Abstract: A method is described for providing acute symptomatic relief to a subject with Parkinson's Disease (PD) or other CNS disorders resulting from dopamine deficiency in the brain comprising administering to said subject an amount of a ketogenic material sufficient to produce a ketosis in the subject sufficient to provide therapeutic benefit in such neurological disorders. Preferred materials produce a ketosis is such that the total concentration of acetoacetate and (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate in the blood of the subject is raised to between 0.1 and 30 mM.

Abstract: The present invention provides various combinations of genetic modifications to a transformed host cell that provide increase conversion of carbon to a chemical product. The present invention also provides methods of fermentation and methods of making various chemical products.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a production process of an ?-hydroxy acid having a sufficient quality as a polymer raw material, which process does not produce a large amount of waste as a byproduct and is economical. The present invention provides a production process of an ?-hydroxy acid having a step of adding a basic metal to an ?-hydroxy acid ammonium salt to yield an ?-hydroxy acid metal salt and a step of desalting the ?-hydroxy acid metal salt to yield the ?-hydroxy acid.

Abstract: A resist composition comprising a compound (m0) (wherein Rb1 represents an electron withdrawing group; Rb2 and Rb3 each independently represents an aryl group, an alkyl group or an alkenyl group, provided that Rb2 and Rb3 may be mutually bonded to form a ring with the sulfur atom; and X0? represents a monovalent counteranion).

Abstract: This invention relates to novel derivatives of 4-hydroxybutyric acid and prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the foregoing. This invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of this invention and the use of such compositions in methods of treating narcolepsy, fibromyalgia, other disorders or conditions that are beneficially treated by improving nocturnal sleep or by administering sodium oxybate.

Abstract: Provided herein is a non-naturally occurring microbial organism having a methanol metabolic pathway that can enhance the availability of reducing equivalents in the presence of methanol. Such reducing equivalents can be used to increase the product yield of organic compounds produced by the microbial organism, such as 3-hydroxyisobutyrate or MAA. Also provided herein are methods for using such an organism to produce 3-hydroxyisobutyrate or MAA.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to lipid compounds of the general formula (I): R1—O—C(R2)(R3)—X??(I) wherein R1 is a C10-C22 alkyl group, a C10-C22 alkenyl group having 1-6 double bonds, or a C10-C22 alkynyl group having 1-6 triple bonds; R2 and R3 are the same or different and may be chosen from different substituents; and X is a carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof, such as a carboxylic ester, a carboxylic anhydride, a phospholipid, triglyceride, or a carboxamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, solvate of such salt, or a prodrug thereof. The present disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions and lipid compositions comprising at least one compound according to the present disclosure, and to such compounds for use as medicaments or for use in therapy, in particular for the treatment of diseases related to the cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory disease area.

Abstract: The present disclosure is a method and system for production of oxalic acid and oxalic acid reduction products. The production of oxalic acid and oxalic acid reduction products may include the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to oxalate and oxalic acid. The method and system for production of oxalic acid and oxalic acid reduction products may further include the acidification of oxalate to oxalic acid, the purification of oxalic acid and the hydrogenation of oxalic acid to produce oxalic acid reduction products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel Ruthenium catalysts and related borohydride complexes, and the use of such catalysts, inter alia, for (1) hydrogenation of amides (including polyamides) to alcohols and amines; (2) preparing amides from alcohols with amines (including the preparation of polyamides (e.g., polypeptides) by reacting dialcohols and diamines and/or by polymerization of amino alcohols); (3) hydrogenation of esters to alcohols (including hydrogenation of cyclic esters (lactones) or cyclic di-esters (di-lactones) or polyesters); (4) hydrogenation of organic carbonates (including polycarbonates) to alcohols and hydrogenation of carbamates (including polycarbamates) or urea derivatives to alcohols and amines; (5) dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols to esters; (6) hydrogenation of secondary alcohols to ketones; (7) amidation of esters (i.e.

