Abstract: Processes for the effective dimerization and oligomerization of a mixed butenes feed using an ion exchange resin based catalyst are provided. The dimerization and oligomerization processes produce highly branched C8 and C8+ olefins (e.g., C12, C16 and C20 olefins) which could be used as superior fuel blending component for higher energy contents, higher octane value, higher octane sensitivity and lower RVP.

Abstract: The disclosure describes a high energy density jet fuel composition, having a smoke point about 18 mm as determined by ASTM D1322 and a thermal stability of no more than 25 mm Hg as determined by ASTM D 3241, and a method for making a jet fuel composition, wherein the net heat of combustion is determined by the aromatics content, cycloparaffins content, and normal plus or iso paraffins content in the jet fuel composition.

Abstract: High octane unleaded aviation fuel compositions having high aromatics content and a CHN content of at least 97.2 wt %, less than 2.8 wt % of oxygen content, a T10 of at most 75° C., T40 of at least 75° C., a T50 of at most 105° C., a T90 of at most 135° C., a final boiling point of less than 190° C., an adjusted heat of combustion of at least 43.5 MJ/kg, a vapor pressure in the range of 38 to 49 kPa, freezing point is less than ?58° C. is provided.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for increasing thermal stability of fuel, as well as in reducing nitrogen content and/or enhancing color quality of the fuel. According to the method, a fuel feedstock can be treated with a solid phosphoric acid catalyst under appropriate catalyst conditions, e.g., to increase the thermal stability of the fuel feedstock. Preferably, the fuel feedstock can be treated with the solid phosphoric acid catalyst at a ratio of catalyst mass within a contact zone to a mass flow rate of feedstock through the zone of at least about 18 minutes to increase the thermal stability of the fuel feedstock, along with reducing nitrogen content and/or enhancing color quality.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to renewable compositions derived from fermentation of biomass, and integrated methods of preparing such compositions.

Abstract: A fuel production method and a fuel production apparatus, for producing fuel by which the fuel efficiency can be improved and the generation of hazardous substances can be easily suppressed and which is stable, and fuel oil produced by such a method and apparatus are provided. This improves the satisfaction of users, and contributes to the prevention of environmental destruction. A fuel production method for producing fuel oil by mixing and reacting enzyme water with petroleum-based hydrocarbon oil is provided, the enzyme water being produced by mixing a natural plant enzyme, containing at least lipase, in water. The natural plant enzyme further contains cellulase. The enzyme water further contains methanol.

Abstract: The present application provides a bio-diesel blending system for blending a flow of a bio-diesel fuel with a flow of a second fuel. The bio-diesel blending system may include one or more second fuel skids with the flow of the second fuel, a bio-diesel tank with the flow of the bio-diesel fuel, a bio-diesel skid in communication with the bio-diesel tank, and one or more blending lines in communication with the bio-diesel skid and the second fuel skids for in-line blending of the flow of the bio-diesel fuel and the flow of the second fuel to form a blended flow.

Abstract: Use in a gas oil fuel composition, which preferably comprises a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel, of a compound according to formula (I): wherein: R1 to R4 are each independently hydrogen or a C1-10 alkyl group, where such alkyl groups may be the same as or different from one another; and X is a nitrogen- or oxygen-containing group, for the purpose of reducing the cetane number of said fuel composition; preparation of such a fuel composition; and operating a fuel consuming system.

Abstract: Oleaginous microbial biomass is subjected to pyrolysis to make microbial pyrolysis oil for use as a fuel or is otherwise formed into combustible products for the generation of heat and/or light.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method of making a jet fuel composition comprising: blending from about 3 vol % to about 30 vol % of a catalytically and/or thermally cracked blendstock into a non-cracked jet-boiling-range distillate to produce a jet-type blend with a smoke point less than 18 mm; and thereafter, blending from about 2 vol % to about 50 vol % of synthesized paraffinic kerosine (SPK) into the jet-type blend to produce a jet fuel with a smoke point of at least 18 mm.

