprising peaks at 10.58°, 11.2°, 12.65°, 13.66°, 16.28°, 18.45°, 20°, 20.4°, 22.5°, 25.5°, 25.88°, 26.47°, 28.52°, 30.28°, 30.8°, 34.09°, 38.19°, 40.69°, 41.82°, 43.74°, 46.04° degrees (+/?0.1°). The present invention also relates to a production method for this form of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and a preparation method for an aqueous solution A of a salt of this form of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, and the (co)polymer of this form of -acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrated crystalline form of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid having a 2-theta powder X-ray diffraction diagram comprising peaks at 10.58°, 11.2°, 12.65°, 13.66°, 16.28°, 18.45°, 20°, 20.4°, 22.5°, 25.5°, 25.88°, 26.47°, 28.52°, 30.28°, 30.8°, 34.09°, 38.19°, 40.69°, 41.82°, 43.74°, 46.04° degrees (+/? 0.1°. The present invention also relates to a production method for this form of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and a preparation method for an aqueous solution A of a salt of this form of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, and the (co)polymer of this form of -acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrated crystalline form of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid having a 2-theta powder X-ray diffraction diagram comprising peaks at 10.58°, 11.2°, 12.65°, 13.66°, 16.28°, 18.45°, 20°, 20.4°, 22.5°, 25.5°, 25.88°, 26.47°, 28.52°, 30.28°, 30.8°, 34.09°, 38.19°, 40.69°, 41.82°, 43.74°, 46.04° degrees (+/?0.1°). The present invention also relates to a production method for this form of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and a preparation method for an aqueous solution A of a salt of this form of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, and the (co)polymer of this form of -acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a production process for 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid including at least the following successive steps: 1) mixing of acrylonitrile with at least one compound contributing SO3 at a temperature included between ?80 and 30° C.; 2) placing in contact and mixing isobutylene and the sulfonating mixture with a molar ratio of SO3 to isobutylene included between 0.2:1 and 2:1 and a molar ratio of acrylonitrile to isobutylene included between 3:1 and 60:1 at a temperature included between ?40 and 100° C.; 3) solid/liquid separation of the reaction mixture and isolation of the solid particles in the form of a composition 1; 4) mixing composition 1 at the end of step 3) with an aqueous solution A included at a temperature comprised between ?20 and 70° C. in order to obtain a suspension 1 of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid crystals; 5) solid/liquid separation of the suspension 1 and isolation of the crystals in form of composition 2.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid. Said method consists in reacting together acrylonitrile, fuming sulfuric acid and isobutylene. It is characterized in that the isobutylene contains less than 1000 ppm of butadiene and less than 1000 ppm of butene.

Abstract: A method for purifying acrylamide alkyl sulfonic acid comprises: (1) making a material A evenly mixed and contacted with a solvent C, an amount of the material A exceeding a solubility of the material A in the solvent C under the condition where the material A is located, therefore the material A is not completely dissolved by the solvent C; (2) keeping the material A even mixed and contacted with the solvent C for at least 5 minutes; (3) performing a solid-liquid separation to obtain a solid, namely, a purified product B with impurities reduced. In the purifying method according to the invention, the material does not need to be completely dissolved, therefore less solvent is used, and the steps of dissolving the material by increasing temperature, separating out by decreasing temperature or removing the solvent are eliminated, so cost is reduced, efficiency is improved, and operations are simplified.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preparing a solid acrylamide alkyl sulfonate. Said method comprises: reacting 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and analogs thereof with an alkaline substance in a solvent. The 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and the analogs thereof and the alkaline substance are significant excess with respect to the solvent, so that the amount of the resulting acrylamido alkyl sulfonate exceeds the solubility under the reaction condition. The acrylamido alkyl sulfonate can be continuously generated and directly massively precipitated, and the precipitated solid product, i.e. the product, is collected. The method of the present invention can greatly improve production efficiency of products, save time, reduce cost, and easy to operate by leaving out the re-crystallization step and the like in the prior art.