Abstract: A resist composition comprising: a base component (A) that exhibits changed solubility in a developing solution by the action of acid; a photoreactive quencher (C); and an acid-generator component (B) that generates acid upon exposure, wherein the photoreactive quencher (C) contains a compound represented by general formula (c1) shown below. In the formula, R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent; each of R2 and R3 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent; at least two of R1 to R3 may be mutually bonded to form a ring; X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; n represents 0 or 1; and Z+ represents an organic cation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel diagnostic markers for kidney disease and the use thereof.

Abstract: Novel ionic liquids comprising polyethercarboxylates as anions, a process for preparing them and their use.

Abstract: Fatty acid conjugates of salicylate derivatives and compositions thereof are disclosed. Further disclosed are methods for treating various diseases comprising the administration of an effective amount of at least one compound according to the present disclosure.

Abstract: Method of treating a patient suffering from apoptosis of tissue by administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of one or more ketogenic compounds such that a physiological ketosis is produced which arrests the apoptosis.

Abstract: A method is provided for the parallel identification of one or more metabolite species within a biological sample. The method comprises analyzing the sample to produce a spectrum containing individual spectral peaks representative of the one or more metabolite species contained within the sample; subjecting each of the individual spectral peaks to a statistical pattern recognition analysis to identify the one or more metabolite species contained within the sample; and identifying the one or more metabolite species contained within the sample by analyzing the individual spectral peaks of the spectra.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a production process of an ?-hydroxy acid having a sufficient quality as a polymer raw material, which process does not produce a large amount of waste as a byproduct and is economical. The present invention provides a production process of an ?-hydroxy acid having a step of adding a basic metal to an ?-hydroxy acid ammonium salt to yield an ?-hydroxy acid metal salt and a step of desalting the ?-hydroxy acid metal salt to yield the ?-hydroxy acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an acid salt of tolterodine with superior stabililty and useful as a transdermal drug delivery system. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel acid salt of tolterodine with superior stabililty to the conventional acid salts of tolterodine, which is useful as a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of overactive bladder and can be formulated into a transdermal drug delivery system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a 3-substituted-phenyl-3-merthylbutyric acid and 3-substituted-phenyl-3-merthylaldehyde derivatives, which are useful in the production of N-[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methylbutyl]-L-?-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester, which is a sweetener with high sweetening potency.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for hydrolyzing optically active amides to carboxylic acids and optically active amines with retention of the center of chirality, where the hydrolysis of the amides is carried out with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide in the presence of 5-30% by weight, based on the amide employed, of a polyol or an amino alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention provides an inexpensive process for the preparation of lithium salts of formula LiX having a desired or required level of purity using lithium chloride and lithium sulfate. In the process of the invention, a lithium salt selected from lithium chloride, lithium sulfate, and combinations thereof is reacted with NaX or KX in a aqueous, semiaqueous, or organic solution and the precipitated salts are removed to obtain the LiX solution of desired purity. Preferably, a semiaqueous solution containing water and an organic solvent is used at some point in the reaction. The process of the invention eliminates the use of highly acidic materials and thus reduces the cost of raw materials and the need for specialized equipment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel ether compounds, compositions comprising ether compounds, and methods useful for treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemias, dysproteinemias, and glucose metabolism disorders comprising administering a composition comprising an ether compound. The compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are also useful for treating and preventing Alzheimer's Disease, Syndrome X, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-related disorders, septicemia, thrombotic disorders, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, renal disease, cancer, inflammation, and impotence. In certain embodiments, the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are useful in combination therapy with other therapeutics, such as hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic agents.

Abstract: HETE derivatives and methods of their use for treating dry eye are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of ether carboxylic acids or alkali metal or ammonium salts thereof with low residual alcohol content, which comprises firstly converting a mono- or polyhydric alcohol into the corresponding alkoxide using a substoichiometric amount between 5 and 95 mol % of a basic compound, and then reacting the alkoxide with alkylene oxides, and, if necessary after distilling off the residual alcohol which remains, alkylating the highly alkaline reaction mixture, which comprises more than 5 mol % of alkoxylated alkoxides, directly with a chloroacetic acid derivative, and, if necessary, converting the alkylated product into the free ether carboxylic acid by acidification with mineral acid.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of Formula I having the structure wherein: B, C, D, and R1 are as defined hereinbefore in the specification, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which are useful in treating metabolic disorders related to insulin resistance or hyperglycemia.

