Abstract: A calcium carboxylate is prepared by reacting water, calcium oxide, and a compound of formula (I): wherein R is a C1-C3 alkyl and R1 is a C1 or C2 alkyl. The reaction solution is heated to remove an amount of a co-product from the reaction solution. The calcium carboxylate may be recovered in a solid form from the reaction solution.

Abstract: A photopolymerizable composition including: a polymer matrix or a precursor thereof containing a reaction product of an acrylate-based polyol and a compound containing at least one isocyanate group; a photoreactive monomer; and a non-reactive fluoro compound and a photoinitiator; a hologram recording medium produced from the composition; an optical element including the hologram recording medium; and a method of recording a hologram using the photopolymerizable composition.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to aerosol delivery devices and related methods of delivering aerosol to a user. The aerosol delivery devices may include a housing providing multiple aerosol pathways having a mouth-end opening through which aerosol can be inhaled by a user, the housing defining a first aerosol delivery pathway in fluid communication with the mouth-end opening and a second aerosol delivery pathway separate from the first aerosol delivery pathway and in fluid communication with the mouth-end opening. An atomizer including a heating element or piezoelectric element and a liquid transport element in fluid communication with an aerosol precursor composition is provided in fluid communication with the first aerosol delivery pathway. A flavorant-infused material is positioned within the second aerosol delivery pathway and adapted to produce a second aerosol upon contact between the flavorant-infused material and flowing air.

Abstract: A process for synthesizing at least one levulinate ester, said process comprising the reaction of furfuryl alcohol with at least one other alcohol in the presence of water and at least one catalyst, said furfuryl alcohol being present in a quantity of at least 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the alcohols, and said catalyst comprising at least one triflate ligand and at least one metal selected from bismuth, gallium, aluminum, tin and iron.

Abstract: A process for the purification of levulinic acid including the following steps: a. providing a composition 1, comprising at least 75 wt. % of levulinic acid; b. cooling composition 1 to at least one temperature Tc, wherein Tc is a temperature in the range 1.23*(W1)?104.5?Tc (° C.)?1.23*(W1)?89.5, wherein W1 is the weight % of levulinic acid in composition 1, to obtain a cooled composition 1; c. performing melt crystallization of composition 1 including the steps of: i. bringing the cooled composition 1 into contact with levulinic acid crystal seeds, ii. allowing the levulinic acid in composition 1 to crystallize at at least one temperature Tc to obtain crystals 1 and liquid 1, and iii. draining of liquid 1; d. optionally, treating crystals 1, after draining of liquid 1, by sweating, according to the following steps: i. heating the crystals 1 at a temperature between 5 and 40° C. to obtain crystals 2 and liquid 2, and ii. draining of liquid 2; e.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the isolation of levulinic acid and formic acid from a composition comprising formic acid and levulinic acid, said process comprising a solid-liquid separation step, a vapor removal step, and a solvent-solvent extraction step, wherein a vapor condensate vapor and/or an aqueous phase from the solvent extraction is used to wash the solid fraction. Washing with vapor condensate results in higher levulinic acid yields (higher levulinic acid recovery) as compared to washing with normal water. Washing with aqueous phase results in a less compressible filter cake. Washing first with aqueous phase and subsequently with condensate results in even higher levulinic acid yields. The process is suitable for isolating levulinic acid and formic acid from compositions made by acid hydrolysis of a lignocellulosic biomass, and also from compositions made by acid hydrolysis of sugars such as glucose and fructose.

Abstract: A fructoside-containing product is manufactured from a glucose-rich feedstock, in a process where glucose to fructose is isomerized by contacting the glucose-rich feedstock with a basic isomerization catalyst in an alcoholic medium at a temperature of at least 75° C., to yield a fructose-containing product; and where at least part of the fructose-containing product obtained therefrom is reacted with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to yield a fructoside-containing product.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the isolation of levulinic acid from an organic solution, comprising washing said organic solution with an alkaline aqueous stream to yield a washed organic solution; subjecting the washed organic solution to a distillation to yield a distillate and a distillation residue; and recovering levulinic acid from the distillate or the residue. This process may result in high yields of levulinic acid.