Abstract: A compound having formula (Ph3C)mAr(OR)n, wherein Ph represents a phenyl group, Ar is an aromatic ring system having from six to twenty carbon atoms, R is C1-C18 alkyl or C7-C12 aralkyl, m is one or two, and n is an integer from one to four.

Abstract: Fuel compositions containing an isomerized component of a single carbon number may contain at least 97 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fuel composition, of an isomerized component consisting of aliphatic paraffin isomers all having the formula CnH2n+2, where 10?n?22 and n has the same value for each aliphatic paraffin isomer in the isomerized component. The fuel compositions have a normal alkane content of less than 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the fuel composition. Methods for preparing the fuel compositions include hydroisomerizing a normal alkane starting material to form an isomerized mixture and subsequently removing remnant normal alkanes from the isomerized mixture by solvent dewaxing and/or distillation. Some of the fuel compositions may have freezing points at or below ?47° C., making them amenable for use a surrogate fuels in the place of JP-8.

Abstract: A renewable fuel blend and a process for producing a renewable fuel blend are described. The blend includes biologically derived C13 to C18 normal paraffins, which are provided to the blend in quantities such that blend does not require a pour point reducing treatment to achieve a low pour point. In embodiments, the normal paraffins are produced in an upgrading process, such as a hydrotreating process.

Abstract: A method for marking a petroleum hydrocarbon or a liquid biologically derived fuel by adding at least one compound having formula (I), wherein R1 and R2 independently represent hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl groups, and G represents hydrogen or at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C18 alkyl and C1-C18 alkoxy.

Abstract: A process for the production of bio-oil from solid urban waste, comprising the following steps: a) subjecting said solid urban waste to liquefaction, obtaining a mixture including an oily phase consisting of bio-oil, a solid phase and an aqueous phase; b) subjecting the aqueous phase obtained in the liquefaction step a) to fermentation, obtaining a fermented biomass; c) feeding the fermented biomass obtained in the fermentation step b) to the liquefaction step a). The bio-oil (or bio-crude) thus obtained can be advantageously used in the production of biofuels which can be used as such or mixed with other motor vehicle fuels. Alternatively, this bio-oil (or bio-crude) can be used as such (biocombustible) or mixed with fossil combustibles (combustible oil, coal, etc.) for the generation of electric energy or heat.

Abstract: Methods are provided for refining natural oil feedstocks and producing dibasic esters and/or dibasic acids. The methods comprise reacting a terminal olefin with an internal olefin in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to form a dibasic ester and/or dibasic acid. In certain embodiments, the olefin esters are formed by reacting the feedstock in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a metathesized product comprising olefins and esters, separating the olefins from the esters in the metathesized product, and transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product having olefin esters.

Abstract: Low sulphur marine fuel compositions are provided. Embodiments comprise greater than 50 to 90 wt % of a residual hydrocarbon component, with the remaining 10 and up to 50 wt % selected from a non-hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, a hydroprocessed hydrocarbon component, and a combination thereof. Embodiments of the marine fuel composition can have a sulphur content of about 0.1 wt % or less.

Abstract: Acyclic monterpene alcohols, like linalool, to be converted through a series of highly efficient catalytic reactions a biogasoline blending component, and a drop-in biodiesel fuel.

Abstract: Described herein are methods for producing fuels and solvents from fatty acid resources. In general, the pyrolysis products of fatty acids are extracted in order to remove residual fatty acids and produce very pure hydrocarbon compositions composed of alkanes and alkenes. The fatty acids removed from the extraction step can be further pyrolyzed to produce additional hydrocarbons or, in the alternative, the fatty acids can be isolated and used in other applications. Also disclosed herein are fuels and solvents produced by the methods described herein.

Abstract: A process for upgrading pyrolysis oil that includes heating pyrolysis oil in the absence of added catalyst at 100° C. to 200° C. temperature and 50 bar to 250 bar pressure, and heating the product of the first heating in the absence of added catalyst at 200° C. to 400° C. temperature and 50 bar to 250 bar pressure. Also, the product obtained by this process and the use of treated pyrolysis oil. Further, methods where the treated pyrolysis oil is fed to a power plant for producing electricity; is burned in a boiler for producing heating oil and/or is used as transportation fuel or as a blending component in transportation fuel.

