Abstract: Provided is a process for converting an aromatic compound to prepare an iodoarene, Ar--I, and an aryl compound which is a compound wherein an unsaturated compound is bonded directly to an aryl group, Ar, which process comprises reacting a diaryliodonium salt represented by general formula (I)[Ar--I.sup..sym. --Ar]X.sup..crclbar. (I)wherein Ar is an aryl group which may be substituted and two Ar's are identical and X.sup..crclbar. is a counter ion inert to the reaction with the unsaturated compound in a solvent in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and a base or a reducing metal, said reaction being carried out at a temperature not higher than 80.degree. C. and/or by using at least one of the base, the reducing metal and the unsaturated compound in an amount not more than 1.

Abstract: New polyhalogenoaromatic compounds of Formula I ##STR1## wherein Y and Z are each independently alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyl each of 1 to 12 C atoms, --COOR.sup.1, --O--CO--R.sup.1, CN, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2 or OH;Q is one or two identical or different radicals selected from Ph, Cy, 1,4-bicyclo[2,2,2]octylene or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl;X.sup.1 to X.sup.4 are each independently H, F, Cl or Br;R.sup.1 is alkyl of 1 to 4 C atoms, Ph--R.sup.2 or Cy--R.sup.2 ;R.sup.2 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-12 C atoms or CN;Ph is 1,4-phenylene; and Cy is 1,4-cyclohexylene,can be used as components of liquid-crystal dielectrics.

Abstract: Tetrahalobenzene compounds of the formula (I): ##STR1## in which X is independently chloro or, preferably, fluoro and Y is hydrogen or --N.sup.+ R.sub.3 A.sup.- in which each R is independently C.sub.1-4 alkyl and A is a radical capable of forming an anion A.sup.-, are prepared by(a) alkylating a compound of formula (II): ##STR2## or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (III): ##STR3## (b) treating the compound of formula (III) with a quaternizing agent of formula RA to form a compound of formula (IV): ##STR4## and (c) partially or completely reductively cleaving the compound of formula (IV) to replace one or both --N.sup.+ R.sub.3 A.sup.- groups by hydrogen.Compounds (I), in which Y is --N.sup.+ R.sub.3 A.sup.-, (III) and (IV) are novel. Compound (I) is useful in the synthesis of insecticides.

Abstract: Novel compounds having a small dielectric anisotropy value (.DELTA..epsilon.), a low viscosity and a small .gamma. value (ratio of saturation voltage to threshold voltage) indicating sharpness, and liquid crystal compositions containing the same are provided, which compounds are 2,4-difluorobenzene derivatives of trans-4-alkylcyclohexanes expressed by the general formula ##STR1## wherein n is 1 or 2, m is 0 or 1 and R represents an alkyl group of 1-10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of olefinic aldehydes and intermediates is disclosed. The condensation of an .alpha.,.omega.-dihalide with a metal acetylide gives an acetylenic halide which can be reduced to give an olefinic halide, then oxidized to give the desired olefinic aldehyde or the acetylenic halide can be oxidized first to give an acetylenic aldehyde and then reduced to give the desired olefinic aldehyde.

Abstract: A compound represented by the general formula: ##STR1## where X is a halogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms or a cyano group, and R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Electroviscous (EV) fluids consisting of solid hydrophilic particles dispersed in hydrophobic liquids, where the liquid contains a diaryl derivative component of general formula I ##STR1## in which R is CY.sub.2,O,S,SO,SO.sub.2,SiF.sub.2, or O--SiY.sub.2 --O,X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are halogens, (m+n) is between 1 and 3 on average, and (p+q) is between 0 and 1 on average. EV fluids containing these novel components possess generally improved properties in terms of lower viscosities, electrical conductivities, toxicities and freezing points. In a preferred embodiment, the component is a mixture of brominated diphenyl methanes in which R is CH.sub.2,n=O,X.sup.1 =Br,(m+n) is approximately one, and (p+q)=0.

Abstract: Liquid-crystalline halogen compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein the ring A is 1,4-phenylene or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene; R.sub.1 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1 to 12 carbon atoms or, when A is 1,4-phenylene, is also cyano; R.sub.2 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1 to 12 carbon atoms or, when A is 1,4-cyclohexylene, is also chlorine or bromine; and X is fluorine, chlorine or hydrogen; with the proviso that at least one of the substituents R.sub.2 and X is a halogen atom are valuable components in liquid-crystalline dielectrics.