Abstract: The production of maleic acid and fumaric acid (or the anhydride form of either, maleic anhydride) via gas-phase, oxidative cleavage of levulinic acid in a single packed bed reactor over a reducible oxide catalyst. The production may be carried out in an initial mixing vessel into which levulinic acid is continuously charged and mixed with both inert (He, N2, Ar, etc.) and oxidizing (O2, air, etc.) gases. The feed stream can then be safely heated to reaction temperature, which generally ranges from 200-500° C., without initiating polymerization, in a second stage preheater that thermally equilibrates the gaseous mixture of LA, O2, and inert diluent and fed to a third stage catalytic reactor for final processing.

Abstract: The invention encompasses compositions and methods for treating or preventing kidney disease in a companion animal, wherein the compositions and methods include feeding the companion animal an edible composition including at least one pyruvate or salt thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of processing lignocellulosic material to obtain hemicellulose sugars, cellulose sugars, lignin, cellulose and other high-value products. Also provided are hemicellulose sugars, cellulose sugars, lignin, cellulose, and other high-value products.

Abstract: Systems and methods for producing levulinic acid from fungal biomass are disclosed. In one implementation, a method for distilling levulinic acid from a glucosamine-containing feedstock is disclosed that yields a relatively pure (e.g., 90% or greater) levulinic acid product from an otherwise problematic waste stream.

Abstract: A method to produce levulinic acid (LA) and gamma-valerolactone (GVL) from biomass-derived cellulose or lignocellulose by selective extraction of LA using GVL and optionally converting the LA so isolated into GVL, with no purifications steps required to yield the GVL.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a new class of lipids, more specifically ether-lipids having a polar headgroup, as well as vesicles comprising these lipids, methods of their preparation as well as their uses in medical applications, wherein the ether-lipids are represented by general formula I

Abstract: Systems, techniques and methods for estimating the metabolic state or flux, e.g., the body energy state (“BES”) of a patient, are disclosed. The BES provides a deep insight into the nutritional needs of the patient, thus allowing for a sort of exquisite glycemic control with regard to the patient. The invention discloses systems and methods for estimating fractional gluconeogenesis. The invention also discloses systems and methods for estimating and targeting patient blood lactate concentration, both as a target itself and as an intermediate step to estimating and targeting patient fractional gluconeogenesis glucose production. Nutritional support methods and formulations are also disclosed. The invention is suitable for any sort of patient, including those who are injured, such as with traumatic brain injury, ill, or have other conditions that stress the metabolic system.

Abstract: A process is described wherein a feed of a six-carbon carbohydrate-containing material or of a furanic dehydration product from a six-carbon carbohydrate-containing material or of a combination of these is supplied to a reactor in a controlled manner over time up to a desired combined or total feed level, and the feed is acid-hydrolyzed to produce levulinic acid. In certain embodiments, derivatives of the levulinic acid are prepared.

Abstract: The invention describes processes to prepare levulinic acid, formic acid and/or hydroxymethyl furfural from various biomass materials.

Abstract: This invention provides processes to convert biomass, including wood and agricultural residues, to levulinic acid and co-products. Some variations treat feedstock with steam and/or hot water to produce an extract liquor containing hemicellulosic oligomers, lignin, and cellulose-rich solids, wherein the hemicellulosic oligomers comprise C5 hemicelluloses and C6 hemicelluloses; separate the cellulose-rich solids from the extract liquor, to produce dewatered solids containing cellulose and lignin; dehydrate the hemicellulosic oligomers to convert the C6 hemicelluloses directly to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; and convert the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to levulinic acid. Also, the cellulose may be dehydrated directly to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which may then be converted to additional levulinic acid. Various biorefinery embodiments are disclosed, in which C5 and C6 sugars are processed separately or in combination.

