Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for dyeing a moving yarn that comprises a liquid dye supply line, a first nozzle positioned above the yarn and configured to deposit dye on a first surface of the yarn, a second nozzle positioned above the yarn and configured to deposit dye on a second surface of the yarn corresponding to a surface opposite the first surface relative to the axis of the yarn, a synchronization mechanism for actuating the nozzles as a function of the movement of the yarn such that, between the first and the second nozzle, the yarn is able to pivot axially under the effect of the gravity of the dye deposited by the first nozzle.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus lubricating a wire or cable during manufacturing, wherein the wire is aligned with an entry to a spraying enclosure and passes through a first seal of the spraying enclosure. Lubricant is sprayed onto the wire inside of the spraying enclosure while the unapplied, but sprayed, lubricant is collected at the bottom of the spraying enclosure. The wire passes through a second seal of the spraying enclosure, is aligned, and exits from the spraying enclosure.

Abstract: A yarn including a plurality of twists formed by twisting single fiber strand or multiple fiber strands; and fiber grooves, which are spaces formed between the twists, to provide three-dimensional growth spaces and migration paths for cells. Accordingly, a cell proliferation rate and cell viability may be enhanced by creating microenvironments suitable for migration, proliferation and differentiation of cultured cells. In addition, cell clusters having more uniform shapes may be easily implemented by forming the proliferation spaces and migration paths for the cultured cells as similar as possible to each other in each scaffold. Further, the cells cultured thereby can be cultured in a suitable shape and structure to be applied to an in vitro experimental model or transplanted into the body of an animal, and can be widely applied in various products used in a cell culture or tissue engineering field.

Abstract: In an application method of a solid brazing material, while being rotated, the solid brazing material is brought into contact with an aluminum plate material, thereby applying the solid brazing material to the aluminum plate material.

Abstract: This solid-state lithium ion rechargeable battery includes a laminated body which includes a positive electrode layer, a negative electrode layer, and a solid electrolyte sandwiched between the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer, and a liquid repellent film which is provided to be in contact with the laminated body, in which the liquid repellent film contains a fluorine element and a carbon element, and has a contact angle of 30° or more when an acetic acid aqueous solution is dropped thereon.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods to prevent damage to power and communication conductors located in cold occurring regions, with an elongated cylindrical tubular assembly of closed cell foam within a braided/woven layer that can be sealed to provide longitudinal strength and a snag resistant durable and flexible outer coating. The assembly along with communication and power lines is pulled through new power and communication ducts and conduits and in retrofitting existing power and communication ducts, so that the assembly reduces the volume spacing in the ducts/conduits that can be damaged by water intrusion which expands during freeze conditions.

Abstract: A device for producing a strand or a cable, in particular a wire strand or wire cable, which device includes a rotatable arrangement for feeding cords to a twisting point, at which the cords are to be twisted with one another, and an installation for heating at least one of the cords. The heating installation is rotatable jointly with the feed arrangement. The heating installation is designed to heat a cord provided for forming a center strand or a cable core and/or cords for forming outer strands, and preferably has burner for fuel and/or an electrically operated heater.

Abstract: A textile fabrication system for creating a textile panel having a glistening multicolor appearance, using a foil panel, thread, a board, and a backer panel. The board has a first edge, second edge, a front, and a rear. The thread is wound repeatedly on the board across the front from the first edge to second edge, and across the rear to create a threaded area. The foil panel is adhered to the thread in the threaded area on the front, and then is unwound onto a spool, fragmenting the foil as it remains adhered to the thread. The coated thread may be rewound onto the front of the board, and then attached to a backer panel to create a textile panel. The coated threads are cut along the first edge and the textile panel is removed from the board for use in a garment.

Abstract: The present invention concerns processes for reducing water in never-dried fiber comprising copolymer derived from the copolymerization of para-phenylenediamine, 5(6)-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl)benzimidazole; and terephthaloyl dichloride, the process having the following steps in a continuous process, (a) a step of drying a never-dried fiber at less than 100 C until the moisture content of the fiber is less than 60 weight percent; and (b) a step of further drying the fiber above 150° C. while the moisture content of the fiber is no more than 40 weight percent; and the fiber being further heated to at least 350° C. in either an additional continuous or separate step.

