Abstract: A method of synthesis of para-substituted benzoate esters and acids is provided, wherein the para-substituted regioisomer is obtained substantially free of the meta-substituted impurity, the method comprising contacting a coumalate ester or acid and an unactivated alkene at elevated temperature in the presence of a metal oxidation catalyst and an oxidant. The metal oxidation catalyst can be palladium, such as palladium on carbon, and the oxidant can be the oxygen gas in ambient air. The reaction can be carried out without solvent or in high boiling hydrocarbon solvents such as mesitylene. When the unactivated alkene is a monosubstituted alkene, yields of at least about 50 or 60% of para-substituted ester and acid products, respectively, are obtained, substantially free of the regioisomeric meta-substituted impurity.

Abstract: Disclosed are compounds exhibiting sufficient herbicidal activity at low application dosage when they are applied to soils and foliage, and an agrochemical composition using the same, in particular herbicides. The compounds are triazine derivatives represented by following Formula 1 or salts thereof, and the herbicides containing them: [Chem. 28] wherein in the formula, R1 represents a hydrogen atom; a C1-C12 alkyl group; a C2-C6 alkenyl group, etc., R2 represents a C1-C12 alkyl group, etc., Y and Z represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, and A represents a 5- or 6-membered cyclic group which may contain a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein R represents one or more groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, said process comprising the cyclopropanation of a compound of formula (II) with ethylene carbonate or ethylene sulfate: wherein X is chlorine, bromine, iodine or a triflate group (CF3SO3) or a group ?wherein R is as defined above and G is —CN or —COOR2 wherein R2 is a C1-C4 straight or branched alkyl chain.

Abstract: This invention relates to process for producing biphenyl esters, the process comprising: (a) contacting a feed comprising toluene, xylene or mixtures thereof with hydrogen in the presence of a hydroalkylation catalyst to produce a hydroalkylation reaction product comprising (methylcyclohexyl)toluene, wherein the hydroalkylation catalyst comprises: 1) binder present at 40 wt % or less (based upon weight of final catalyst composition), 2) a hydrogenation component present at 0.2 wt % or less (based upon weight of final catalyst composition), and 3) an acidic component comprising a molecular sieve having a twelve membered (or larger) ring pore opening, channel or pocket and a largest pore dimension of 6.

Abstract: The present invention relates to aniline derivatives of formula (I), to their preparation and to their therapeutic application, for example in treating glaucoma: Formula (I), R1a represents H, an halogen, a (C1-C6)alkyl or a CN; R1b represents H, an halogen or a (C1-C6)alkyl; R1c represents H or a (C1-C6)alkyl; R2 represents H, an halogen, an OH, an O—(C1-C6)alkyl or (C1-C6)alkyl; R3 represents H, an halogen, a (C1-C6)alkyl, an OH, an O—(C1-C6)alkyl, a CONH2 or CN; R4 represents H, an halogen or a (C1-C6)alkyl; R5 represents H or F: R7 represents H or F; R8 represents H or F; R9 represents H or (C1-C6)alkyl, or one of its enantiomers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of certain substituted fullerenes in optoelectronic devices, preferably in photovoltaic cells, preferably in organic photovoltaic cells especially preferred in a two-component electron-selective buffer layer of an organic photovoltaic cell to improve the efficiency of solar cells for energy generation.

Abstract: A composition of matter includes an organic molecule having a composition different than stilbene. The organic molecule is embodied as a crystal, and exhibits: an optical response signature for neutrons; an optical response signature for gamma rays, and performance comparable to or superior to stilbene in terms of distinguishing neutrons from gamma rays. The optical response signature for neutrons is different than the optical response signature for gamma rays.

Abstract: A method of synthesis of para-substituted benzoate esters and acids is provided, wherein the para-substituted regioisomer is obtained substantially free of the meta-substituted impurity, the method comprising contacting a coumalate ester or acid and an unactivated alkene at elevated temperature in the presence of a metal oxidation catalyst and an oxidant. The metal oxidation catalyst can be palladium, such as palladium on carbon, and the oxidant can be the oxygen gas in ambient air. The reaction can be carried out without solvent or in high boiling hydrocarbon solvents such as mesitylene. When the unactivated alkene is a monosubstituted alkene, yields of at least about 50 or 60% of para-substituted ester and acid products, respectively, are obtained, substantially free of the regioisomeric meta-substituted impurity.