Abstract: A method is provided for treating a subject in need of medication as an adjunct to elective surgery, comprising administration of a ketogenic material sufficient to produce a physiologically acceptable ketosis in the patient. Preferably the surgery is selected from the groups consisting of removal or section of tumours, removal of redundant organs such as lymph nodes and appendix, open heart surgery, cosmetic surgery, joint and bone surgery.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a system and method for co-producing a first product and a second product. The system may include a first electrochemical cell, at least one second reactor, and an acidification chamber. The method and system for co-producing a first product and a second product may include co-producing a carboxylic acid and at least one of an alkene, alkyne, aldehyde, ketone, or an alcohol while employing a recycled halide salt.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for the production of chemical compounds, particularly but not exclusively ethanol, by microbial fermentation. Also described are genetically modified micro-organisms capable of using carbon monoxide to produce one or more products, particularly but not exclusively ethanol as a main product, and producing a reduced amount or substantially no 2,3-butanediol and/or a precursor thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel process for converting a substrate of formula (III) and/or (IV) into a product of formula (I) or (II) comprising the following reactions: a) oxidation of at least one terminal C-atom, b) dehydratation, c) decarboxylation and d) reduction and/or amination. At least step b is enzyme-catalyzed. In a preferred embodiment, all reactions are enzymatically catalyzed. The enzymes catalyzing the reactions are selected from oxidoreductases, decarboxylases, dehydratases and/or aminotransferases. The process may be performed in a cell-free in vitro production system or in an improved fermentative production system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing an aqueous solution of glyoxylic acid by oxidation of an aqueous solution of glyoxal with oxygen or a gas containing oxygen, in the presence of a catalytic quantity of nitric acid and/or at least one nitrogen oxide, a strong acid not oxidizing glyoxal, and by maintaining conditions satisfying the equation KLa/Q>10, where KLa is the total volumetric mass transfer coefficient and Q is the heat load liberated by the reaction per mole of glyoxal.

Abstract: A compound of formula (I) for use as an adjuvant in vaccination; wherein R is an optionally-substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl moiety having from 1 to 50 carbon atoms; R1 is an optionally-substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl moiety having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms; each of R2, R3 and R4 is independently selected from an optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, arylalkylene or alkylarylene moiety having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms; each of X, Y and Z is independently selected from an optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, alkylarylene or cycloalkylene, ketone, ester, amide, imide, imine, thioether, ether, thioester, thioketone; and P is selected from hydrogen, an alkyl group, a sugar residue, or a metal, phosphonium or ammonium species; wherein at least one of X, Y and Z includes a moiety selected from cyclopropyl, C=A, C-AH and C—OR5; wherein R5 is alkyl or haloalkyl, and A is S, O or NR6, wherein R6

Abstract: The invention describes processes to prepare levulinic acid, formic acid and/or hydroxymethyl furfural from various biomass materials.

Abstract: Systems, techniques and methods for estimating the metabolic state or flux, e.g., the body energy state (“BES”) of a patient, are disclosed. The BES provides deep insight into the nutritional needs of the patient, thus allowing for a sort of exquisite glycemic control with regard to the patient. The invention discloses systems and methods for estimating fractional gluconeogenesis, which is the % of glucose production that comes from gluconeogenesis (“GNG”), as opposed to glycogenolysis (“GLY”), the other form of glucose production. Nutritional formulations, materials, cocktails and methods for feeding patients by parenteral and other means are disclosed. The amount, type and rate of such nutritional feeding are typically based upon the above estimating. The invention discloses formulations that contain labels, such as deuterium, for medical diagnostics, such as for estimating BES and fractional gluconeogenesis.

Abstract: Systems, techniques and methods for estimating the metabolic state or flux, e.g., the body energy state (“BES”) of a patient, are disclosed. The BES provides deep insight into the nutritional needs of the patient, thus allowing for a sort of exquisite glycemic control with regard to the patient. The invention discloses systems and methods for estimating fractional gluconeogenesis, which is the % of glucose production that comes from gluconeogenesis (“GNG”), as opposed to glycogenolysis (“GLY”), the other form of glucose production. Nutritional formulations, materials, cocktails and methods for feeding patients by parenteral and other means are disclosed. The amount, type and rate of such nutritional feeding are typically based upon the above estimating. The invention discloses formulations that contain labels, such as deuterium, for medical diagnostics, such as for estimating BES and fractional gluconeogenesis.

Abstract: An additive capable of avoiding formation of impurities and capable of removing or dissolving impurities formed and accumulated at the interphase of organic and aqueous layers on reaction between calcium naphthenate and sulfur compound including H2S in presence of water in mixture of crude oils containing calcium naphthenate and sulfur compound or H2S, wherein the additive is glyoxylic acid is provided. A method for avoiding formation of impurities and for removing or dissolving impurities formed and accumulated at the interphase of organic and aqueous layers on reaction between calcium naphthenate and sulfur compound including H2S in presence of water in mixture of crude oils containing calcium naphthenate and sulfur compound including H2S, comprising treating mixture of crude oils containing calcium naphthenate and sulfur compound or H2S with glyoxylic acid is also provided.