Abstract: A strand (20) for a cable bolt (14) comprises a plurality of metallic elongated members (22, 24) twisted together. At least one of the elongated members has a corrosion resistant coating (54) and surface deformation, so as to improve the bodig efficiency and the anchorage of the strand.

Abstract: A rope structure adapted to engage an intermediate structure while loads are applied to ends of the rope structure comprises a primary strength component and a coating. The primary strength component comprises a plurality of fibers adapted to bear the loads applied to the ends of the rope structure. The coating comprises a mixture of a lubricant portion and a binder portion. The lubricant portion comprises particles having an average size of within approximately 0.01 microns to 2.00 microns. The binder portion is applied to the primary strength portion as a liquid and dries to support the lubricant portion relative to at least some of the fibers. The matrix supports the lubricant portion such that the lubricant portion reduces friction between at least some of the plurality of fibers and between at least some of the plurality of fibers and the intermediate structure.

Abstract: A fixation device for fixation of soft tissue to bone with a body formed essentially of resorbable or non-resorbable yarns. The fixation device may be a knotted or a knotless construct. The fixation device is a soft, yarn-based whipping anchor which is formed by providing a suture eyelet, and passing a plurality of passes of yarns around the suture eyelet (forming a whipping twine), using the suture eyelet as a mandrel, to create a robust construct which may have geometrically-shaped features such as barbs. The eyelet and the twine may be made from resorbable material, non-resorbable material, or combination of resorbable and non-resorbable materials.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to make it possible to provide a cord, in particular, a cord for reinforcing a rubber article in which rubber permeation properties are improved by coating filaments as constituents of the cord with rubber in a reliable and stable manner. The cord of the present invention is produced by, when the metal filament is guided to an extruder and extruded together with rubber from a mouthpiece of the extruder so that the metal filament is coated with the rubber, juxtaposing plural metal filaments in the mouthpiece and extruding the metal filaments together with rubber.

Abstract: A plurality of individual elements are imparted with reverse axial twist and collectively twisted into a multi-element assembly. Each individual element has an axial twist direction in an opposite direction from the axial twist direction of the collective multi-element assembly. The reverse axial torsion in the assembly tightly binds the plurality elements in the assembly to resist separation.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide precision resistive composite members and methods for manufacturing and using them. The resistive composite member can have controllable dimensions, geometric shapes, mechanical properties and resistance values. The resistive composite member can be used for high-performance sensors or instrument probes that require, for example, high contact pressure, ultra-high frequency, and/or enable state-of-the-art digital signal transmission, characterization, or measurement. The resistive composite member can include one or more “twisted-fiber-tow” or one or more arrays of “twisted-fiber-tow” contained in a suitable non-metallic or essentially non-metallic binder material. The “twisted-fiber-tow” can further include a number of fibers that are twisted individually and/or in bundles in order to control the mechanical properties and fine-tune the resistance of the resistive composite member and thus to customize the high-performance instrument probes.

Abstract: A sliding layer and a sliding element with such a sliding layer includes a fiber reinforced plastic with a plastic matrix and a plastic thread as a reinforcing element. The plastic thread has polyester filaments into which are worked PTFE particles by process engineering.

Abstract: A method for producing a fire resistant thread comprising the steps of: unwinding a first yarn being a fire resistant polymer from a first spool onto a first pirn; unwinding a second yarn being a synthetic and/or natural yarn from a second spool onto a second pirn; unwinding a third yarn being a synthetic and/or natural yarn from a third spool onto a third pirn; unwinding the first yarn, the second yarn and the third yarn from the first pirn, the second pirn and the third pirn; twisting the first yarn, the second yarn and the third yarn each in a first direction; twisting the first yarn, the second yarn and the third yarn together in a second direction to form a three-ply thread; coating the three-ply thread with a bonding agent in order to form the fire resistant thread; and collecting the fire resistant thread.