Abstract: A biphenyl acetate composition, which is a biphenyl acetic ammonia butantriol salt. The composition is prepared by reacting biphenyl acetic acid and ammonia butantriol in organic solvent, and a ratio of biphenyl acetic acid and ammonia butantriol is 1:1. The salt is capable of providing anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effect. The salt is unique and has stable chemical structure, can be prepared into an injection or a capsule, and has low toxicity and insignificant local and vascular irritating effect, thereby being prepared into a predetermined dosage in a controllable and precise manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an acrylate-based compound that includes an organic acid having two or more acrylate groups and one or more phenolic acid structures in one molecule, and a photosensitive composition including the same. It is possible to shorten a developing time in a photolithography process without damaging photosensitivity by using the photosensitive composition according to the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel composition for the treatment, co-treatment or prevention of inflammatory disorders comprising an effective amount of carnosic acid 12-methylether.

Abstract: Novel polymorphic forms and salts of 1-(3?,4?-dichloro-2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid are useful for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds, their use in the treatment or the prevention of viral disorders, including HIV.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel 4-biphenyl-substituted pyrazolidine-3,5-dione derivatives of the formula (I) in which A, D, G, W, X, Y and Z are as defined above, to a plurality of processes for the preparation and to their use as pesticides and/or herbicides and/or microbicides. Moreover, the invention relates to selective herbicidal compositions comprising both the 4-biphenyl-substituted pyrazolidine-3,5-dione derivatives of the formula (I) and a crop plant compatibility-improving compound.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of cis substituted cyclic ?-aryl or heteroaryl carboxylic acid derivatives in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity by enantioselective hydrogenation in accordance with the following scheme wherein X, Ar, n, and m are defined herein and corresponding salts thereof.

Abstract: Microwave irradiation is used to synthesize graphene and metallic nanocatalysts supported on graphene either by solid or solution phase. In solid phase methods, no solvents or additional reducing agents are required so the methods are “environmentally friendly” and economical, and the graphene and nanocatalysts are substantially free of residual contaminants. Recyclable, high efficiency Pd nanocatylysts are prepared by these methods.

Abstract: A material according to one embodiment exhibits an optical response signature for neutrons that is different than an optical response signature for gamma rays, said material exhibiting performance comparable to or superior to stilbene in terms of distinguishing neutrons from gamma rays, wherein the material is not stilbene, the material comprising a molecule selected from a group consisting of: two or more benzene rings, one or more benzene rings with a carboxylic acid group, one or more benzene rings with at least one double bound adjacent to said benzene ring, and one or more benzene rings for which at least one atom in the benzene ring is not carbon.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a way to produce a series of discrete sized slender, rigid oligoparaxylene molecules ranging from 1-5 nm in length. Molecules, based on 1-7, 9-11 paraxylene rings, have been synthesized as part of a homologous series of oligoparaxylenes (OPXs) with a view to providing a molecular tool box for the construction of nano architectures—such as spheres, cages, capsules, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), metal-organic polyhedrons (MOPs) and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), to name but a few—of well-defined sizes and shapes. Twisting between the planes of contiguous paraxylene rings is generated by the steric hindrance associated with the methyl groups and leads to the existence of soluble molecular gauge blocks without the need—at least in the case of the lower homologues—to introduce long aliphatic side chains onto the phenylene rings in the molecules.

Abstract: A biphenyl acetate composition, which is a biphenyl acetic ammonia butantriol salt. The composition is prepared by reacting biphenyl acetic acid and ammonia butantriol in organic solvent, and a ratio of biphenyl acetic acid and ammonia butantriol is 1:1. The salt is capable of providing anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effect. The salt is unique and has stable chemical structure, can be prepared into an injection or a capsule, and has low toxicity and insignificant local and vascular irritating effect, thereby being prepared into a predetermined dosage in a controllable and precise manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel 4-biphenyl-substituted pyrazolidine-3,5-dione derivatives of the formula (I) in which A, D, G, W, X, Y and Z are as defined above, to a plurality of processes for the preparation and to their use as pesticides and/or herbicides and/or microbicides. Moreover, the invention relates to selective herbicidal compositions comprising both the 4-biphenyl-substituted pyrazolidine-3,5-dione derivatives of the formula (I) and a crop plant compatibility-improving compound.