Abstract: Tetrahydrotricyclopentadienes are isomerized to a low pour point, high energy missile fuel. Aluminum trichloride is the catalyst and an inert chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent is present. The mole ratio of AlCl3 to the diene is in the range between from about 0.005 to about 1.0. The isomerization temperature is in the range from between about ?20° C. to about 25° C.

Abstract: An approach that permits continuous batch conversion of alpha-olefins and internal-olefins to oligomeric materials without fouling the reaction vessel and provides a simple and highly efficient method for making very cost effective catalyst systems based on Zeigler-Natta Group 4 metallocenes. Embodiments of this invention produce diesel and turbine fuels that are 100% synthetic iso-paraffinic kerosenes with flashpoints greater than 61 deg C.

Abstract: A method of: providing a mixture of fecal waste and a bacterium; incubating the mixture to produce a fatty acid enriched mixture; removing water from the fatty acid enriched mixture to produce a dried mixture; and pyrolyzing the dried mixture in an inert atmosphere to produce an alkane from the C5-C32 fatty acid. The bacterium is a type that produces a C5-C32 fatty acid in the presence of any microbes in the fecal waste.

Abstract: Methods are provided for refining natural oil feedstocks. The methods comprise reacting the feedstock in the presence of a metathesis catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a metathesized product comprising olefins and esters. In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise separating the olefins from the esters in the metathesized product. In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise hydrogenating the olefins under conditions sufficient to form a fuel composition. In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of biomass to hydrocarbon products such as transportation fuels, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, chemical and refinery plant feeds. The instant process uses a hydrocarbon or synthesis gas co-feed and hot pressurized water to convert the biomass in a manner commonly referred to as hydrothermal liquefaction.

Abstract: A method/fuels for making high-density, high-octane fuels, the high-density, high-octane including, dimerizirig terpene monomer(s), crude mixture of terpene(s), and/or oxygenated terpenoid(s) with at least one heterogeneous dimerization acid catalyst at temperatures ranging from about 25° C. to about 160° C. to produce a mixture of residual/isomerized monomer(s) cymene(s), and terpene dimer(s), hydrogenating the mixture of residual/isomerized monomer(s), p-cymene(s), and terpene dimer(s) with at least one heterogenous catalyst(s) under a hydrogen atmosphere to produce a hydrogenated mixture of cymene(s), saturated cyclic molecules of terpene(s), other aromatic(s), and/or saturated terpene dimer(s), and isolating the hydrogenated mixture of cymene(s), saturated cyclic terpene(s), other aromatic(s), and saturated terpene dimer(s) by fractional distillation to yield a high boiling fraction composed of terpene dimers and mixture low boiling fraction composed of hydrogenated monomer(s) and cymenes.

Abstract: A process for controlling the simultaneous production of hydrocarbons with boiling points in both the diesel fuel range and the aviation fuel range from renewable feedstocks originating from plants or animals other than petroleum feedstocks is described. The hydrocarbon product can be adjusted by changing the feedstocks without requiring different process equipment.

Abstract: The present application generally relates to the introduction of a renewable fuel oil as a feedstock into refinery systems or field upgrading equipment. For example, the present application is directed to methods of introducing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into a petroleum conversion unit; for example, a refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), a coker, a field upgrader system, a hydrocracker, and/or hydrotreating unit; for co-processing with petroleum fractions, petroleum fraction reactants, and/or petroleum fraction feedstocks and the products, e.g., fuels, and uses and value of the products resulting therefrom.

Abstract: The present application generally relates to methods to increase the gasoline and/or light cycle oil yield of a fluidized catalytic cracker processing a petroleum fraction by injecting a stream comprising a renewable fuel oil into a riser of a fluidized catalytic cracker, and the resulting fuels therefrom.

