Abstract: Naked carbon nanotubes are dissolved in organic solutions by terminating the nanotubes with carboxylic acid groups and attaching an aliphatic carbon chain so as to render the carbon nanotubes soluble.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process for the hydrogenation of phthalic acids over a supported palladium catalyst. Phthalic acids are hydrogenated with improved selectivity in aqueous solution over palladium on carbon catalyst to give cyclohexanedicarboxylic acids (CHDA).

Abstract: The invention relates to single step process for the preparation of poly (oxyalkylene)-alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids of the formula HO2CCH2O(CH2CHRO)nCH2CO2H, wherein R is hydrogen, methyl or mixtures of hydrogen and methyl on the individual molecule and n is an integer of from 100 to 2500, comprising the steps of reacting, an oxidising agent such as poly (oxyalkylene glycol) with Jone's reagent in a polar solvent at a temperature in the range of 10° C. to room temperature for a period ranging between 1 hour to 12 hours, quenching the reaction by adding free radical scavanger, removing oxidation by-products from reaction mixture by adsorbing them on an adsorbing agent to obtain dicarboxylic acids in the solution, and evaporating the clear solution to obtain poly (oxyalkylene)-alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids.

Abstract: The present invention provides bicyclic metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands, as well as compositions comprising such ligands, and and methods for their use.

Abstract: Methods for controlling the oxidation rate of a hydrocarbon to an acid by adjusting addition of a rate-modulator are disclosed. In order to control oxidation rate, the ratio of hydrocarbon to rate modulator is appropriately adjusted. Preferably, this ratio is adjusted continually based on feedback relative to oxidation progress parameters. It may be kept substantially constant at steady state conditions of the oxidation, or it may take a path of predetermined values. The rate-modulator preferably comprises a hydrocarbon oxidation initiator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to dimethyl-substituted cyclohexanediene derivatives, to a process for their preparation, to their use as pharmaceuticals and to corresponding pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: A shell and tube heat exchanger reactor with forced circulation is used to improve heat and mass transfer for exothermic liquid--liquid, gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reactions. Enhanced productivity and selectivity are obtained.

Abstract: Methods and devices for controlling the oxidation of a hydrocarbon to an acid by regulating the temperature hold-up time, and conversion in consecutive reaction zones. The temperature in the consecutive reaction zones progressively decreases, while the hold-up time increases. Preferably, the conversion also increases. One of the major advantages of the methods and devices of the present invention is that an outstanding balance between productivity and selectivity/yield of the desired acid may be achieved. In this respect high yields and selectivities may be obtained without sacrificing productivity.

Abstract: Improved hydrogenation catalysts consisting essentially of reduced or at least partially reduced ruthenium and tin on a refractory oxide support which is insoluble in aqueous acid. Such catalysts are very durable and exhibit high conversion rates in aqueous acidic solution hydrogenation of hydrogenatable precursors (e.g. maleic acid, succinic acid, gamma-butyrolactone etc.) and high selectivity for their conversion to 1,4-butanediol and gamma-butyrolactone and their mixtures.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for controlling exothermic reactions involving a first reactant contained in a liquid and a second reactant in a gas to form a reaction product by atomizing the liquid in an environment of a gas and removing heat of reaction by condensing vapors of the liquid in a reaction chamber. Preferably, the condensation takes place on a simultaneously atomized second liquid of lower temperature than the atomized liquid containing the first reactant. The compositions of the two liquids are preferably similar. This invention provides waste minimization and considerable environmental improvement.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for controlling exothermic reactions involving a first reactant contained in a liquid and a second reactant in a gas to form a reaction product by atomizing the liquid in an environment of a gas and removing heat of reaction by condensing vapors of the liquid in a reaction chamber. Preferably, the condensation takes place on a simultaneously atomized second liquid of lower temperature than the atomized liquid containing the first reactant. The compositions of the two liquids are preferably similar. This invention provides waste minimization and considerable environmental improvement.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is the use, for the production of formic acid and/or formate starting from a culture medium containing a fermentable sugar, of a bacterial strainhaving a deficiency in the transportation or the metabolism of at least one fermentable sugar,containing an active degradation pathway for the preceding sugar via pyruvate formate lyase,capable of converting the preceding sugar mainly into formic acid and/or formate, even in the presence of a non-limiting concentration of said sugar.It also relates to a fermentation process by culture of said strain with a view to the conversion of a fermentable sugar into formic acid or formate, as well as the culture media enriched with formic acid or formate thus obtained, as well as an extraction/purification process of the formic acid in the form of one of its volatile esters, preferably ethyl formate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new method for obtaining a purity of about 93% to 100% of the trans form of 2- or 4-substituted cyclohexanecarboxylic acid or reactive derivatives thereof from the cis form or a mixture of the cis and trans forms by a single step, particularly, to a method for obtaining a purity of substantially 100% of the trans form of 4-substituted cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

