Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a new type of high-quality hydrocarbon base oil of biological origin. The process of the invention comprises ketonisation, hydrodeoxygenation, and isomerization steps. Fatty acids and/or fatty acid esters based on a biological raw material are preferably used as the feedstock.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas from which contaminants have been sufficiently removed to acetylene includes heating the purified gas through a selected range of temperature for adequate time or combustion of the purified gas at adequate temperature within a suitable environment during an adequate reaction time to convert a fraction of the gas stream to acetylene, wherein the acetylene is directed for other processes, reactions, and uses. A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons by combusting externally derived hydrogen for heating natural gas to a selected range of temperature. A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons by reacting conversion products with externally derived hydrogen to form olefins comprising ethylene, and catalytically forming liquid hydrocarbons from the olefins comprising ethylene.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes for converting hydrocarbons to olefins products such as ethylene and propylene. The invention also relates to polymerizing the olefins, and to equipment useful for these processes.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas from which contaminants have been sufficiently removed to acetylene includes heating the purified gas through a selected range of temperature for adequate time or combustion of the purified gas at adequate temperature within a suitable environment during an adequate reaction time to convert a fraction of the gas stream to acetylene, wherein the acetylene is directed for other processes, reactions, and uses. A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons by combusting externally derived hydrogen for heating natural gas to a selected range of temperature. A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons by reacting conversion products with externally derived hydrogen to form olefins comprising ethylene, and catalytically forming liquid hydrocarbons from the olefins comprising ethylene.

Abstract: A phosphine-based catalyst composition suitable for the telomerization of butadiene to produce 1-octene includes palladium and one of a class of novel phosphine ligands characterized by two potentially functionalized phenyl rings and a third phenyl group having an alkoxy functionality on one of the ortho-positions, which is part of a 5- or 6-membered ring between this ortho position and the adjacent meta position, this ring not being part of a second aryl group. The catalysts including this class of phosphine ligands may exhibit higher catalytic activity and selectivity, and may be used at lower temperatures, than many other phosphine ligand catalysts, reducing costs. Palladium precipitation may also be reduced.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method of separating butene-2 from a C4 cut containing butene-2 and butene-1 by selective oligomerization of butene-1 to predominantly linear oligomers. Optional additional steps make it possible to separate isobutene, 1,3-butadiene as well as traces of acetylene hydrocarbons optionally present in the C4 feedstock.

Abstract: A process for producing alkylate comprising contacting a first hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms which contains 1,3-butadiene and 1-butene with a hydroisomerization catalyst in the presence of hydrogen under conditions favoring the simultaneous selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene to butenes and the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene and contacting the resulting stream and a second hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one isoparaffin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms with an acidic ionic liquid catalyst under alkylation conditions to produce an alkylate is disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for producing fluid hydrocarbon products, and more specifically, to methods for producing fluid hydrocarbon product via catalytic pyrolysis. The reactants comprise solid hydrocarbonaceous materials, and hydrogen or a source of hydrogen (e.g., an alcohol). The products may include specific aromatic compounds (e.g., benzene, toluene, naphthalene, xylene, etc.).

Abstract: The present invention is method for debottlenecking an existing steam cracker unit of which the operation is modified from high severity to low severity operation, having a cracking zone and a fractionation zone, said fractionation zone comprising a gasoline stripper, a de-methaniser (I), a de-ethaniser (I) a de-propaniser (I) and a de-butaniser (I), said de-propaniser (I) receiving product from the bottom of the de-ethaniser (I) and optionally product from the bottom of the gasoline stripper (I), wherein said debottlenecking method comprises the steps of: a) adding a selective hydrogenation unit (II), b) adding a cracking reactor (II) comprising a catalyst selective towards light olefins in the outlet, c) adding a re-run column and a de-propaniser (II), d) sending a part or all of the bottoms stream of the gasoline stripper (I) to the selective hydrogenation unit (II) and subsequently to the cracking reactor (II) at conditions effective to produce an outlet with an olefin content of lower molecular weight t