Abstract: A process for preparing salts of acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (A) using the steps of: preparing a solution of a contaminated salt of acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonic acid (A) in an anhydrous organic solvent (L) using at least one basic component (B) selected from the group of alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides and amines of the formula (I) NRaRbRc??(I) where the Ra, Rb and Rc radicals are each independently: hydrogen, C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl or C1-C4-alkoxy, where the molar ratio of compound (A) to the basic component (B) is 1:1 to 1:3, recovering the dissolved salt of compound (A) by crystallization or by precipitation, by altering the temperature and/or the pressure and/or the concentration of the salt in the solution. This leads to salts which are low in by-products and are particularly suitable for polymerization.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to acamprosate formulations, methods of use of the formulations, to methods of using the formulations in combination with at least one other medication, and to combination products and compositions comprising the formulations and at least one other medication, such as neuroleptic (antipsychotic) and/or antidepressant drugs.

Abstract: A photoacid generator includes those of formula (I): wherein each Ra in formula 1 is independently H, F, a C1-10 nonfluorinated organic group, C1-10 fluorinated organic group, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, provided at least one Ra is F or a C1-10 fluorinated organic group, the C1-10 fluorinated and nonfluorinated organic groups each optionally comprising O, S, N, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing heteroatoms; L1 is a linking group comprising a heteroatom comprising O, S, N, F, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; G+ is an onium salt of the formula (II): wherein in formula (II), X is S or I, each R0 is independently C1-30 alkyl group; a polycyclic or monocyclic C3-30 cycloalkyl group; a polycyclic or monocyclic C4-30 aryl group; or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, provided at least one R0 is substituted where each R0 is a C6 monocyclic aryl group, and wherein when X is I, a is 2, and where X is S, a is 3,

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compounds, compositions and vehicles for delivering 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (3APS) in a subject, preferably a human subject. The invention encompasses compound that will yield or generate 3APS, either in vitro or in vivo.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compounds, compositions and vehicles for delivering 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (3APS) in a subject, preferably a human subject. The invention encompasses compounds that will yield or generate 3APS, either in vitro or in vivo. Preferred compounds include amino acid prodrugs of 3APS for use, including but not limited to, the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract: Methods, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and kits are described for treating or preventing amyloid-related disease.

Abstract: Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa's will extend the buffering range, derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yields a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for treating conditions associated with a chemosensory receptor, including diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic diseases, disorders or conditions by administering a composition comprising a chemosensory receptor ligand. Also provided herein are chemosensory receptor ligand compositions and methods for the preparation thereof for use in the methods of the present invention.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for treating conditions associated with a chemosensory receptor, including diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic diseases, disorders or conditions by administering a composition comprising a chemosensory receptor ligand. Also provided herein are chemosensory receptor ligand compositions and methods for the preparation thereof for use in the methods of the present invention.

Abstract: A process for preparing salts of acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (A) using the steps of: preparing a solution of a contaminated salt of acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonic acid (A) in an anhydrous organic solvent (L) using at least one basic component (B) selected from the group of alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides and amines of the formula (I) NRaRbRc??(I) where the Ra, Rb and Rc radicals are each independently: hydrogen, C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl or C1-C4-alkoxy, where the molar ratio of compound (A) to the basic component (B) is 1:1 to 1:3, recovering the dissolved salt of compound (A) by crystallization or by precipitation, by altering the temperature and/or the pressure and/or the concentration of the salt in the solution. This leads to salts which are low in by-products and are particularly suitable for polymerization.

Abstract: Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa's will extend the buffering range, derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yields a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fluorinated sulfonic acid salt or fluorinated sulfonic acid group-containing compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (A). In the formula, n indicates an integer of 1 to 10; R indicates a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 linear, branched or cyclic alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C15 aryl group, or a C4-C15 heteroaryl group; and a indicates 1 or 0. A photoacid generator containing the above fluorinated sulfonic acid salt or fluorinated sulfonic acid group-containing compound shows high sensitivity to an ArF excimer laser or the like, presents no concerns about human body accumulation, can generate an acid (photoacid) of sufficiently high acidity, and exhibits high solubility in a resist solvent and good compatibility with a resist resin.