Abstract: A method for preparing aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives by nucleophilic aromatic substitution, involves reacting an aromatic carboxylic acid derivative supporting only one carboxyl function, or one of the salts thereof, the carboxylic acid derivative supporting, orthogonally to the carboxyl function, a leaving group which is a fluorine or chlorine atom or an alkoxy group, chiral or otherwise and, in the latter case, preferably a methoxy group; the carboxylic acid derivative being substituted by at least one electro-attractive group other than the leaving group, preferably by a fluorine atom, with a MNu reagent, wherein M is a metal and Nu an optionally chiral nucleophile, the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction being carried out without a catalyst and without a step of protecting/unprotecting the acid function of the initial compound, the method being selective in that the reaction leads to the formation of ketone derivatives in a very minority fashion during the reaction.

Abstract: 1-Phenylalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives, the processes for the preparation thereof and the use thereof in the treatment and/or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing a compound having a difluoromethylene group at an even lower cost and with excellent yield. The production method of the present invention is a method for producing an aromatic difluoroacetic acid ester, which comprises reacting an iodobenzene containing an electro attracting group and an ?-silyl difluoroacetic acid ester in the presence of a metal halide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of certain cyclopropyl carboxylic acid esters and other cyclopropyl carboxylic acid derivatives; a novel process for the preparation of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide and dimethylsulfonium methylide; to the use of certain cyclopropyl carboxylic acid esters in a process for the preparation of intermediates that can be used in the synthesis of pharmaceutically active entities; and to certain intermediates provided by these processes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel process for preparing substituted and unsubstituted (2,4-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)acetic acids and their esters of the formula (I) using homogeneous and heterogeneous palladium catalysts, and also the intermediates 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenylacetic acid and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylmandelic acid, and to processes for their preparation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a microwave apparatus, a method or use of the apparatus and a method of carrying out chemical reactions on a continuous basis with the apparatus, wherein the apparatus is particularly suitable for microwave-assisted organic synthesis.

Abstract: The invention relates to substituted phenoxyacetic acids (I) as useful pharmaceutical compounds for treating respiratory disorders, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and processes for their preparation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for preparing enantiomerically pure cyclopropyl amine derivatives and salts thereof; the chiral intermediates such as the chiral salts are useful for the preparation of such chiral compounds and salts; pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds and salts; and method of using such compositions. The chiral cyclopropyl amine derivatives are useful for binding to histamine H3 receptor sites and for providing therapeutic agents for histamine H3 mediated disease.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to peptide sequences that were identified from combinatorial libraries and could serve as substrates of plague plasminogen activator (Pla). Another aspect of the present invention is drawn to peptides derived from the substrates for Pla as a result of chemical modifications leading to specific inactivation of the proteolytic activity of Pla. Additionally, the present invention is directed to the use of the substrates identified herein in the detection of bacteria expressing omptin family of proteases which includes Y. pestis. Furthermore, the present invention is also directed to the use of the inhibitors identified herein in the prevention and treatment of infection caused by these bacteria.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for ameliorating and/or preventing leptin resistance. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention contains flurbiprofen.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the synthesis of optically pure ?-aryl propionic acid derivatives comprising subjecting the corresponding racemic ?-aryl propionic acid derivatives to high sheer or impact forces, such as grinding.

Abstract: Are described compounds of Formula (I) in which R, R?, R?, A, and D have the meanings described in the text, as useful agents in the cure of pathologies characterized by altered angiogenesis and as antitumorals.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of optionally substituted 4?-haloalkyl-biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid esters and to a process for the preparation of corresponding optionally substituted 4?-haloalkylbiphenyl-2-carboxylic acids.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel compounds of the formula (I) in which W, X, Y, Z and CKE have the meanings given above, to a plurality of processes and intermediates for their preparation and to their use as pesticides and/or herbicides, and also to selective herbicidal compositions comprising, firstly, the compounds of the formula (I) and, secondly, at least one crop plant compatibility-improving compound. The invention further relates to the boosting of the action of crop protection compositions comprising compounds of the formula (I) through the additions of ammonium salts or phosphonium salts and optionally penetrants.

Abstract: 1-Phenylalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives, the processes for the preparation thereof and the use thereof in the treatment and/or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract: Novel polymorphic forms and salts of 1-(3?,4?-dichloro-2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid are useful for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel compounds of the formula (I) in which W, X, Y, Z, and CKE have the meanings given above, to a plurality of processes and intermediates for their preparation and to their use as pesticides and/or herbicides and/or fungicides. Moreover, the invention relates to selectively herbicidal compositions comprising, firstly, the biphenyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols and, secondly, a crop plant compatibility-improving compound. The present invention furthermore relates to the boosting of the action of crop protection compositions comprising in particular biphenyl-substituted cyclic ketoenols through the addition of ammonium or phosphium salts and optionally penetrants, to the corresponding compositions, to processes for their preparation and to their use in crop protection as insecticides and/or nematicides and/or acaricides and/or fungicides and/or for preventing unwanted plant growth.