Abstract: Ketocarboxylic acids such as levulinic acid can be efficiently purified in high yield by esterification with a hydrocarbon polyol to the corresponding polyketocarboxylic ester, which can be readily purified, for example recrystallized. After purification, the ketocarboxylic ester can be hydrolyzed to provide pure ketocarboxylic acid, or a salt thereof, after removal of the esterifying hydrocarbon polyol, or used for other synthetic transformations. Advantageously, the polyketocarboxylic esters, ketocarboxylic acids, and salts thereof produced by this method are obtained in high purity.

Abstract: To provide a novel compound. It is disclosed a compound represented by following formula (I): A-L-{D1-(E)q-D2-(B)m—Z1—R}p. In the formula, A represents a p-valent chain or cyclic residue; L represents a single bond or a divalent linking group; p represents an integer of 2 or more; D1 represents a carbonyl group (—C(?O)—) or a sulfonyl group (—S(?O)2—); D2 represents a carbonyl group (—C(?O)—), a sulfonyl group (—S(?O)2—), a carboxyl group (—C(?O)O—), a sulfonyloxyl group (—S(?O)2O—), a carbamoyl group (—C(?O)N(Alk)-) or a sulfamoyl group (—S(?O)2N(Alk)-); E represents a divaltn group; and R represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or non-substituted C8 or longer alkyl group, a perfluoroalkyl group or a trialkylsilyl group.

Abstract: This present invention relates to an organosolv process for the extraction of materials from lignocellulosic biomass. This invention further relates to the chemicals and their derivatives extracted from biomass, uses, apparatus, methods, and the like. In an embodiment of the invention the material extracted from the lignocellulosic biomass is levulinic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the recovery of concentrated high purity formic acid having a concentration of at least 50%, most preferably at least 95%, from biomass wherein an aqueous liquid mixture containing levulinic acid and possibly furfural is subjected to a liquid-liquid extraction step, followed by the recovery of furfural, formic acid and levulinic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for separating glyoxylic acid starting from an aqueous reaction medium containing glyoxylic acid and hydrochloric acid, comprising a step of countercurrent steam stripping of the reaction medium in order to obtain, on the one hand, a gas phase containing the volatile hydrochloric acid and, on the other hand, a liquid phase containing the purified glyoxylic acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel process for preparing a sulfur-containing 2-ketocarboxylate compound without using any enzyme. The process comprises a step of oxidizing a hydroxyacetate compound having an optionally-substituted sulfur-containing hydrocarbon group at 2-position in the presence of ruthenium metal or a ruthenium compound. Preferably, the step is carried out under pressurized condition, and more preferably, in the presence of at least one typical metal selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal compound and an alkaline earth metal compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel process for preparing a sulfur-containing 2-ketocarboxylate compound without using any enzyme. The process comprises a step of oxidizing a hydroxyacetate compound having an optionally-substituted sulfur-containing hydrocarbon group at 2-position in the presence of a vanadium compound. Preferably, the step is carried out further in the presence of oxygen, and more preferably, in the presence of an organic solvent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the specific isotopic labeling of Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine amino acids. The process of the invention uses a 2-alkyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxobutanoic acid in which the alkyl substituent in position 2 is ethyl or methyl. The invention can be used for the analysis of proteins, in particular by NMR.

Abstract: ?-ketocarbonylquats contain at least one quaternary ammonium salt group, and may be prepared by the reaction of an alkyl ketene dimer with a tertiary amine group-containing compound also containing a protic group, followed by quaternization.

Abstract: There is provided a novel crosslinking agent for use in crosslinked polymer fabrication, specifically a crosslinking agent containing at least one compound selected from glyoxylate and a glyoxylic acid ester derivative represented by the following general formula (1): wherein R1 and R2 each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and R3 represents hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method to make levulinic acid (LA), furfural, or gamma-valerolactone (GVL). React cellulose (and/or other C6 carbohydrates) or xylose (and/or other C5 carbohydrates) or combinations thereof in a monophasic reaction medium comprising GVL and an acid; or (ii) a biphasic reaction system comprising an organic layer comprising GVL, and a substantially immiscible aqueous layer. At least a portion of the cellulose (and/or other C6 carbohydrates), if present, is converted to LA and at least a portion of the xylose (and/or other C5 carbohydrates), if present, is converted into furfural.