Abstract: A process for producing 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (ATBS) which comprises reacting acrylonitrile, fuming sulfuric acid, and isobutylene. During the reaction, the concentration of 2-methyl-2-propenyl-1-sulfonic acid (IBSA) and/or that of 2-methylidene-1,3-propylenedisulfonic acid (IBDSA) in the reaction system are determined. When the IBSA concentration exceeds 12,000 mass ppm and/or the IBDSA concentration exceeds 6,000 mass ppm, then the concentration of sulfur trioxide in the reaction system is reduced. Thus, ATBS having an IBSA content of 100 mass ppm or lower and an IBDSA content of 100 mass ppm or lower is produced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for purifying a reaction output which comprises 3-aminopropanol and is obtained in the reaction of ethylene cyanohydrin with hydrogen in the presence of ammonia, which comprises distilling the reaction output comprising 3-aminopropanol in two or more stages, the ammonia content of the reaction output comprising 3-aminopropanol before introduction into the first distillation stage being 1% by weight or less and the temperature in the distillation stages being not more than 135° C. The invention further relates to a process for preparing 3-aminopropanol by reacting ethylene cyanohydrin with hydrogen in the presence of ammonia, which comprises performing the purification of the reaction output comprising 3-aminopropanol in accordance with the invention.

Abstract: A positive photosensitive composition includes at least one compound that when exposed to actinic rays or radiation, generates any of the sulfonic acids of general formula (I) and a resin whose solubility in an alkali developer is increased by the action of an acid, wherein each of X1 and X2 independently represents a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group, R1 represents a group with a polycyclic structure, provided that the polycyclic structure may have a substituent, and R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a chain alkyl group, a monocyclic alkyl group, a group with a polycyclic structure or a monocyclic aryl group, provided that each of the chain alkyl group, monocyclic alkyl group, polycyclic structure and monocyclic aryl group may have a substituent, and provided that R1 and R2 may be bonded to each other to thereby form a polycyclic structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel crystal form of calcium 3-acetylaminopropane-1-sulfonate, to a process for the preparation thereof, and to the use thereof in medicaments.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new polymorphic form of calcium acetyl-homotaurinate, designated as form B, and processes for the preparation of said form B and of the known crystalline form.

Abstract: Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa's will extend the buffering range, derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yields a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.

Abstract: The present invention relates to active bactericidal, antibacterial, anti-infective, antimicrobial, sporicidal, disinfectant, antifungal and antiviral compounds and compositions and to new uses of these compositions in therapy. This specification also describes methods of use for the new compounds and compositions. The specification further describes methods for preparing these compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to active bactericidal, antibacterial, anti-infective, antimicrobial, sporicidal, disinfectant, antifungal and antiviral compounds and compositions and to new uses of these compositions in therapy. This specification also describes methods of use for the new compounds and compositions. The specification further describes methods for preparing these compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to active bactericidal, antibacterial, anti-infective, antimicrobial, sporicidal, disinfectant, antifungal and antiviral compounds and compositions and to new uses of these compositions in therapy. This specification also describes methods of use for the new compounds and compositions. The specification further describes methods for preparing these compounds. FIG. 1: A dual chamber apparatus for the preparation of NNDCT on site.

Abstract: A process for producing 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (ATBS) which comprises reacting acrylonitrile, fuming sulfuric acid, and isobutylene. During the reaction, the concentration of 2-methyl-2-propenyl-1-sulfonic acid (IBSA) and/or that of 2-methylidene-1,3-propylenedisulfonic acid (IBDSA) in the reaction system are determined. When the IBSA concentration exceeds 12,000 mass ppm and/or the IBDSA concentration exceeds 6,000 mass ppm, then the concentration of sulfur trioxide in the reaction system is reduced. Thus, ATBS having an IBSA content of 100 mass ppm or lower and an IBDSA content of 100 mass ppm or lower is produced.