Abstract: The present application generally relates to methods to prepare a fuel from a liquid biomass by first producing the liquid biomass from a solid biomass by a thermal process, and then processing the liquid biomass with a petroleum fraction in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: A diesel oil composition is provided which, while having a low sulfur content, has an excellent oxidative stability even under the higher temperature conditions that can be expected for the operating environments of the future. The diesel oil composition has a fluorenes content of at least 200 ppm by mass and an acenaphthylenes content of at most 2000 ppm by mass.

Abstract: The present invention provides an unleaded, piston engine fuel formulation comprising a blend of mesitylene, pseudocumene and isopentane having a MON of at least 94 and an RVP of 38 to 49 kPa at 37.8° C. In certain aspects, the formulation comprises specific weight percentages of each of the mesitylene, pseudocumene and isopentane components, and varying MON ratings. In additional aspects, the formulations comprise a combination of mesitylene, isopentane, and one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of pseudocumene, toluene and xylenes. In certain embodiments, the formulations also include alkylates and or alkanes. The formulations have unusually high MON ratings, and desirable RVP and distillation curve characteristics for formulations not including additional components, particularly octane boosters.

Abstract: A fuel composition for use in gasoline engines which has excellent acceleration characteristics at high speeds and excellent fuel consumption. The fuel composition of this invention for use in gasoline engines satisfies the conditions: (1) the research octane number is not less than 99; (2) the density is in the range of from 0.750 to 0.770 g/cm3; (3) the distillation temperature at 50 vol % distilled is in the range of from 95 to 102° C., the distillation temperature at 90 vol % distilled is in the range of from 160 to 180 ° C., and the distillation end point is in the range of from 180 to 220 ° C.; and (4) the content of aromatic hydrocarbons with 9 or more carbon atoms is in the range of from 15 to 25% by volume, and the indane content is in the range of from 0.5 to 3.0% by volume.

Abstract: A process for converting a solid biomass material comprising: a) providing a solid biomass material; b) contacting a feed comprising the solid biomass material and a petroleum-derived hydrocarbon composition, which petroleum derived hydrocarbon composition has a C7-asphaltenes content of equal to or more than 1.0 wt %, based on the total weight of the petroleum-derived hydrocarbon composition, co-currently with a source of hydrogen in one or more ebullating bed reactors comprising a catalyst at a temperature in the range from 350° C. to 500° C. to produce a reaction product.

Abstract: An emulsifier for a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion fuel wherein reseparation between oil and water does not take place for a long period of time because of a stable emulsion state with homogenous dispersion. The emulsifier for a water-in-oil emulsion fuel includes the following (1) to (7) components: (1) heavy oil A: 50 mL or more 100 mL, (2) heavy oil B: 100 mL or more 200 mL, (3) heavy oil C: 300 mL or more 450 mL, (4) methanol: 100 mL or more 150 mL, (5) ethanol: 100 mL or more 200 mL, (6) palm oil: 100 mL or more 150 mL, and (7) water: 100 mL or more 200 mL.

Abstract: Pyrolysis fuels and methods for processing pyrolysis fuel are provided. In one embodiment, a method of processing pyrolysis fuel converts biomass to pyrolysis fuel including pyrolysis oil and char particles. Also, the method includes resizing a portion of the char particles so that substantially all resized char particles have a largest dimension no greater than about 5 microns.

Abstract: A fuel composition for use in gasoline engines which has excellent acceleration characteristics at high speeds and excellent fuel consumption. The fuel composition of this invention for use in gasoline engines satisfies the conditions: (1) the research octane number is not less than 90; (2) the density is in the range of from 0.740 to 0.760 g/cm3; (3) the distillation temperature at 50 vol % distilled is in the range of from 95 to 105 ° C., the distillation temperature at 90 vol % distilled is in the range of from 160 to 180° C., and the distillation end point is not more than 220° C.; and (4) the content of aromatic hydrocarbons with 9 or more carbon atoms is in the range of from 12 to 20% by volume, and the indane content is in the range of from 1.5 to 3.0% by volume.

