Abstract: A preferred process for producing a brominated, non-fused aromatic composition involves a continuous bromination in a continuous, mixed reactor such as a continuous stirred tank reactor. Bromine and the aromatic substrate, and optionally a bromination catalyst, are continuously fed to a reaction zone to form a reaction mixture, and the reaction mixture is continuously withdrawn from the reaction zone after an established average residence time. Bromination levels can be readily controlled by controlling the average residence time of the reaction mixture within the reaction zone. Preferred continuos processes also provide mixed, brominated compositions having product distributions which are substantially broader than that obtained by batch brominations conducted to achieve the same level of bromination. Preferred products thus have broad melting ranges which are advantageous in compounding operations.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of dichloro-(2,2)-paracyclophane from p-methylbenzylhalide through 2(3)-chloro-p-methylbenzyltrimethylammonium halide by Hofmann elimination of 2(3)-chloro-p-methylbenzyl trimethylammonium hydroxide in an aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide, wherein the 2(3)-chloro-p-methylbenzyltrimethylammonium halide is prepared by chlorination of p-methylbenzyltrimethylammonium halide and the Hofmann elimination is conducted in the presence of dioxane.

Abstract: The present invention provides liquid crystals that are diphenyldiacetylenes of the general formulas: ##STR1## where W, X, Y and Z are, independently of one another, a halogen atom, a hydrogen atom or a trihalomethyl group, T.sub.1 and T.sub.2, independently of one another can be an alkyl, alkene, alkoxy, alkenoxy, ether, thioalkyl, thioalkenyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy or haloalkylether groups having from three to twenty carbon atoms or a silylalkyl, silylalkenyl, silylalkoxy or silylthioalkyl group having from three to twenty-eight carbon atoms and wherein M.sub.1 and M.sub.2 can both be single bonds or one of M.sub.1 or M.sub.2 can be a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or a --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -trans-1,4-cyclohexylene.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process and apparatus for preparing a product predominant in decabromodiphenylethane, the process comprising heat treating the product in a product treating and storage system for a period of time and at a temperature which are sufficient to reduce the amount of unreacted bromine in the product wherein the product treating and storage system comprises an insulated storage vessel, and a heated stream of carrier gas for carrying and suspending the product particles in the storage vessel during the heat treatment step.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement in a process for preparing a product predominant in decabromodiphenylethane. In the improved process the diphenylethane is reacted with bromine in the presence of bromination catalyst in a reaction vessel by feeding diphenylethane to the reaction vessel below the liquid level of bromine in the reaction vessel. The improvement comprises contacting diphenylethane, bromine, and catalyst at a rate sufficient to obtain a diphenylethane predominant product having enhanced color and particle size.

Abstract: Processes are disclosed for preparing [2.2] paracyclophane and derivatives thereof by conducting the Hofmann elimination of p-methylbenzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide, or derivatives thereof, in the presence of an effective amount of oxygen to inhibit the formation of by-product polymers. The oxygen can be introduced, for example, by a purge gas stream containing molecular oxygen. Products produced by the processes are also disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing a white or at least near white product which is predominant in decabromodiphenylalkane, and which contains a minor amount of dodecabromodiphenylalkane.

Abstract: A novel multi-step process for preparing the (4S)-enantiomer of 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone in a highly-optically pure form is disclosed. The process involves (1) first reacting 3,4-dichlorocinnamyl chloride with L-(-)-ephedrine in a chlorinated lower hydrocarbon solvent to form the corresponding chiral N-methyl-N-(.beta.-hydroxy-.beta.-phenylisopropyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)p ropenoamide; (2) then subjecting the chiral .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated amide formed in the first step to a Grignard reaction with phenyl magnesium chloride or bromide, followed by hydrolysis, to effect a conjugate addition of the phenyl group and the hydrogen element to the aforesaid .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated propenoamide and so selectively form the corresponding chiral N-methyl-N-(.beta.-hydroxy-.beta.