Abstract: Arenes are reacted with allyl chloride to produce allylarenes and 2-chloropropyl- or propenylarenes using a catalyst comprising a metal oxide substrate having tantalum (V) halide/oxide bound to the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: Liquid crystal compounds which exhibit a liquid crystal phase within a broad temperature range and have a high clearing point and nevertheless a low viscosity, and liquid crystal compositions containing the same are provided, which liquid crystal compounds have positive dielectric anisotropy values and are expressed by the general formula ##STR1## wherein R represents hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms; ##STR2## Y represents H or F; and X represent a halogen atom or CN.

Abstract: A compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R represents a linear alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, n represents an integer of 1 or 2, and X represents F when n is 1 and F or Cl when n is 2.

Abstract: Improved yields of biaromatic compounds, e.g., unsymmetrical biphenyl compounds, result by incorporating metallic copper in a non-aqueous diazonium-type coupling reaction.

Abstract: New liquid crystal compounds having a low viscosity and nevertheless having a high transparent point and a broad nematic temperature range, and liquid crystal compositions containing the same are provided. The compounds are liquid-crystalline halogenobenzene derivatives expressed by the general formula ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; ##STR2## and X and Y each are H, F or Cl, at least one of X and Y being F or Cl.

Abstract: Anisotropic compounds with negative or positive DCA and .DELTA.n.ltoreq.0.2 have the formula (1) ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 l are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbon atoms respectively, or one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can represent cyclical fragment of formulae (1a) or (1b); ##STR2## the bridges Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 are identical or different and means covalent bonds or carboxyl or oxycarbonyl groups; R.sup.3 is hydrogen, alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively; X.sup.1 and X.sup.4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, nitrile or nitro, wherein at least one of X.sup.1 and X.sup.4 is not hydrogen when R.sup.2 represents a cyclical fragment of formula (1a) or (1b) and Z.sup.2 is a carboxyl group or Z.sup.3 is an oxycarbonyl group, respectively. Liquid crystal compositions are also disclosed.

Abstract: Ethylene carbonate is used as a heat storage medium in a process for the storage of heat wherein the medium changes phase during the release and absorption of heat.

Abstract: The invention is a novel chloro-substituted cyclopropane carboxylic acid useful for the preparation of novel insecticidal-acaricidal pyrethroids.

Abstract: The compounds are 4-phenyl-4-lower alkyl-substituted-3-buten-2-ones, and -2-halo-1,3-butadienes, e.g., 2-(p-biphenylyl)-2-penten-4-one, and are useful as pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: A biphenyl compound is produced from a corresponding aromatic monocyclic compound at a high yield thereof and a high percent selectivity thereto, by dehydrogenatively dimerizing the aromatic monocyclic compound with molecular oxygen in the presence of oxalic acid together with a organic palladium salt catalyst, under a pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: 1-Phenyl- and -benzyl-2,2-dichloro-cyclopropanes of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 denotes a hydrogen atom or a methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy or ethoxy group,R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 independently of one another represent hydrogen atoms or methyl, ethyl or propyl groups,n is 0 or 1, andthe total number of the carbon atoms in the molecule is at most about 15, and preferably at most about 12,are employed as scents in the cosmetic and home hygiene fields.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a substituted vinyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ester of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently is alkyl with 1-4 carbon atoms or halogen,R.sup.3 is halogen, phenoxy or phenoxy substituted by alkyl with 1-4 carbon atoms or by halogen,R.sup.4 is halogen or methyl, andn is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,comprising saponifying with alkali an ester of the formula ##STR2## in which R.sup.5 is alkyl with 1-4 carbon atoms,thereby to replace R.sup.5 by an alkaline salt group, and directly reacting such salt without intermediate purification with a benzyl chloride of the formula ##STR3## Advantageously the benzyl chloride is obtained by the gas-phase photochlorination of a compound of the formula ##STR4## the chlorination proceeding to about 25 to 75%, and the chlorination mass being employed directly without isolation.

Abstract: A method is provided for making certain diaryliodonium salt photoinitiators, based on the initial formation of a diaryliodonium bisulfate. Methylene chloride is substituted for acetic acid during the reaction between potassium iodate and benzene in the presence of acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid. The diaryliodonium bisulfate is then reacted with a counterion source, such as a metal salt, to produce the desired diaryliodonium salt which can be used as a photoinitiator. The iodonium salt photoinitiators made by the method of the present invention can be used to make UV curable compositions.