Abstract: An intermediate for the production of (3-oxo-2-oxobicyclo?3,1,0!hexan-1-yl) methanol represented by formula (II): ##STR1## selected from the group of compounds (9)-(11) as shown below, wherein R.sup.1 represents a lower alkyl group, R.sup.3 and R.sup.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of polyene esters or polyene acids comprises reacting a polyene O,O-dialkylacetal of di(O,O-dialkylacetal) with a vinylketene acetal or analogue thereof in the presence of a Lewis acid, hydrolyzing the reaction mixture depending on the vinylketene acetal used, subsequently cleaving alcohol under strongly basic conditions from the polyene derivative produced at this stage and, where the desired ester or carboxy group is still not present, performing the respective conversion. Certain intermediates in this process form a further aspect of the invention. The final products are primarily carotenoids which can be used appropriately, e.g. as colorants and pigments for foodstuffs, animal products etc.

Abstract: Cyclooctadiene derivative of the following formula (1): ##STR1## wherein A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3 and A.sup.4 each independently represent COOR.sup.5 (where R.sup.5 represents a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a C.sub.7 -C.sub.12 aralkyl group or CONR.sup.6 R.sup.7 (where R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group or a phenyl group), or A.sup.1 and A.sup.2, and/or A.sup.3 and A.sup.4 may be combined together to represent group(s) of: ##STR2## in which X represents an oxygen atom or NR.sup.8 {where R.sup.8 represents a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group or a phenyl group),R.sup.0, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group and an C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group,the symbol ------ represents a single or double bond, and when it is a double bond, then R.sup.1 and R.sup.

Abstract: Fullerene derivatives, methods of preparing the same and methods of using the same, wherein the fullerene derivatives are of the formula I ##STR1##

Abstract: A process for the preparation of (+)-2-amino-bicyclo?3.1.0!-hexane-2-6-dicarboxylic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which comprises hydrolysing (-)-2-spiro-5'-hydantoinbicyclo?3.1.0!hexane-6-carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, and optionally forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Also disclosed are intermediates useful in the process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel compound having activity as an ionophore for ion transport, which is a monoester or monoamide of 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid, i.e. Kemp's triacid or the stereoisomer thereof, the group R in the ester group --COOR or in the amide group --CONHR being an aralkyl group or aryloxyalkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms. The monoester and monoamide derivatives can be synthesized from anhydride of Kemp's triacid by subjecting the anhydride to a ring-opening esterification or amidation reaction with an alcohol or amine. On the other hand, both of the stereoisomers can be obtained by the dehydrohalogenation reaction of 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid anhydride acid halide with an alcohol or amine followed by the ring-opening hydrolysis reaction on the anhydride group.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of polycarboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, the polycarboxylic acids prepared containing at least three carboxyl groups, comprising the steps(A) introducing one or more organic compounds, which contain nonaromatic carbon-carbon (C--C) double bonds, into water,(B) ozonolysis of the organic compounds in water by passing in an ozone-containing carrier gas,(C) addition of an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, to oxidatively work up the ozonolysis products produced in step (B), which comprises, in step (A), introducing the organic compound(s) into water having a pH of 7 or less than 7 and, in step (C), adding hydrogen peroxide in water without adding an organic solvent.