Abstract: A method for spinning and washing aramid fiber and for recovering sulfuric acid by (a) spinning an aramid polymer from a sulfuric acid spin dope to a yarn and coagulating the yarn in a coagulation bath having an inlet for water or diluted sulfuric acid and an outlet for sulfuric acid enriched water; (b) washing the yarn with water to obtain a washed yarn and a washing water containing sulfuric acid; (c) recycling the sulfuric acid enriched water and optionally the washing water to a sulfuric acid recovery unit; (d) increasing the sulfuric acid content of the recycled sulfuric acid enriched water, and optionally the washing water, by evaporation to obtain 20 to 98% sulfuric acid and water; (e) mixing the 20 to 98% sulfuric acid with oleum to obtain 98-105% sulfuric acid; and (f) recycling the 98-105% sulfuric acid to the spinning unit for use as sulfuric acid spin dope.

Abstract: The invention can efficiently provide a carcass member constituting a carcass layer of a radial tire, particularly, a carcass member a direction of a cord of which constitutes an angle of substantially 90° relative to a tire circumferential direction, and can easily adjust a length in accordance with a size, one piece of a cord (C) is continuously passed through a rubber coating die (14) to coat rubber on the cord, the rubber coated cord (C1) is shaped such that a sectional outer shape thereof constitutes an elliptical shape, the rubber coated cord (C1) is wound around an aligning drum (30) while adjusting a direction of the elliptical shape by way of an aligning guide (20) to bond without producing a gap to form a cylinder-like member (A1), thereafter, the cylinder-like member (A1) is cut in a direction in parallel with the drum axis center to constitute a sheet-like shape.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a wire rope having a blackened finish designed for theatrical productions. The wire rope includes a plurality of strands that have a closed spiral arrangement with each other and are compacted. Each strand includes a center wire spirally surrounded by a plurality of inner wires that are spirally surrounded by a plurality of outer wires so that the outer wires completely encompass the inner wires. The center wire and the inner wires are made from a galvanized material and coated with a lubricant. The outer wires are made from a non-coated steel material. Each strand is compacted so the outer wires create a tight mechanical seal to protect the inner wires. The blackened finish on the wire rope is due to a black oxide coating treatment and provides for low visibility of the wire rope during theatrical performances.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a biodegradable suture-type cell delivery system, a preparation method thereof and a biodegradable suture comprising the same. The biodegradable suture-type cell delivery system has improved cell compatibility as a result of depositing a hydrophilic functional group-containing compound on the surface of a biodegradable suture yarn made of a biodegradable polymer, a portion of which has partially a bulky structure beneficial for the proliferation of cells or living tissue, so as to hydrophilically modify the surface, and then bonding a cell compatible material to the surface, and also functions as a cell culture scaffold, because the bulky structure is beneficial for the proliferation of cells. Accordingly, the biodegradable suture-type cell delivery system can improve the rate of engraftment of stem cells in vivo.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel process for making yarn from a unique combination of fibers of cotton, nylon (preferably nylon6) and silver and a process for forming this yarn utilizing a unique sequencing of individual steps. The final yarn product is extremely strong, stable and useful for being woven into various fabrics and/or materials and, most particularly, possesses enhanced antimicrobial properties.

Abstract: A unique formulation for yarn from a novel combination of fibers of polyester and silver which is made by a special manufacturing process including proprietary individual steps. The formed yarn product is durable and useful and can be used to make various fabrics and/or materials and, most particularly, to make final products that possess highly advanced characteristics, particularly fire retardant properties and antimicrobial properties.

Abstract: The invention provides a fiber-reinforced polymer composite comprising fibers derived from mammalian hair and/or feathers, wherein the fibers have been prepared by means of a process comprising the steps of: (a) subjecting mammalian hair and/or feathers to an oxidation treatment in which the hair and/or feathers (is) are contacted with a solution, which comprises a bleaching agent; (b) separating the oxidized hair and/or feathers from the solution; and (c) drying the separated hair and/or feathers. The invention further provides processes to prepare said composite, a process to prepare said fibers, and shaped polymer products comprising said composite.

Abstract: The use of biomaterials, such as viruses and virus-like particles, to form nanostructures is generally disclosed. For instance, rod-like viruses can be used to form composite nanofibers that are fixed together in a head-to-tail assembly by a polymer. Also, 2-dimensional nanostructures formed from crosslinked viruses assembled in a single, film-like layer are generally disclosed. Porous gels having controllable pore size through the use of virus particles are also disclosed.