Abstract: A process for producing jet fuel comprising the following steps: A.1) separating at least a portion of the C9 to C15 fraction from the product of a hydrocarbon synthesis process; A.2) converting at least a part of the separated C9 to C15 fraction to aromatic hydrocarbons; A.3) obtaining a jet fuel comprising the, optionally further treated, converted separated C9 to C15 fraction of step A.2); B.1) separating at least a portion of the C16+ fraction from the product of a hydrocarbon synthesis process; B.2) reducing the average number of carbon atoms of at least a portion of the separated C16+ fraction; B.3) optionally, separating the C9 to C15 fraction of at least a portion from the product obtained from step B.2); and B.4) adding at least a portion of the C9 to C15 fraction separated in step B.3), if present; or at least a portion of the product of step B.2).

Abstract: A motor fuel providing higher gas mileage comprising gasoline produced from petroleum and from about 1 to 30 wt % of mesitylene. This fuel can advantageously contain conventional additives used in gasoline. The use of mesitylene in gasoline blend yields a fuel blend with a higher research octane number and motor octane number. In addition, an improved jet fuel is provided, having from 1-10 wt % biomass-derived mesitylene added thereto, having improved carbon emission characteristics while maintaining required specifications. Further, an improved bio-fuel is provided, which may function as a replacement for conventional Jet A/JP-8 fuel and has lowered carbon emission specifications, the bio-fuel comprised of 75-90 wt % synthetic parafinnic kerosene (SPK) and 10-25 wt % mesitylene.

Abstract: The present invention provides non-petroleum high-octane fuel which may be derived from biomass sources, and a method of producing same. The method of production involves reducing the biomass feedstocks to sugars, fermenting the sugars using microorganisms or mutagens thereof to produce ethanol or acetic acid, converting the acetic acid or ethanol to acetone, and converting the acetone to mesitylene and isopentane, the major components of the engine fuel. Trimerization of acetone can be carried out in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of niobium, iron and manganese. The ethanol can be converted to mesitylene in a dehydration reaction in the presence of a catalyst of zinc oxide/calcium oxide, and unreacted ethanol and water separated from mesitylene by distillation.

Abstract: This invention relates to process for increasing color quality and thermal stability of fuel. Fuel that is provided as a feedstock is contacted or treated with an acidic, ion-exchange resin to increase the color quality and stability of the fuel. The process provides the benefit of substantially increasing the long term quality of both color and oxidation (JFTOT) stability.

Abstract: Methods and systems for blending multiple batches of mixed hydrocarbons into fuel streams downstream of the refinery are provided that do not compromise the octane value of the fuel and do not cause the volatility of the fuel to exceed volatilities imposed by government regulation.

Abstract: A method comprising the steps of providing a fatty acyl mixture comprising: (i) a C10-C16 acyl carbon atom chain content of at least 30 wt. % wherein at least 80% of the C10-C16 acyl carbon atom chains are saturated; and (ii) a C18-C22 acyl carbon atom chain content of at least 20 wt. % wherein at least 50% of the acyl C18-C22 carbon atom chains contain at least one olefin; oligomerizing at least some of the mixture to yield a second mixture comprising C36+ oligomers; hydrotreating the second mixture to yield a quantity of diesel fuel blendstock and C36+ alkanes; and separating at least some of the diesel fuel blendstock from the C36+ alkanes.

Abstract: A method comprising providing a fatty acyl mixture comprising: (i) a C10-C16 acyl carbon atom chain content of at least 30 wt. % wherein at least 80% of the C10-C16 acyl carbon atom chains are saturated; and (ii) a C18-C22 acyl carbon atom chain content of at least 20 wt. % wherein at least 50% of the acyl C18-C22 carbon atom chains contain at least one double bond; hydrolyzing the mixture to yield a quantity of C10-C16 saturated fatty acids and C18-C22 unsaturated fatty acids; oligomerizing at least some of the C18-C22 unsaturated fatty acids to yield a quantity of C36+ fatty acid oligomers; hydrotreating at least some of the C10-C16 saturated fatty acids and at least some of the C36+ fatty acid oligomers to yield a quantity of diesel fuel blendstock and C36+ alkanes; and separating at least some of the diesel fuel blendstock from the C36+ alkanes.