Abstract: A monomeric diacid derivative includes at least two fatty acids coupled by a hydrolytically or enzymatically degradable bond. In a biological environment, the bond degrades forming naturally occurring fatty acid products thereby allowing elimination.

Abstract: An economic hydrogenation process is provided which significantly suppresses palladium catalyzer activity loss, for obtaining very high purity 1,4-CHDA through a simple operation. The process includes bringing the solution containing the hydrogenation reaction product of interest into contact with steam. The resultant products may include resins having excellent weather resistance or physical properties or high purity medical drugs. The process for preparing 1,4-cyclohexandicarboxylic acid is characterized by two consecutive steps. The first step includes the hydrogenation of a solution containing terephthalic acid in the presence of a palladium catalyzer in an acid resistant vessel or in a vessel layered with acid resistant material for preparing 1,4-cyclohexandicarboxylic acid. The second step includes contacting the solution containing 1,4-cyclohexandicarboxylic acid obtained in the first step with the steam, and extracting impurities moved to the steam.

Abstract: A method for preparing cis, cis, cis-1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid comprising contacting trimellitic acid with molecular hydrogen at an elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of a solvent and a catalyst comprising a transition metal deposited on a carbon support having a surface area of at least about 940 m.sup.2 /gram, and the anhydride formed by dehydrating cis, cis, cis-1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing mono-condensation derivatives of adipic acid with fewer steps and better purity is disclosed. In particular, this process comprises: (a) forming relatively concentrated and pure cyclic monomeric adipic anhydride by depolymerization and concentration starting from polymeric adipic anhydride; and (b) adding a condensation reactant having an active hydrogen, e.g., a primary or secondary amine, to said cyclic monomeric adipic anhydride to form the corresponding mono-condensation derivative of adipic acid.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes for the preparation of cyclohexanedicarboxylic acids by the non-catalytic hydrolysis or acidolysis of dialkyl cyclohexanedicarboxylate esters. The processes provide a means for converting dialkyl cyclohexanedicarboxylate esters to cyclohexanedicarboxylic acids without the co-production of solid by-products which present disposal problems.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the recovery of a cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid from an aqueous solution of the cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid and sodium sulfate by contacting the solution with vinylpyridine/divinylbenzene ion exchange resins.

Abstract: A process for preparation of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid comprising(A) preparing a solution comprised of the disodium salt of terephthalic acid or isophthalic acid and water,(B) continuously preparing the disodium salt of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid by continuously contacting the solution with hydrogen and the combination of ruthenium metal and a carbon support in a packed column,(C) preparing 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid by contacting the disodium salt of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid with sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, and(D) recovering the 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid by crystallization of the 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid.

Abstract: Provided are 1,5-bis(4-carboxycyclohexyl)-3-pentanol and its esters and processes for their preparation. Also provided are polyester compositions containing this residue, thermosetting coating compositions containing the polyesters, and coatings and casted or molded articles made therefrom.

Abstract: There is provided a method for purifying an organic polycarboxylic acid wherein the amounts of organic monofunctional impurities associated therewith are substantially reduced, which method comprises conducting steam distillation of a stream comprising said polycarboxylic acid. In one embodiment of the method, a reactor effluent comprising a polycarboxylic acid is introduced into a crystallization zone, said effluent being subjected to crystallization and steam distillation coextensively in said crystallization zone.The method of the present invention may be used suitably to purify 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid in a reactor effluent from the hydrogenation of a terephthalic acid by reducing the amounts of 4-methyl-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, as well as other organic impurities, contaminating the dicarboxylic acid.There is also provided the polycarboxylic acid purified by the method of the present invention.

Abstract: A carboxy acid-terminated polyamide is reacted with an alkylene glycol, a polyalkylene glycol, nitrogen base or an alkanol amine (followed by an alkanoic acid) to provide a block copolymer. These block copolymers are especially useful as pigment dispersants, i.e. for preparing solvent-based packaging inks (i.e. packaging gravure and flexographic inks).