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for deconstructing biomass using water. The method generally includes loading a reactor with biomass and water, heating the reactor to a first deconstruction temperature and establishing a first deconstruction pressure, maintaining the reactor at the first deconstruction temperature and a first deconstruction pressure for a first deconstruction period, flushing the reactor with water, and repeating these steps one or more times after establishing a second deconstructing temperature and second deconstruction pressure.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments provide a system and method for producing hydrocarbons from biomass. Certain embodiments of the method are particularly useful for producing substitute natural gas from forestry residues. Certain disclosed embodiments of the method convert a biomass feedstock into a product hydrocarbon by hydropyrolysis. Catalytic conversion of the resulting pyrolysis gas to the product hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide occurs in the presence of hydrogen and steam over a CO2 sorbent with simultaneous generation of the required hydrogen by reaction with steam. A gas separator purifies product methane, while forcing recycle of internally generated hydrogen to obtain high conversion of the biomass feedstock to the desired hydrocarbon product. While methane is a preferred hydrocarbon product, liquid hydrocarbon products also can be delivered.

Abstract: A process has been developed for producing fuel from renewable feedstocks such as plant and animal oils and greases. The process involves treating a first portion of a renewable feedstock by hydrogenating and deoxygenating in a first reaction zone and a second portion of a renewable feedstock by hydrogenating and deoxygenating in a second reaction zone to provide a diesel boiling point range fuel hydrocarbon product. If desired, the hydrocarbon product can be isomerized to improve cold flow properties. A portion of the hydrocarbon product is recycled to the first reaction zone to increase the hydrogen solubility of the reaction mixture.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of olefins, and in particular for separation of olefins produced by a dehydrogenation process from paraffin feed stocks, is provided. A high pressure product splitter is used to separate olefins produced in a dehydrogenation plant from residual paraffin feed stocks. The use of a high pressure splitter to separate olefin products from paraffin feed stocks allows for recovery of a high purity olefin product with lower energy consumption compared to prior art processes. The process is particularly suited to separation of propylene from propane.

Abstract: A method of refining a natural oil includes: (a) providing a feedstock that includes a natural oil; (b) reacting the feedstock in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to form a metathesized product that includes olefins and esters; (c) passivating residual metathesis catalyst with an agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a salt and/or an ester of a phosphorous oxo acid, (ii) a derivative of the phosphorous oxo acid in which at least one P—H bond has been replaced by a P—C bond, (iii) a salt and/or an ester of the derivative, and (iv) combinations thereof; (d) separating the olefins in the metathesized product from the esters in the metathesized product; and (e) transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product and/or hydrogenating the olefins to form a fully or partially saturated hydrogenated product.

Abstract: A method for producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of 6 to 8 carbon number from a feedstock oil having a 10 volume % distillation temperature of at least 140° C. and a 90 volume % distillation temperature of not more than 380° C., the method including: a cracking and reforming reaction step of obtaining a product containing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of 6 to 8 carbon number from the feedstock oil, a refining and collection step of refining and collecting monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of 6 to 8 carbon number that have been separated from the product, a hydrogenation reaction step of hydrogenating a heavy fraction of 9 or more carbon number separated from the product, and a recycling step of returning the heavy fraction hydrogenation reaction product obtained in the hydrogenation reaction step to the cracking and reforming reaction step.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for deconstructing and purifying biomass using water. The method includes the steps of loading a reactor with biomass and water, establishing and maintaining a deconstruction temperature and pressure for a deconstruction period, flushing the reactor with water, and repeating these steps to produce a solid phase and a biomass hydrolysate.

Abstract: In a process for dealkylating a poly-alkylated aromatic compound, a feed comprising at least one poly-alkylated aromatic compound selected from polypropylbenzene, polybutylbenzene, and polycyclohexylbenzene is introduced into a reaction zone. The feed is then contacted in the reaction zone with an acid catalyst under conditions effective to dealkylate at least a portion of the poly-alkylated aromatic compound and produce a first reaction product comprising at least one mono-alkylated aromatic compound.