Abstract: A method of producing a hydrocarbon fuel from a hydrocarbon-containing gas is disclosed and described. A hydrocarbon-containing gas is produced (10) containing from about 25% to about 50% carbon dioxide and can be reformed (12) with a steam gas to form a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The reforming can be a composite dry-wet reforming or a tri-reforming step. The mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide can be at least partially converted (14) to a methanol product. The methanol product can be converted to the hydrocarbon fuel (18), optionally via UME synthesis (16). The method allows for effective fuel production with low catalyst fouling rates and for operation in an unmanned, self-contained unit at the source of the hydrocarbon-producing gas.

Abstract: The invention provides a fully synthetic aviation fuel or aviation fuel component having: a total naphthenic content of more than 30 mass %, a mass ratio of naphthenic to iso-paraffinic hydrocarbon species of more than 1 and less than 15, a density (at 15° C.) of greater than 0.775 g·cm-3, but less than 0.850 g·cm-3, an aromatic hydrocarbon content of greater than 8 mass %, but less than 20 mass %, a freezing point of less than ?47° C., a lubricity BOCLE WSD value of less than 0.85 mm. The invention further provides for the preparation of a fully synthetic coal-derived aviation fuel or aviation fuel component by blending a LFTF and a tar derived blend component. The invention extends to a method of producing a coal-derived, fully synthetic aviation fuel or aviation fuel component from coal gasifier tar and an LTLF derived fraction.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas oil composition for winter use, which can achieve environment load reduction, excellent low-temperature properties and low fuel consumption all together. The gas oil composition comprises on the basis of the total mass thereof, an FT synthetic base oil and/or a hydrotreated animal or vegetable oil with specific characteristics in an amount of 70 percent by volume or more and 98 percent by volume or less, a petroleum base oil with specific characteristics in an amount of 2 percent by volume or more and 30 percent by volume or less and a cold flow improver comprising an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and/or a compound with a surface active effect.

Abstract: A method of catalytically preparing a fluid product from solid carbonaceous material is described. In the method, at least one of the following equilibria is established by one or more catalysts: a) CH3OH=CO+2H2, b) CO+H2O=CO2+H2. In some versions, the solid carbonaceous material is woody biomass. Components of the fluid product can include one or a combination of C5-C9 alcohols. In certain versions, the method can be practiced with substantially all of the carbon in the carbonaceous material being converted to the fluid product. Also, in some versions, the fluid product can be prepared with substantially no char formation. The fluid product of various versions can be used directly as fuel or as a reagent for preparing commodity chemicals without the need for separating the fluid product components.

Abstract: Emissions of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from diesel engines may be reduced by blending a renewable hydrocarbon distillate with a base diesel fuel. The base diesel may be a fossil diesel fuel, a Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel as well as a hydroprocessed biodiesel fuel or a combination thereof. The renewable hydrocarbon distillate is a fraction from hydrotreated bio-oil having a boiling point between from about 320° F. to about 700° F.

Abstract: Gasoline fuel formulation having a laminar burning velocity SL which is equal to or below that of isooctane at a pressure of 1 bar, a temperature of 300 K and stoichiometric air/fuel mixture strength. The formulation can be used to reduce pre-ignition in a turbocharged spark ignition engine, in particular when operating with an inlet pressure above 1.5 bar absolute. The formulation can thus also be used to reduce engine damage. The invention also provides a method of preparing a gasoline fuel, by mixing gasoline fuel components to achieve a laminar burning velocity SL for the resultant mixture which is equal to or below that of isooctane at a pressure of 1 bar, a temperature of 300 K and stoichiometric air/fuel mixture strength. It further provides a method for selecting a gasoline fuel for use in a turbocharged spark ignition engine, based on its laminar burning velocity SL.