Abstract: A process for preparation of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid comprising(A) continuously preparing a solution comprised of the disodium salt of terephthalic acid or isophthalic acid and water,(B) continuously preparing the disodium salt of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid by continuous contacting the solution with hydrogen and the combination of ruthenium metal and a carbon support in a packed column,(C) continuously preparing 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid by continuously contacting the disodium salt of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid with sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, and(D) continuously recovering the 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid by continuous crystallization of the 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid.

Abstract: A 21-carbon aliphatic branched chain dicarboxylic acid is produced by reacting pre-conjugated fatty acid (which contains linoleic acid) with acrylic acid at a temperature between 180.degree. C. and 300.degree. C. No catalyst or solvent is necessary for the reaction to occur. The reaction product is subsequently distilled to yield high purity dicarboxylic acid.

Abstract: A process for oxidation of a tetrahydro compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R and R' independently are H, alkyl, aryl or halo, to a glycol of the formula ##STR2## comprises treating the tetrahydro compound with hydrogen peroxide at an elevated temperature in the absence of a catalyst.The thus-formed glycol can be further oxidized in a butanetetracarboxylic acid of the formula ##STR3## with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of a manganese salt, an iron salt, a chromium salt, a cerium salt, a persulfate, a perborate, a silicate, tungstic acid or an ammonium or alkali metal salt or heteropolyacid thereof, or molybdic acid or an ammonium or alkali metal salt or heteropolyacid thereof.

Abstract: A process for polymerizing unsaturated dicarboxylic acids comprises heating the acids in the presence of a catalytic proportion of an unactivated clay and water. The product dimer is distilled to separate unreacted monomer acids. The product dimers of 36, 40 and 44 content are useful as corrosion inhibitors, epoxy resin curing agents, lubricants and intermediates for synthetic polymeric resins and polymeric resin plasticizers.

Abstract: Disclosed are deodorants containing the hydrolyzed ene-adducts and Diels-Alder adducts of ricinene fatty acids and maleic anhydride, which preferably additionally contain(a) zinc ricinoleate with zinc compounds of multiply hydroxylated higher fatty acids, oxamines and resin acids and(b) solvents taken from the group of alcohols, optionally with the addition of water, triethanolamine and organic acids.

Abstract: A process for converting formic acid esters or transesterification products thereof to carboxylic acids comprising contacting a formic acid ester of the formula (HCOO).sub.n --R where R is aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aralkyl and n is 1 or 2 with a catalytically effective amount of a soluble iridium salt and an iodide promoter at a temperature of from about 100.degree. C. to about 300.degree. C. in the presence of an organic solvent containing at least one carboxylic acid.

Abstract: This invention produces higher homologs, i.e., differing by at least a --CH.sub.2 -unit, of carbonyloxy-containing compounds by treating the carbonyloxy-containing compounds with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a ruthenium-containing compound, a proton donor, an iodide promoter, and optionally, a manganese-containing compound.

Abstract: The present invention comprises reaction products resulting from the reaction of hydrazido-substituted or certain amino-substituted polymer stabilizers and cyclic dianhydrides, as well as the use of such products. The polymer stabilizers of the invention are useful for protecting a large variety of synthetic polymeric organic materials from the degradative effects of heat, light and oxygen. Some of the modifiers are flame retardants and many are metal deactivators in addition to their primary activity.

Abstract: Alkylidene compounds and arylidene compounds are prepared by reacting the corresponding CH-acidic compounds with carbonyl compounds in the presence of a catalyst comprising a metal compound of a metal of Groups IIA, IIIA, IVA, IB, IIB, VIB, VIIB, or VIIIB of the periodic table of elements. The rate of reaction is increased by adding 1 to 40% water referred to the weight of catalyst used.

Abstract: Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids are prepared by hydrogenating phthalic acids in presence of a rhodium catalyst wherein a portion of the product stream is isolated and recycled to the reactor.