Abstract: A cost effective method and apparatus are provided for forming metallized fibers and depositing multilayer films thereon to form thin film electrochemical energy storage devices. In one embodiment, a fibrous substrate is formed using a fiber spinning process and the fibrous substrate is plated with a copper layer using wet deposition. Multiple material layers are then deposited onto the copper layer to form a lithium-ion battery fiber.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a finish for synthetic filament yarn processed in friction false-twist texturing, which decreases broken filaments and ends down in false-twist texturing with a synthetic filament yarn applied with the finish, finish-application emulsion of the finish, synthetic filament yarn applied with the emulsion, manufacturing process of the synthetic filament yarn, and resultant yarns. The finish for synthetic filament yarn processed in friction false-twist texturing of the present invention comprises 40 to 98 wt % of a polyether compound, and essentially comprises components (A) and (B); wherein the component (A) is at least one member selected from the group consisting of (A1) a C1-C10 fatty acid, (A2) a C1-C10 hydroxyfatty acid, (A3) a sarcosine derivative, and salts thereof, and the amount of the component (A) in the finish ranges from 0.05 to 5 wt %; and wherein the component (B) is an alkylphosphate salt and the amount of the component (B) in the finish ranges from 0.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the use of a multifilament yarn spinning process comprising individually washing each filament of a multifilament yarn and, if neutralized, individually neutralizing each filament of the multifilament yarn, for preventing yarn breakage during the spinning process, the spinning process comprising spinning of a polymer through a spinneret to obtain the multifilament yarn, washing the yarn, and optionally neutralizing and/or drying the yarn and winding the yarn onto a bobbin Preferably the yarn is washed with jet washers.

Abstract: A steel rope safety system includes at least one steel rope having at least one strand, and the at least one rope or at least one strand is compacted. Further, a method is provided for making a steel rope safety system comprising the step of providing at least two wires, the step of stranding the wires thereby forming a strand for a rope and the step of compacting the strand. There is likewise provided the use of compacted steel ropes as impact reducing material.

Abstract: The present invention introduces a process of spinning bast fibres through health preservating is as the following steps: Health preserving bast fibres; Opening and cleaning, carding the health preserved bast fibres and drawing the carded health preserved bast fibres into bast fibre strips; Health preserving said bast fibre strips; Spinning the health preserved fibre strips into yarn; the present invention also introduces a kind of yarn made by such process; The present invention further introduces a process of blended spinning bast fibre with other fibres through health preservating, and the yarn made by such process. The present invention realizes low end breakage rate, and high efficiency, so as to achieve high quality product.

Abstract: A tire including at least one structural element and at least one metal cord includes a plurality of elementary metal wires stranded together, each elementary metal wire being coated with at least one first metal coating layer, the metal cord being coated with at least one second metal coating layer, wherein the at least one second metal coating layer has a nominal thickness higher than or equal to 30 nm, preferably from 50 nm to 120 nm, more preferably from 70 nm to 100 nm.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preventing or reducing deposit forming of superabsorbent material and/or oil onto guide rollers during the process of applying a superabsorbent water-in-oil emulsion onto a yarn wherein the oil is a mixture comprising saturated hydrocarbons, characterized in that the at least 70 wt % of the hydrocarbons have 20 to 32 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A straight-type finish, which has improved storage characteristics and is capable of preventing synthetic fibers from becoming electrically charged and uneven dyeing from being generated, contains a lubricant and a functional improvement agent at specified ratios. A metal organic sulfonate of a specified type is contained at least as a part of the functional improvement agent at a specified mass % of the total.

Abstract: The invention relates to a retraction thread, especially a dental retraction thread for use in dentistry, that is distinguished by the fact that it has yarns produced by an air vortex process.

Abstract: A device for treatment of a traveling yarn with a steam-creating medium includes a column of several chambers provided with yarn inlet- and yarn outlet-channels and arranged one over the other, of which one of the chambers is a steam treatment chamber provided with a steam inlet and a condensate outlet with respect to which mixing chambers are respectively operated upstream and downstream thereof, with each such mixing chamber respectively having an air inlet and a condensate outlet. The yarn inlet- and yarn outlet-channels have an opening cross section that, on the one hand, makes possible a pneumatic yarn threading-in and, on the other hand, controls the exchange of air and steam between the chambers such that a steam-air-mixture atmosphere sets in that substantially forecloses the entrance of air into the steam treatment chamber.