Abstract: Described is a catalytic process for converting biomass to furan derivatives (e.g., furfural, furfuryl alcohol, etc.) using a biphasic reactor containing a reactive aqueous phase and an organic extracting phase containing an alkylphenol. The process provides a cost-effective route for producing furfural, furfuryl alcohol, levulinic acid hydroxymethylfurfural, ?-valerolactone, and the like. The products formed are useful as value-added intermediates to produce polymers, as precursors to diesel fuel, and as fuel additives.

Abstract: A method to produce levulinic acid (LA) and ?-valerolactone (GVL) from biomass-derived cellulose by selective extraction of LA by alkylphenol (AP) and hydrogenation of LA, in which mineral acid used in the method is recycled and the final concentration of GVL is increased by successive extraction/hydrogenation steps to allow for effective separation by distillation.

Abstract: Provided are novel symmetrical and asymmetrical bifunctional photodecomposable bases (PDBs) with dicarboxylate anion groups that show increased imaging performance. Also provided are photoresist compositions prepared with the bifunctional dicarboxylated PDBs and lithography methods that use the photoresist compositions of the present invention.

Abstract: A method to make levulinic acid (LA), furfural, or gamma-valerolactone (GVL). React cellulose (and/or other C6 carbohydrates) or xylose (and/or other C5 carbohydrates) or combinations thereof in a monophasic reaction medium comprising GVL and an acid; or (ii) a biphasic reaction system comprising an organic layer comprising GVL, and a substantially immiscible aqueous layer. At least a portion of the cellulose (and/or other C6 carbohydrates), if present, is converted to LA and at least a portion of the xylose (and/or other C5 carbohydrates), if present, is converted into furfural.

Abstract: A method to produce levulinic acid (LA) and gamma-valerolactone (GVL) from biomass-derived cellulose or lignocellulose by selective extraction of LA using GVL and optionally converting the LA so isolated into GVL, with no purifications steps required to yield the GVL.

Abstract: A method to produce levulinic acid (LA) and ?-valerolactone (GVL) from biomass-derived cellulose by selective extraction of LA by alkylphenol (AP) and hydrogenation of LA, in which mineral acid used in the method is recycled and the final concentration of GVL is increased by successive extraction/hydrogenation steps to allow for effective separation by distillation.

Abstract: An additive capable of avoiding formation of impurities and capable of removing or dissolving impurities formed and accumulated at the interphase of organic and aqueous layers on reaction between calcium naphthenate and sulfur compound including H2S in presence of water in mixture of crude oils containing calcium naphthenate and sulfur compound or H2S, wherein the additive is glyoxylic acid is provided. A method for avoiding formation of impurities and for removing or dissolving impurities formed and accumulated at the interphase of organic and aqueous layers on reaction between calcium naphthenate and sulfur compound including H2S in presence of water in mixture of crude oils containing calcium naphthenate and sulfur compound including H2S, comprising treating mixture of crude oils containing calcium naphthenate and sulfur compound or H2S with glyoxylic acid is also provided.

Abstract: Methods and systems for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to carboxylic acids, glycols, and carboxylates are disclosed. A method may include, but is not limited to, steps (A) to (D). Step (A) may introduce water to a first compartment of an electrochemical cell. The first compartment may include an anode. Step (B) may introduce carbon dioxide to a second compartment of the electrochemical cell. The second compartment may include a solution of an electrolyte and a cathode. Step (C) may apply an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode in the electrochemical cell sufficient to reduce the carbon dioxide to a carboxylic acid intermediate. Step (D) may contact the carboxylic acid intermediate with hydrogen to produce a reaction product.

Abstract: A method for preparing ?-keto acids, especially ?-ketomethionine, and/or derivatives thereof, whereby an aldehyde is reacted with thiols to give a corresponding dithioacetal, the dithioacetal formed, is reacted with an electrophile in the presence of a strong base, and the resulting ?,?-(dithio)carboxylic acid is solvolyzed with acid-catalysis to release thiol and give the ?-keto acid or a derivative thereof. Umpolung of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes is effected by reaction with thiols.

Abstract: Systems and methods for producing levulinic acid from fungal biomass are disclosed. In one implementation, a method for distilling levulinic acid from a glucosamine-containing feedstock is disclosed that yields a relatively pure (e.g., 90% or greater) levulinic acid product from an otherwise problematic waste stream.

Abstract: Method of treating a patient suffering from apoptosis of tissue by administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of one or more ketogenic compounds such that a physiological ketosis is produced which arrests the apoptosis.