Abstract: A positive photosensitive composition includes at least one compound that when exposed to actinic rays or radiation, generates any of the sulfonic acids of general formula (I) and a resin whose solubility in an alkali developer is increased by the action of an acid, wherein each of X1 and X2 independently represents a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group, R1 represents a group with a polycyclic structure, provided that the polycyclic structure may have a substituent, and R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a chain alkyl group, a monocyclic alkyl group, a group with a polycyclic structure or a monocyclic aryl group, provided that each of the chain alkyl group, monocyclic alkyl group, polycyclic structure and monocyclic aryl group may have a substituent, and provided that R1 and R2 may be bonded to each other to thereby form a polycyclic structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new acetamidopropane modulators of NMDA receptor, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of use thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides an antistatic agent of the formula (I) R—SO3NR?R?R??R?? ??(I) wherein R represents a perfluorinated cyclic or linear, branched or unbranched carbon chain having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R? represents a cyclic or linear, branched or unbranched carbon chain having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, hydroxy, cycloalkyl or alkyl, and R?, R??, R?? independently represent a cyclic or linear, branched or unbranched carbon chain having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, hydroxy, cycloalkyl or alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of the radicals R?, R?, R?? and R?? must not represent ethyl. The antistatic agent of the present invention may be incorporated in plastic molding materials to provide antistatic properties thereto.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing sulphuric methacrylamide. The process can include adding sulphur trioxide and a second part of acetone cyanohydrin without sulfuric add to a reaction medium, after a first part of acetone cyanohydrin with sulphuric acid free of sulfur trioxide is mixed and dehydrated by heating.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing sulphuric methacrylamide from acetone cyanohydrin.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel compounds, capable of potentiating the efficacy of therapeutically active compounds, for example cytotoxic compounds used in the treatment of cancer. The novel compounds have been shown to increase the pharmacological activity of a conventional paclitaxel formulation and to make it possible to manufacture a new formulation of paclitaxel, exhibiting improved solubility, improved storage properties, and increased therapeutic efficacy as shown in the enclosed examples.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the preparation of highly pure 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid in high yield, with improved appearance, by the reaction of acrylonitrile with more than 98% sulfuric acid or oleum and liquefied isobutylene in presence of weak inorganic acids or organic sulfonic acids.

Abstract: The invention relates to substituted cinnamic acids and cinnamic acid esters of formula (I), wherein X represents F, Cl or J and R1 and R2 are the same or different and represent hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1-C10-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted benzyl radical. Substituted indanone carboxylic acid esters are produced using said substituted cinnamic acid and cinnamic acid ester in a technically simple and non-dangerous manner as far as safety is concerned.

Abstract: Amidoalkanesulfonic acids are prepared by reacting a molar excess of an unsaturated nitrile, a source of SO3, and an olefin, in a substantially non-aqueous medium, and transferring the crude reaction product containing amidoalkanesulfonic acid, without substantial purification steps, into an apparatus for incorporation of the amidoalkanesulfonic acid into a copolymer.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a purified monomer is disclosed which comprises the steps of reacting an impure monomer wherein R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen or alkyl groups containing from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, with (B) a substantially aqueous solution of an oxide or hydroxide of the structure MO or MOH wherein M is a Group IA or Group IIA metal, or an amine of the structure NR3R4R5 wherein R3, R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen or alkyl, alkanol or alkoxy groups containing from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, wherein the molar ratio of (A):(B) is from about 1:1-2 for Group IA metals, 2:1-2 for Group IIA metals or ratio of moles of (A) to nitrogens of (B) is from about 1:1-2 nitrogens to form a salt, wherein in order to prevent polymerization of (A), the purified monomer or both or prevent undesired side reactions, the reaction of (A) and (B) occurs at a temperature of between about −20 to 75° C. and at a pH between about 7 to about 12.