Abstract: Long rod shaped M13 viruses were used to fabricate one dimensional (1D) micro- and nanosized diameter fibers by mimic the spinning process of the silk spider. Liquid crystalline virus suspensions were extruded through the micrometer diameter capillary tubes in cross-linking solution (glutaraldehyde). Resulting fibers were tens of micrometers in diameter depending on the inner diameter of the capillary tip. AFM image verified that molecular long axis of the virus fibers were parallel to the fiber long axis. Although aqueous M13 virus suspension could not be spun by electrospinning, M13 viruses suspended in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol were spun into fibers. After blending with highly water soluble polymer, polyvinyl 2-pyrolidone (PVP), M13 viruses was spun into continuous uniform virus blended PVP (virus-PVP) fibers. Resulting virus-PVP electrospun fibers showed intact infecting ability to bacterial hosts after suspending in the buffer solution.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining and adjusting binder laylength during the process of manufacturing a selected fiber optic cable design. Specifically, a binder, having a distinguishing and physically detectable feature, is wrapped around fiber optic bundles or a buffer tube. A detection system detects the unique feature associated with the binder and thus creates a calculates a representative distance value. The distance value is calculated in relation the periodic spacing between two detected points on the physically detectable binder and is continuously monitored by a closed feedback loop. A computer receives status data from the closed feedback loop and compares the received data to a stored laylength parameter. In light of the comparison, an algorithm adjusts the binder head speed accordingly. This process repeats until the desired stored laylength is detected by the detection system.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a rubber reinforcing steel cord is provided, wherein the steel cord has a steel wire plated with metal containing copper and having on its surface an oil layer containing a cobalt compound, and includes an application step in which the oil containing a cobalt compound is applied to the steel wire or a steel cord plated with metal containing copper, and a step of twisting the steel wires.

Abstract: Fiber for reinforcing rubber products, which comprises fiber having a first coating film formed by a first coating agent comprising a condensate of resorcinol and formaldehyde, and a rubber latex, wherein the fiber has a second coating film formed by a second coating agent comprising an uncured phenol resin and a rubber, on the first coating film.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing a coated wire or other elongated article including a means to extrude a polymer in tubular form around the wire or article and a means to increase the temperature of the wire or article before extrusion of the polymer thereon. The extruded polymer is elongated from the extrusion opening to the elongated article, forming a melt cone, were the relative feeding speed of the heated elongated article and the extrusion rate of the polymer are controlled and with the aid of at least a partial vacuum that is achieved in the extrusion tooling and inside the melt cone the extruded polymer tightly encases the wire achieving a thin polymer coating.

Abstract: A device for continuously twisting an optical fiber, which can add a sufficient twist to an optical fiber, is provided. Reciprocating rollers reciprocate so that the moving direction would be opposite each other along a center axis of rotation. The optical fiber passes through a gap between the reciprocating rollers and runs in contact with the outer circumferential surface of respective reciprocating rollers in order. Reciprocation of the reciprocating rollers adds a twist to the optical fiber. When &phgr; is a contacting angle between the optical fiber and the reciprocating rollers, F is maximum static friction of the optical fiber against the outer circumferential surface of the reciprocating rollers, and T is tension of the optical fiber, the coefficient of friction &mgr; between the optical fiber and the outer circumferential surface of the reciprocating rollers is lead from an operational formula of &mgr;=(1/&phgr;)·ln(F/T).