Abstract: Symmetrical diaryl-acetylenes can be prepared by reacting an aryl halide with acetylene in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base. If the acetylene is introduced into the liquid reaction mixture using a high intensity gas dispersion means, the aryl halide used can be an aryl bromide.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## in which, independently of one another, each R is OH or lower alkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms and each R' is hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms, are prepared by the condensation of partially fluorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of hydrogen fluoride or by the reductive coupling of partially fluorinated aromatic compounds. The compounds are used as a starting material for the preparation of partially fluorinated polycondensates.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel mixtures of brominated diphenyl ethanes, such mixtures containing a predominant amount of hexabromodiphenyl ethane and having an average bromine number, based upon GC area percent, of from about 6.7 to about 7.3. ABS based formulations containing such mixtures and articles made from such formulations are also a part of this invention.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making a bisphenyl dihalomethane by reacting a trihalomethylbenzene with a halobenzene and a Lewis acid. The bisphenyl dihalomethane can than be reacted with water to form a halobenzophenone. In an optical third step ring chlorines that are present can be replaced with fluorines and, in a final step, any remaining chlorines can be removed to leave a fluorobenzophenone. The process is particularly useful in making 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone, which is in turn useful in making polyetheretherketones.

Abstract: Optionally substituted benzyl-benzenes can be prepared by reaction of a benzyl alcohol of the formula ##STR1## with a benzene of the formula ##STR2## in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 independently of one another denote hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, fluorine or chlorine, where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently of one another may also represent hydroxyl and R.sup.5 may additionally be C.sub.5 -C.sub.8 -alkyl,R.sup.6 represents hydrogen or one of the groups ##STR3## R.sup.8 denotes hydrogen or hydroxymethyl, in a ratio of 1 mole of benzene to 0.8-5 moles of benzyl alcohol in the presence of an amount of activated bleaching earth of 0.05-5% by weight, relative to the amount of benzyl alcohol, at a temperature between 90.degree. C. and 140.degree. C. in the presence of a diluent.

Abstract: Novel compounds of the formula ##STR1## and processes for their preparation are described. X represents bromine or iodine and R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 have the meaning indicated in the patent claim. The compounds (I) are valuable intermediates for the preparation of fluorescent brighteners of the divinylstilbene type.

Abstract: Compositions useful as pour point depressants, novel compounds within such compositions, and processes for making same, as well as lubricant oil compositions containing same, are disclosed. The novel compounds are encompassed by the general structural formula (I)Ar(R)--[Ar'(R')].sub.n --Ar" (I)wherein the Ar, Ar' and Ar" are independently an aromatic moiety containing 1 to 3 aromatic rings and each aromatic moiety is substituted with 0 to 3 substituents, (R) and (R') are independently an alkylene group containing about 1 to 100 carbon atoms with the proviso that at least one of (R) or (R') is CH.sub.2, and n is 0 to about 1000; with the proviso that if n is 0, then (R) is CH.sub.2 and each aromatic moiety is independently substituted with 0 to 3 substituents with one aromatic moiety having at least one substituent, the substituents being selected from the group consisting of a substituent derived from an olefin and a substituent derived from a chlorinated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Dichlorotrifluoromethyltoluenes useful in producing some medicines and agricultural chemicals are formed with good yields by reacting dichlorotrichloromethyltoluenes with hydrogen fluoride usually at 0.degree.-100.degree. C. under pressure of 3-20 kg/cm.sup.2. Besides known 3,4-dichloro-6-trifluoromethyltoluene and 3,4-dichloro-5-trifluoromethyltoluene, novel isomers are also obtained by this method.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of (2,2)-paracyclophane or derivatives thereof by the Hofmann elimination of p-methylbenzyl-trimethylammonium hydroxide or derivatives thereof, in an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, wherein said elimination is carried out in the presence of a compound of the formula (I):(R).sub.m --A--(X).sub.n (I)wherein A represents an aromatic group, X an electron donor group, R hydrogen or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 1 to 6, and m is zero or an integer from 1 up to a value such that the sum m+n is equal to the number of substitutable positions in the aromatic group.

Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of the dimer, dichloro-[2,2]paracyclophane, which is useful as the starting material for the deposition of conformal parylene coatings employed, for example, in the electronics industry for the protection of various sensitive electronic components.The process avoids the normally low yields of chlorinated dimer formed by the chlorination of 2,2-paracyclophane and instead utilizes the Hofmann elimination of 2(3)-chloro-p-methylbenzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide by conducting the elimination reaction under carefully controlled conditions of reaction temperature and profile, reaction feed configuration, water concentration in the reactor and the use of a cosolvent, certain reaction promoters, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Cyclohexane derivatives of the formula IR.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1 --A.sup.2 --R.sup.2 Iin whichR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each an alkyl group having 1-10 C atoms, in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by O atoms and/or --CO-- groups and/or --CO--O-- groups and/or --CH.dbd.CH-- groups, one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 also being H, F, Cl, Br, CN or R.sup.3 --A.sup.3 --Z.sup.2 --,A.sup.1 is --A--, A.sup.4 --A-- or --A--A.sup.4 --,A is a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group which can be substituted in the 2-, 3-, 5- and/or 6-position one or more times by F and/or Cl and/or Br and/or CN and/or an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group which each have 1-10 C atoms and in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by 0 atoms and/or --CO-- groups and/or --CO--O-- groups, and which may also be substituted in the 1- and/or 4-position,A.sup.2, A.sup.3 and A.sup.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of (2,2)-paracyclophane or derivatives thereof by the Hofmann elimination of p-methylbenzyl-trimethylammonium hydroxide or derivatives thereof, in an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, wherein said elimination is carried out in the presence of a compound of the formula (I):Y--A--(X).sub.n (I)wherein A represents an aromatic group, Y an electron donor group, X an electron acceptor group, and n is an integer from 1 to 3.

Abstract: Optionally substituted 2-benzyl-toluenes can be prepared by reaction of optionally substituted 2-benzyl-tert.-alkyl-toluenes with an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon in the presence of anhydrous iron-(III) halide. The reaction is carried out at ambient to elevated temperature. The optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon is employed in molar excess, relative to the 2-benzly-tert.-alkyl-toluenes.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of (2,2)-paracyclophane or derivatives thereof by the Hofmann elimination of p-methylbenzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide or derivatives thereof, in an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, wherein said elimination is carried out in the presence of a dialkylether of mono- and poly-ethylene glycols having the formula:R--O--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O--.sub.n R' (I)wherein R and R', which may be the same or different, represent alkyl groups having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and n is an integer from 1 to 5.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for the preparation of halogenated (2,2)-paracyclophanes by Hofmann elimination, in an alkaline medium, from p.methylbenzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide halogen-substituted in the nucleus.

Abstract: Compositions useful as pour point depressants, novel compounds within such compositions, and processes for making same, as well as lubricant oil compositions containing same, are disclosed. The novel compounds are encompassed by the general structural formula (I) ##STR1## wherein the Ar, Ar' and Ar" are independently an aromatic moiety containing 1 to 3 aromatic rings and each aromatic moiety is substituted with 0 to 3 substituents, (R) and (R') are independently an alkylene group containing about 1 to 100 carbon atoms with the proviso that at least one of (R) or (R') is CH.sub.2, and n is 0 to about 1000; with the proviso that if n is 0, then (R) is CH.sub.2 and each aromatic moiety is independently substituted with 0 to 3 substituents with one aromatic moiety having at least one substituent, the substituents being selected from the group consisting of a substituent derived from an olefin and a substituent derived from a chlorinated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A liquid crystalline compound of the general formula ##STR1## wherein ##STR2## represents ##STR3## R and R', independently from each other, represent a linear alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxymethylene group whose alkoxy moiety has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cyano group or a halogen atom, and n and m, independently from each other, represent 0 or 1.

Abstract: Anisotropic compounds of the formula (1) specified in claim 1 are suitable, owing to their low .DELTA..epsilon./.epsilon..perp. values for liquid crystal displays which have high information densities of for examples up to 10.sup.6 image dots and accordingly need to be highly multiplexible; compared with known compounds they offer improved application properties and are relatively simple to synthesize.

Abstract: New anisotropic compounds with a cross-polarizing substituent have the formula (1) ##STR1## The increase in .epsilon..perp. is achieved by the polarizing group X, preferably the cyano group or a halogen atom, which is not laterally on the ring, as with the known compounds, but is on the bridge, that is to say is part of the main bridge bonding rings A and B to one another. Ring A has the formula (1a) or (1b) given herein and is always cycloaliphatic, while ring B can be identical to ring A or is an aromatic ring of the formula (1c) or (1d) herein. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different end groups of the formula (1e) herein.The radical X on the bridge causes less widening of the molecule than a radical X on a ring, which provides comparatively higher clear points and moreover enables aromatic rings to be omitted from the anisotropic compounds.

Abstract: Stilbene derivatives of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is chlorine or bromine, R.sub.1 is hydrogen, carboxyl, cyano, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl or a non-chromophorically esterified carboxyl group, and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 independently of one another are each hydrogen, unsubstituted or non-chromophorically substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl or C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 -alkenyl, or a non-chromophoric substituent of the 2nd order.They are valuable intermediates for producing optical brighteners of the 4,4'-disubstituted stilbene series.