Abstract: A process for the production of a substituted alpha, beta dicarboxylic acid compound substantially free of tar and other resinous reaction byproducts comprising the reaction at conditions favoring the ENE reaction of an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon and an ethylenically unsaturated alpha, beta dicarboxylic acid compound in the presence of a boron compound.

Abstract: A process for the carbonylation of a conjugated diene with CO and an alcohol or water in the presence of an aprotic solvent is carried out in the presence of a dissolved catalytic system prepared by combining a Pd(II) compound, at least 5 mol of a triarylphosphine per gram atom of Pd and at least 1 mol of HC1 per gram atom of trivalent P.

Abstract: A novel class of compounds has been found to be effective in blocking cholesterol and neutral lipid synthesis in-vivo without adversely affecting energy metabolism, useful for the treatment of obesity, hyperlipidemia and maturity-onset diabetes. The active compounds have the general formula ##STR1## or in-vivo hydrolyzable functional derivatives of the carboxylic groups thereof,whereinR.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each independently represents an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl or hetercyclyl radical;X and Y each independently represents hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, halogen, cyano, carboxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl or carbamoyl; andQ represents a diradical consisting of a linear chain of 8 to 14 carbon atoms, one or more of which may be replaced by heteroatoms, said chain being optionally substituted by inert substituents and one or more of said carbon or heteratom chain members optionally forming part of a ring structure.

Abstract: Compounds of formula I are described which are useful to inhibit the formation of serum cholesterol by virtue of their ability to inhibit .beta.-hydroxy-.beta.-methylglutaryl-CoA(HMG CoA), the rate-controlling substance in the synthesis of serum cholesterol.

Abstract: A group of retinoids having "vitamin A type" activity which have the structure ##STR1## wherein R3 is a trimethylcyclohexenylethylene, tetramethyltetrahydronaphthalene or methoxytrimethylphenylethylene group;R1 and R2 which are different are selected from --OH, --OR4 and --NHR, provided one of R1 and R2 is OH; R4 is alkyl of 1 to 20 carbons; and R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbons, hydroxyalkyl of 1 to 4 carbons, alkylhydroxyalkyl of 1 to 4 carbons, phenyl, hydroxyphenyl and carboxyphenyl, and R5 is a lactone or lactam of the structure ##STR2## and X is oxygen or NR where R is as above, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Abstract: A macrocyclic compound represented by the following general formula: ##STR1## and a process for preparing thereof which comprises reacting an .alpha.,.omega.-dihalogenated hydrocarbon and an active methylene compound with a base in a solvent to obtain a macrocyclic compound represented by the following general formula (II): ##STR2## and then inducing the functional group of Y.sup.1, Y.sup.3 and Y.sup.5 by means of a hydrolysis, oxidation or such, and an uranyl ion capturing agent comprising a polymer chemically bonded to a functional group in a macrocyclic compound and preparation thereof.

Abstract: Compounds which are .beta.-farnesene derivatives obtainable as a Diels-Adler adduct of .beta.-farnesene and a dienophile or by a modification of such an adduct in a manner as defined herein are of value in pest control, particularly in the control of aphids.

Abstract: A rust preventive agent comprising a salt of hydroxycarboxylic acid having a cyclohexane ring. This preventive agent has the advantages of low toxicity, safely, and low foaming, and additionally exhibits excellent rust preventive effect on various metals.

Abstract: Processes for the autoxidative cleavage of selected ketones such as C.sub.4 -C.sub.10 cycloalkanones having at least one hydrogen or at least one R group on a carbon alpha to the carbonyl carbon or aryl alkyl ketones having the formula III ##STR1## comprising contacting a liquid phase comprising said ketone with elemental oxygen gas, preferably air, in the presence of a pulverized alkali metal hydroxide at a temperature of no more than 50.degree. C. for a time sufficient to produce an oxidized product are disclosed. Preferred cycloalkanones, 2-alkyl- and 2-arylcyclohexanone are autoxidized in pulverized sodium hydroxide/dimethoxyethane to produce 6-alkyl- or 6-aryl-6-oxohexanoic acids, respectively.