Abstract: A method for producing a cable or cable element from individual elements is provided. The method comprises heating the individual elements before or during a stranding process until they are at least close to plastification and cooling the individual elements to a solidification temperature of a plastic. A cable or cable element comprising individual elements that are twisted together to form the cable is also disclosed. The individual elements are heated either before or during a stranding process until they are at least close to plastification, and are subsequently cooled to a solidification temperature of the plastic until they leave a stranding machine. A stranding device for the production of a cable or cable element from individual elements is also disclosed. The stranding device comprises a heating device which acts on the individual elements and a cooling device located downstream of the heating device in a direction of processing.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for applying a lubricant to an advancing yarn, to facilitate the further processing of the yarn, and wherein the lubricant is composed of a plurality of components such as an emulsion of water and oil. The apparatus includes separate containers for the components of the lubricant, and a feed device for combining and mixing the components in a mixing chamber. The feed device also includes a pump for delivering the resulting lubricant to a wetting device which applies a metered quantity of the lubricant to the yarn. Provision is also made for maintaining a desired mixing ratio of the components of the lubricant.

Abstract: A novel and superior lariat and lariat rope body for calf and steer roping having a core of monofilaments in the center around which three or more strands of twisted monofilament yarns are wound tightly to form the rope. A novel method of making lariat rope bodies and apparatus used are also disclosed. The rope body has a core in at least about 68 percent of the length of the rope body beginning with the honda end.

Abstract: A process for improving the uniformity of yarn finish application on the individual filaments of a rapidly advancing synthetic continuous monofilament, bonded multi-filament, multi-filament hosiery, textile, technical and industrial yarns includes imparting a pneumatic false twist to the advancing yarn having a wet finish thereon while the yarn is under a tension allowing the rapid opening and closing of the multi-filament yarn but preventing texturing or coherency from increasing by commingling of the yarn filaments in the false twister. A nozzle has a reduced friction and can either be used as a stand-alone air bearing or to apply finish within the nozzle. A plurality of finish delivery orifices open into the chamber in a low pressure zone inside the nozzle, and wherein the exact same or slightly greater pressure that is used for the compressed air supplied to the air delivery orifices is used to actuate the finish supplied to the plurality of the finish delivery orifices.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for making twisted electrical cable, such as 600 volt secondary distribution cable, and the twisted cable product are disclosed. The apparatus comprises a first plurality of stationary payoff reels each wound with a length of bare wire conductor. The conductors are simultaneously payed off the reels to a pay out accumulator for accumulating a portion of the conductors during replacement of spent pay out reels. At least one extrusion process arranged downstream of the accumulator applies a plastic insulation material to a respective conductor as it passes through its respective extrusion process. A cooling and/or curing trough through which water is flowed cools and/or cures the plastic insulation. A take-up accumulator arranged downstream of the cooling and/or curing trough accumulates a portion of each insulated conductor during changeover of the take-up reel arranged downstream of the take-up accumulator.

Abstract: A packing yarn and a method of manufacturing a packing yarn composed of at least two bands which are at most 5 mm wide and are joined together by a yarn manufacturing method, include forming the bands of a laminate having at least one layer of flexible graphite and at least one layer of a metal foil with a tensile strength of at least 250 MPa. The layers of graphite foil and metal foil are joined by adhesion or through the use of a non-adhesive-like coupling agent. The bands are produced from the laminates by cutting, which is preferably effected continuously. Advantages thereof are that strips or bands of flexible graphite, which have a tensile strength that is totally inadequate for the manufacture of packing yarns, are altered in terms of their mechanical properties.

Abstract: A device and method for applying a liquid to at least one advancing yarn which is guided over a surface of a driven godet in contact therewith. A liquid is supplied through a plurality of capillaries to the surface. To this end, the pore-sized openings of the capillaries are evenly distributed on the godet surface being wetted.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of a low-fibrillation moulded body containing polytetrafluorethylene. The process is characterised in that a pre-moulded body of polytetrafluorethylene is twisted and then pressed flat. The pre-moulded body can be twisted around itself or around another material e.g. a mono- or multifilament or a spun yarn. The invention relates furthermore to a low fibrillation moulded body containing polytetrafluorethylene which can be obtained by means of the process in accordance with the invention and the use of the moulded body in accordance with the invention as dental floss.

Abstract: In a method of producing poly(trimethylene terephthalate) yarn from PTT chip which has been extruded through a spinneret into filaments and coated, the coated filaments are passed between an unheated feed roll and a tension roll to tension them without causing permanent stretching, and then are passed from the tension roll to a heated draw roll to draw the filaments in a single draw step to a draw ratio of 1.25 to 4.0 and to heat them to a temperature between their glass transition temperature and their crystallization temperature.