Abstract: The process of producing ethynyl aromatic compounds which are useful as intermediates in the preparation of 3-dimensional carbon-carbon structures for aerospace and military applications and as starting materials in the preparation of organic semi-conductors. The ethynyl aromatic compounds may be any of the classes illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 of the drawing. Starting compounds for the process may by any compound from the classes illustrated in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6. The starting compound is reacted in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst in a suitable solvent with an acyl compound from the class illustrated in FIG. 7 to yield a compound within the classes illustrated in FIGS. 8, 9 and 10. The carbonyl groups in this compound are reduced to yield a corresponding alcohol. Each hydroxy group in the alcohol is converted to an easily eliminatable group, e.g., by reacting it with methane sulfonyl chloride, when subjected to basic conditions.

Abstract: Electroviscous (EV) fluids consisting of solid hydrophilic particles dispersed in hydrophobic liquids, where the liquid contains a diaryl derivative component of general formula I ##STR1## in which R is CY.sub.2,O,S,SO,SO.sub.2,SiF.sub.2, or O--SiY.sub.2 --O,X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are halogens, (m+n) is between 1 and 3 on average, and (p+q) is between 0 and 1 on average. EV fluids containing these novel components possess generally improved properties in terms of lower viscosities, electrical conductivities, toxicities and freezing points. In a preferred embodiment, the component is a mixture of brominated diphenyl methanes in which R is CH.sub.2,n=O,X.sup.1 =Br,(m+n) is approximately one, and (p+q)=0.

Abstract: A new process for preparing diphenyl derivatives of hexafluoropropane containing halogen substituents on the phenyl rings and new halogen-substituted diphenyl derivatives of hexafluoropropane prepared thereby are disclosed. The new compounds of this invention are useful as intermediates for the synthesis of high temperature polymer systems.

Abstract: New compounds of the formula: ##STR1## where n, x, y and z have value 1 or 2, their process of preparation and their use as dielectrics such as insulating fluids for transformers alone or in mixture with one or more products of general formula: ##STR2## where a varies from 2 to 4, b varies from 0 to 2 and R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Cyclohexylphenyl derivatives of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 --O--, --CH.sub.2 --S--, --O--CH.sub.2 -- or --S--CH.sub.2 --; R.sub.1 is alkyl of up to 8 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is alkyl or alkoxy each of up to 8 carbon atoms, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or cyano; and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are both hydrogen or one is hydrogen and the other is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or cyano, with the proviso that R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are both hydrogen when X is --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 -- or R.sub.2 is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or cyano, are valuable liquid crystalline compounds.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a 1,1-dichloroalkene of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is hydrogen, or an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl or aryl radical, andR.sup.2 is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl or aryl radical, orR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together form an optionally branched and/or optionally benzo-fused hydrocarbon chain,comprising reacting a carbonyl compound of the formula ##STR2## with a trichloromethanephosphonic acid ester of the formula ##STR3## in which R.sup.3 each individually is an alkyl or phenyl radical, or the two radicals R.sup.3 together are alkanediyl,in the presence of at least an equimolar amount of a phosphorous acid triamide of the formulaP(NR.sup.4.sub.2).sub.3in whichR.sup.4 each independently is an alkyl radical, or the two radicals R.sup.4 together are alkanediyl.Advantageously,R.sup.1 is hydrogen,R.sup.2 a C.sub.2 to C.sub.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which Z, Z.sub.1, R, m and p are as defined in patent claim 1, can be obtained in a simple and economical manner by a novel process wherein a halide of the formula II ##STR2## is reacted with a substituted or unsubstituted vinylbenzene or vinylnaphthalene derivative in the presence of a base and of certain palladium catalysts, such as palladium acetate. The compounds (I) or functional derivatives preparable therefrom are useful, for example, for the preparation of known dyes or fluorescent brighteners, or can be used directly as fluorescent brighteners or as scintillators.

Abstract: A process for producing a halobiphenyl derivative represented by the following formula (I) comprises dehydrogenating a cyclohexylhalobenzene represented by the following formula (II) under such conditions that substantially no dehalogenation occurs. ##STR1## wherein X represents a halogen atom, and each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represents a group represented by the formula ##STR2## wherein A represents carboxyl or an alkoxycarbonyl group and R represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group; an alkylcarbonyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; alkyl; aryl; arylcarbonyl; hydroxyalkyl; cyanoalkyl or cyanoalkenyl group.