Abstract: A method of refining a natural oil includes: (a) providing a feedstock that includes a natural oil; (b) reacting the feedstock in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to form a metathesized product that includes olefins and esters; (c) passivating residual metathesis catalyst with an agent selected from the group consisting of phosphorous acid, phosphinic acid, and a combination thereof; (d) separating the olefins in the metathesized product from the esters in the metathesized product; and (e) transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product and/or hydrogenating the olefins to form a fully or partially saturated hydrogenated product. Methods for suppressing isomerization of olefin metathesis products produced in a metathesis reaction, and methods of producing fuel compositions are described.

Abstract: A method of producing liquid fuels by providing an olefin feed containing at least one C2-C20 olefin, oligomerizing a part of the feed in the presence of a first catalyst to form a first product comprising oligomers of the at least one olefin, and oligomerizing a portion of the first product in the presence of a second catalyst to produce a second product. A system of producing liquid hydrocarbons, the system including a first reactor configured to provide a first product by oligomerizing, in the presence of a first catalyst, at least a portion of an olefin feed comprising at least one olefin, a separator configured to provide an unreacted olefin-reduced first product by separating unreacted olefin from the first product, and a second reactor configured to provide a second product by oligomerizing, in the presence of a second catalyst, at least a portion of the unreacted olefin-reduced first product.

Abstract: Apparatuses for processing a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock flows are provided. In one aspect, the method includes providing two or more hydroprocessing stages disposed in sequence, each hydroprocessing stage having a hydroprocessing reaction zone with a hydrogen requirement and each stage in fluid communication with the preceding stage. A hydrogen source is provided substantially free of hydrogen from a hydrogen recycle compressor. The hydrocarbonaceous feedstock flow is separated into an portions of fresh feed for each hydroprocessing stage, and the first portion of fresh feed to the first hydroprocessing stage is heated. The heated first portion of fresh feed is supplied with hydrogen from the hydrogen source in an amount satisfying substantially all of the hydrogen requirements of the hydroprocessing stages to a first hydroprocessing zone. The unheated second portion of fresh feed is admixed with effluent from previous stage to quench the hot reactor effluent before entering a second stage.

Abstract: Systems and methods for processing one or more hydrocarbons are provided. In one or more embodiments, the method can include thermally converting a hydrocarbon comprising methane to produce a first product comprising acetylene. The method can also include hydrogenating the first product to produce a second product comprising ethylene. The method can further include catalytically reacting the second product with one or more butene products to produce a third product comprising propylene.

Abstract: The invention provides for methods, compositions and systems using isoprene from a bioisoprene composition derived from renewable carbon for production of a variety of hydrocarbon fuels, fuel additives, and additives for fine chemistry and other uses.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for hydroprocessing two hydrocarbon streams at two different pressures. A hydrogen stream is compressed and split. A first split compressed stream is further compressed to feed a first hydroprocessing unit that requires higher pressure for operation. A second split compressed stream is fed to a second hydroprocessing unit that requires lower pressure. Recycle hydrogen from the second hydroprocessing unit is recycled back to the compression section.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for hydroprocessing two hydrocarbon streams at two different pressures. A hydrogen stream is compressed and split. A first split compressed stream is further compressed to feed a first hydroprocessing unit that requires higher pressure for operation. A second split compressed stream is fed to a second hydroprocessing unit that requires lower pressure. Recycle hydrogen from the second hydroprocessing unit is recycled back to the compression section.

Abstract: A process for producing an alkylate having a low Reid vapor pressure, the process including: contacting a C6+-containing hydrocarbon stream with a mixture of isopentane and isobutane in the presence of an acid catalyst in an alkylation reactor to form a dilute alkylate product, wherein the C6+-containing hydrocarbon stream includes at least one of oligomers of C3 to C5 olefins and a dilute alkylate produced by contacting an isoparaffin with at least one of C3 to C5 olefins and oligomers of C3 to C5 olefins; fractionating the dilute alkylate product to form an isobutane-rich fraction, a n-butane-rich fraction, a fraction containing isopentane, and an alkylate product having a Reid vapor pressure less than 0.35 bar (5 psi); recycling at least a portion of the fraction containing isopentane to the alkylation reactor.