Abstract: To improve a catalytic activity of a composite oxide, to carry out a reaction in a high yield, and to provide a synthesis reaction catalyst having excellent handling properties and a method of a synthesizing a compound using the same, a synthesis reaction catalyst containing a palladium-containing perovskite-type composite oxide having a specific surface area of 0.5 to 9.5 m2/g is used in Suzuki Cross-Couplings given by the following general scheme (14).

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of certain cyclopropyl carboxylic acid esters and other cyclopropyl carboxylic acid derivatives; a novel process for the preparation of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide and dimethylsulfonium methylide; to the use of certain cyclopropyl carboxylic acid esters in a process for the preparation of intermediates that can be used in the synthesis of pharmaceutically active entities; and to certain intermediates provided by these processes.

Abstract: There is described a process for the manufacture of a racemic 2-aryl propionic acid compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which comprises reacting the S- or R-enantiomer of the corresponding 2-aryl propionic acid compound with a base.

Abstract: The invention particularly discloses a process for preparing aryl alkyl carboxylic acid salts by preparing aqueous alkali solution, adding aryl alkyl carboxylic acid to said alkali solution at a temperature ranging from 4° to 121° C. for obtaining a clear solution, preferably by heating and/or stirring and concentrating and cooling to obtain aryl alkyl carboxylic acid salt The invention therefore discloses solid oral dosage forms and compositions of aryl alkyl carboxylic acid salts which are free of organic solvent/so. The solid oral dose compositions of aryl alkyl carboxylic acid salts of the invention are prepared in situ from aryl alkyl carboxylic acids and bases to obtain aryl acid alkyl carboxylic acid sails in crystalline/powder form with or without the use of pharmaceutical excipients.

Abstract: A method for covalently binding target molecules to carbon nanoparticles via at least one bridge molecule includes converting carbon nanoparticles to acyl carbon nanoparticles using a carbonyl compound of the at least one bridge molecule in the presence of a Lewis acid under Friedel-Crafts conditionsm, where the acyl carbon nanoparticles include a nucleofuge in the omega position. The target molecule is covalently bound to the acyl carbon nanoparticles via nucleophilic substitution of the nucleofuge in the omega position.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the extraction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by continuous and/or batch processing are disclosed. Generally, a carbon nanotube material including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), and carboxylated carbon (CC) is provided and agitated to produce a well-dispersed mixture. The well-dispersed mixture can be allowed to stand in a vessel having a lower end and an upper end. In some cases, the CNPs settle at the lower end. In some cases, at least some of the CNTs and CC are disposed at the upper end and can be removed in a dispersion, which can be pH adjusted and/or filtered to extract the CNTs from the CC.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of cis substituted cyclic ?-aryl or heteroaryl carboxylic acid derivatives in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity by enantioselective hydrogenation in accordance with the following scheme wherein X, Ar, n, and m are defined hereinand corresponding salts thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to salts of Memantine and COX-INHIBITORs, their crystal form, the processes for preparation of the same and their uses for the treatment of various disorders, including pain.

Abstract: Compounds according to formula (IA): may be efficiently prepared by the disclosed process.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula (1) in which R1, R2, X, Y and Z are as defined in the description, the processes for the preparation of these compounds, the uses thereof for the treatment of dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis and diabetes, and the pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the purification of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by continuous liquid extraction are disclosed. Carbon nanotubes are introduced to a flow of liquid that enables the separation of CNTs from impurities due to differences in the dispersibility of the CNTs and the impurities within the liquid. Examples of such impurities may include amorphous carbon, graphitic nanoparticles, and metal containing nanoparticles. The continuous extraction process may be performed in one or more stages, where one or more of extraction parameters may be varied between the stages of the continuous extraction process in order to effect removal of selected impurities from the CNTs. The extraction parameters may include, but are not limited to, the extraction liquid, the flow rate of the extraction liquid, the agitation of the liquid, and the pH of the liquid, and may be varied, depending on the impurity to be removed from the CNTs.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the general formula (I), and to their use as caspase-10 inhibitors, especially for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds having the general formula (I) with the definitions of A, X, R1-R6 given below, and/or a salt or ester thereof. Furthermore the invention relates to the use of said compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and their use for the modulation of ?-secretase activity.