Abstract: Formula (I) compounds: wherein R1 is alkyl substituted by fluorine(s); R2 is hydroxy, alkoxy, alkoxy substituted by phenyl, NR3R4, in which R3, R4 is (i) hydrogen, (ii) alkyl, (iii) phenyl, (iv) phenyl substituted by alkoxy or carboxyl, (v) heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen atom, (vi) alkyl substituted by phenyl, phenyl subsituted by alkoxy or carboxyl, heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen atom, (vii) the nitrogen bonded to R3 and R4, taken together is a saturated heterocyclic ring or amino acid residue; and non-toxic salts and acid addition salts thereof.

Abstract: A process for obtaining (per) fluoropolyethers substituted at one or at both end groups with a halogen atom selected from bromine or iodine, having the formula: A—CF2—O—(CF2CF2O)p—(CF2O)q—CF2—B  (III) wherein A=B=halogen; or A=halogen and B=COOH or F, and the halogen is I or Br; p and q are integers such as to give a number average molecular weight (MW) in the range 350-5000 and the ratio p/q=0.5-2.0. The process includes treating di- or poly-acylperoxides having an average equivalent weight in the range 350-5000, of formula: T—CF2—O—[(CF2CF2O)p—(CF2O)q—CF2—CO—O—O——CO—CF2—(OCF2)q—(OCF2CF2)p]y—OCF2—COOH  (II) with a halogen selected from iodine or bromine, in a polyhalogenated organic solvent, at temperatures between 20° and 80° C.

Abstract: The disclosure involves a novel amine ether acid salt surfactant. The amine constituent of the surfactant may include ether amines or fatty-based amines. The ether acid constituent of the surfactant, in particular, imparts liquidity to the surfactant. Hydrophobic regions may be included on both the amine and ether acid enhancing the surfactancy of the composition. The novel surfactant is versatile and is useful in many different applications.

Abstract: A process for preparing .alpha.-hydroxy acids by heating ammonium salts of .alpha.-hydroxy acids of general formula (I), removing the formed ammonia and water, adding water to the residue, and heating the obtained mixture, wherein R is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, alkyl(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)thioalkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6), phenyl or the like. This process is freed from the problem of disposal of by-products such as ammonium bisulfate and makes it possible to prepare a free .alpha.-hydroxy acid from an ammonium salt thereof economically and in a high yield.

Abstract: Novel oxy- and thio-substituted fatty acid analog substrates of myristoylating enzymes are provided which contain an oxygen or sulfur in place of a methylene group in a carbon position from 4 to 13 in the fatty acid chain of a C.sub.13 -C.sub.14 fatty acid or alkyl ester thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for cleaving optically active amides to carboxylic acids and optically active amines with retention of the center of chirality, wherein the amides are hydrolyzed in the presence of a polyol or of an amino alcohol and of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide.

Abstract: The present invention provides: a solid catalyst which enables a person to simply and efficiently carry out an etherification reaction; and a process by which an ether compound is simply and efficiently produced using the solid catalyst. The solid catalyst is a first solid catalyst comprising at least one rare earth element, or is a second solid catalyst comprising a metallic compound which includes a metal atom and a nonmetal atom bonded to the metal atom, wherein the metallic compound has molecular orbitals including: at least one orbital (L) having an energy of E.sub.L (eV) which satisfies E.sub.LUMO .ltoreq.E.sub.L .ltoreq.(E.sub.LUMO +0.05) wherein E.sub.LUMO is an energy (eV) of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital around the metal atom; and at least one orbital (H) having an energy of E.sub.H (eV) which satisfies (E.sub.HOMO -0.02).ltoreq.E.sub.H .ltoreq.E.sub.HOMO wherein E.sub.