Abstract: Derivatives of sulphonic aminoalkane acids, corresponding to formula (I) where X is  R1, R2 and R3 are selected from hydrogen and a C1-C7 alkyl radical, and A is a group of the formula (e) where v and w are 0, 1, 2 or a group of formula (f) where R5 and R6 are selected independently of each other from hydrogen, a C1-C7 alkyl radical, an aryl radical having between 6 and 14 carbon atoms and a heteroaryl radical; t is 1-3; R4 is selected from hydrogen, a C1-C7 alkyl radical, a CF3 radical, an aryl radical having between 6 and 14 carbon atoms and a heteroaryl radical; M is a monovalent metal (Na, K, Li) or a divalent metal (Ca, Mg, Sr, Zn); m is 1 or 2; p is 1-2 and q is 1-2; and where p and q are such that the electrical neutrality of the salt is ensured. The compounds can be used for the treatment of alcohol dependence.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical compounds of the formula ##STR1## in which n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 1 or 2, R.sup.1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-10 alkyl, C.sub.2-10 alkenyl, C.sub.2-10 alkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C.sub.1-10 alkyl-phenyl, C.sub.2-10 alkenyl-phenyl or C.sub.2-10 alkynyl-phenyl, said phenyl and naphthyl groups being optionally substituted, R.sup.2 is hydrogen or a protecting group, and Q is an acidic group; or a salt or ester thereof.

Abstract: Derivatives of gamma-amino-alpha,beta-unsaturated sulfonic acids, a process for the preparation of the same and their utilization in the synthesis of pseudopeptides characterized by the presence of at least a sulfonamide type bond conjugated to a double bond are described.

Abstract: N-acylamino carboxylic acids and N-acylamino sulfonic acids and their alkali metal salts from the technical alkali metal salts of amino carboxylic acids and amino sulfonic acids, respectively, with an active content of 50-95% by weight, based on the solids content of the technical alkali metal salts, and from alkyl carboxylates, are prepared by(a) preparing a suspension of the solid anhydrous technical alkali metal salts of the amino carboxylic acids or amino sulfonic acids in the alkyl carboxylates,(b) reacting this suspension by adding more than 30 to 150 mol % of strong bases to give the alkali metal salts of the N-acylamino carboxylic acids or N-acylamino sulfonic acids, and(c) if required preparing therefrom the free N-acylamino carboxylic acids or N-acylamino sulfonic acids in a conventional way by adding acids.

Abstract: Distillate fuel is treated with additives whose structure match the crystal planes of the wax which crystallizes from the fuel to produce crystals below 4000 nanometres in size, suitable additive include novel sulpho-carboxylic materials particularly their esters and amine derivatives such as the amine salts and/or amides of ortho-sulpho benzoic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to hard surface cleaning compositions comprising a dianionic sulfosuccinamate and a polyethoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactant which provides non-streaking and non-filming benefits. The compositions of the present invention are effective on clear and colorless, shiny, or "semi-gloss" surfaces.

Abstract: The present invention relates to low sudsing hard surface cleaning compositions comprising a dianionic sulfosuccinamate and a polyethoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactant which provides non-streaking and non-filming benefits. The compositions of the present invention are effective on clear and colorless, shiny, or "semi-gloss" surfaces.

Abstract: A new compound is disclosed which can be used as a builder. The compound is cysteic monosuccinic acid (CMS) and its salts as well as methods of making CMS.

Abstract: It has been found that certain combinations of substituted imidazoline-based amphoterics and quaternary ammonium compounds show markedly reduced irritation profile in addition to providing excellent cleaning detergency. Moreover, it has further been found that certain substituted imidazoline amphoteric surfactants in combination with didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DIDAC) show unexpected synergistic irritation reduction compared to that observed when the quaternary is an ADBAC type. This allows the formulation of disinfectants and sanitizers with the favored antimicrobial agent while at the same time affording the optimum reduction in irritation potential.