Abstract: A process for producing N-monosubstituted acrylamides in high yields without forming by-products. The process comprises preparing a .beta.-dialkylamino-(methyl)propionic ester by the reaction of a (meth)-acrylic ester with a specified dialkylamine, converting the formed ester into an N-monosubstituted .beta.-dialkylamino(methyl)propionamide by the reaction thereof with a primary amine in the presence of sodium methoxide, and thermally decomposing the amide under a reduced pressure.

Abstract: A novel process is described for reacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide with an olefinic compound, which comprises carrying out a free-radical addition reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide to the olefin in the presence of azoic or peroxy initiator and a water-soluble salt selected from the group consisting of sulfites, bisulfites, metabisulfites and dithionites. The adducts are obtained in high yield and purity and are useful for the preparation of oil- and water repellent products for use on paper, textiles, metal, wood and the like, or as precursors for fluorinated surfactants.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of carboxylic acids which contain ether groups by the catalytically accelerated addition of alcoholic hydroxyl groups from mono- or polyhydric alcohols to tertiary-alkyl esters of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acids, and followed with acid hydrolysis of the tertiary-alkyl .beta.-ethercarboxylate obtained as intermediates in this way.

Abstract: Mammalian hair growth is reduced by applying to the skin an inhibitor of a cysteine synthetic pathway enzyme.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the alkoxylation of a carboxylated compound comprising contacting the carboxylated compound with an alkylene oxide in the presence of a mixed metal oxide catalyst or a modified bimetallic or polymetallic catalyst under conditions effective to alkoxylate the carboxylated compound.

Abstract: Carboxylic acid derivatives of the formula ##STR1## R.sub.1 is alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulphinyl, alkulsulphonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkoxy or optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylsulphinyl, arylsulphonyl or arylamino. R.sub.2 is optionally substituted aryl or, when B is alkylene also a hydrogen atom. A is a straight-chained or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkylene containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms which is optionally interrupted by a heteratom attached to a saturated carbon and has a chain length of at least 3 atoms. Y is S(O).sub.n group or oxygen, n being 0, 1 or 2. B is a valency bond or a straight-chained or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkylene containing 1 to 18 carbon atoms. Physiologically acceptable salts, esters and amides thereof are also included. The compounds are useful in the treatment of metabolic diseases.

Abstract: A process for preparing methoxyacetic acid by reacting monochloroacetic acid with sodium methylate, in a methanolic solvent at increased temperature. Methanol is distilled off and methoxyacetic acid methylester is added to the residue. The stirrable mixture is contacted with dry hydrochloric acid gas. The methoxyacetic acid methylester is distilled off after removing the precipitated sodium chloride, to recover the desired product.

Abstract: An aldehyde (R.sup.1 CHO) and optically active 3-hydroxybutyric acid (CH.sub.3 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 COOH) are reacted to form an optically active dioxanone. This dioxanone is reacted with a compound R.sup.2 --X to form an intermediate (R.sup.1 R.sup.2 CHOCH(CH.sub.3) CH.sub.2 COOH) which is then subjected to elimination to form an optically active secondary alcohol (R.sup.1 R.sup.2 CHOH) in good yield and purity.

Abstract: A soap-based detergent composition comprises water soluble salts of monocarboxylic acids having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably consisting of a major proportion of salts of monocarboxylic acids having 16 or more carbon atoms and optionally a minor proportion of salts of monocarboxylic acids having 14 or less carbon atoms, characterized in that the composition contains a water soluble organic salt of formulaR.sub.1 --O--(CR.sub.2 R.sub.3).sub.n --CO.sub.2 MwhereinR.sub.1 is alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl,R.sub.2 with respect to each occurrence are the same or different and are selected from H, alkyl and alkenyl groups,R.sub.3 with respect to each occurrence are the same or different and are selected from H, alkyl and alkenyl groups,n is 2,3 or 4, andM is a cation providing water soluble properties.Inclusion of such organic salts e.g. 3-alkoxy propionate can replace in whole or in part in a predominantly soap composition soaps derived from fatty acids having 14 or less carbon atoms.

Abstract: Prepare esters of .alpha.-halocinnamic acid and related compounds in high yield under relatively mild conditions.

Abstract: A process for the production of carboxymethylates comprises reacting alcohols, ether alcohols, or alkyl phenols with an aqueous solution of at most a stoichiometric amount of free chloroacetic acid and twice the stoichiometric amount of an aqueous base. The chloroacetic acid and base are added separately, but simultaneously under agitation (at elevated temperature and under reduced pressure) to the alcohol or alkyl phenol. The water content in the reaction mixture, during the entire reaction, is maintained at 0.3-1.5% by weight. Increased selectivity results and it now becomes possible to use aqueous chloroacetic acid in this process.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 denote alkyl, CF.sub.3, benzyl cyclohexyl, cyanoethyl, phenyl or OH and A denotes, inter alia, the groups --CO--, CHOH or CH--NH.sub.2 and --COR.sub.3 denotes a carboxyl, carboxylic ester or carboxamido group, are active herbicides.

Abstract: Novel halo-4-alkenoic acid compounds which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of insecticides and miticides.

Abstract: A process for the co-production of an alkylidene dicarboxylate and a carboxylic acid, which comprises hydrogenating a carboxylic acid anhydride in the presence of carbon monoxide and a homogeneous iridium- and/or rhodium-containing catalyst, together with an organo phosphorus (III), arsenic (III), or antimony (III) compound and either molecular oxygen or a phosphorus (V), arsenic (V) or antimony (V) compound containing a X=O moiety, where X is a phosphorus, arsenic or antimony atom.

Abstract: Flotation aids and a process for the flotation of non-sulfidic minerals. The flotation aids have the formula ##STR1## wherein R repesents an aliphatic, cyclic, or alicyclic C.sub.7 -C.sub.23 radical, optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carbonyl, ether, or thioether groups; X.sup.n+ is hydrogen or a water-solubilizing, salt-forming cation; and n is the valence of X. The invention also relates to ore suspensions and mineral concentrates in association with the above flotation aids.

Abstract: Numerous alpha-carboxylic acids are prepared in a liquid medium by the reaction of an organic compound having at least one reactive hydroxyl or thiol group, with a monoketone, and a haloform, in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst and an alkali metal hydroxide. The term "alpha-alkoxycarboxylic acids" includes alpha-phenoxycarboxylic acids, alpha-thioalkoxycarboxylic acids and alpha-thiophenoxycarboxylic acids. Specific substituents on the beta carbon atom of an alpha-alkoxycarboxylic (or "2-alkoxycarboxylic") acid reaction product formed in this novel synthesis, are introduced by appropriate choice of the ketone reactant; alkoxy and phenoxy substituents on the alpha carbon atom of a 2-alkoxycarboxylic acid are introduced by appropriate choice of the organic compound having a hydroxyl or thiol group. De-alkoxylation of the 2-alkoxycarboxylic acid yields alpha-beta monoolefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids which are necessarily alpha substituted, and may also be beta-substituted.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the production of higher homologues of aliphatic carboxylic acids by reaction of said acids with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of one or more palladium-containing catalysts in combination with a Group VB tertiary donor ligand and in the presence of an iodide or bromide promoter.

Abstract: This invention concerns certain substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinones having herbicidal activity, their preparation, and the control of weeds therewith.

Abstract: The process for the manufacture of but-2-en-1-ol compounds by isomerizing but-3-en-1-ol compounds in the presence of a palladium catalyst and of hydrogen is improved by modifying the palladium catalyst with selenium or tellurium.The but-2-en-1-ols manufactured according to the invention are either solvents or valuable starting materials for the manufacture of solvents, dyes, surface coatings, paints and pesticides.