Abstract: A phosphine ligand suitable for use in telomerizing butadiene comprises two phenyl groups and a xanthene moiety.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing a substitute natural gas stream to be added to a natural gas stream in which at least part of a refinery gas stream is reacted in a catalytic reactor to hydrogenate olefins into saturated hydrocarbons. The extent to which hydrogen and olefins are reacted in the catalytic reactor is controlled to reduce the concentration of olefins in the resulting substitute natural gas stream and to increase the interchangeability of the substitute natural gas stream with the natural gas. This control can be effectuated by by-passing part of the refinery off gas to an intermediate product stream produced by the catalytic reactor and thereby forming the substitute natural gas stream from the by-passed refinery gas stream and the intermediate product stream.

Abstract: 1-butene is recovered as a purified product from an MTO synthesis and especially from an integrated MTO synthesis and hydrocarbon pyrolysis system in which the MTO system and its complementary olefin cracking reactor are combined with a hydrocarbon pyrolysis reactor in a way that facilitates the flexible production and recovery of olefins and other petrochemical products, particularly butene-1 and MTBE.

Abstract: An integrated MTO synthesis and hydrocarbon pyrolysis system is described in which the MTO system and its complementary olefin cracking reactor are combined with a hydrocarbon pyrolysis reactor in a way that facilitates the flexible production of olefins and other petrochemical products, such as butene-1 and MTBE.

Abstract: An integrated MTO synthesis and hydrocarbon pyrolysis system is described in which the MTO system and its complementary olefin cracking reactor are combined with a hydrocarbon pyrolysis reactor in a way that facilitates the flexible production of olefins and other petrochemical products, such as butene-1 and MTBE.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods for making renewable diesel by deoxygenating (decarboxylating/decarbonylating/dehydrating) fatty acids to produce hydrocarbons are disclosed. Fatty acids are exposed to a catalyst selected from a) Pt and MO3 on ZrO2 (M is W, Mo, or a combination thereof), or b) Pt/Ge or Pt/Sn on carbon, and the catalyst decarboxylates at least 10% of the fatty acids. In particular embodiments, the catalyst consists essentially of 0.7 wt % Pt and 12 wt % WO3, relative to a mass of catalyst, or the catalyst consists essentially of a) 5 wt % Pt and b) 0.5 wt % Ge or 0.5 wt % Sn, relative to a mass of catalyst. Deoxygenation is performed without added hydrogen and at less than 100 psi. Disclosed embodiments of the catalysts deoxygenate at least 10% of fatty acids in a fatty acid feed, and remain capable of deoxygenating fatty acids for at least 200 minutes to more than 350 hours.

Abstract: A continuous gas-phase process for the polymerization of alpha-olefins, in particular ethylene, comprising passing an alpha-olefin monomer stream through an oil filter in order to reduce the amount of oil to less than 8 ppm, and polymerizing the thus purified monomer feed in gas-phase reactor; the reduction of the amount of oil improves the operability of the plant over time.

Abstract: In a process for producing cyclohexylbenzene, benzene and hydrogen are fed to at least one reaction zone comprising a catalyst system which comprises a molecular sieve and at least one hydrogenation metal. The MCM-22 family molecular sieve having an X-ray diffraction pattern including d-spacing maxima at 12.4±0.25, 6.9±0.15, 3.57±0.07 and 3.42±0.07 Angstrom, and the hydrogenation metal is selected from the group consisting of palladium, ruthenium, nickel, zinc, tin, cobalt, and combinations of any two or more thereof Hydroalkylation conditions of temperature and pressure are selected to produce a hydroalkylation conversion in a range of from about 15% to about 75% The benzene and hydrogen are then contacted in the at least one reaction zone under said selected hydroalkylation condition to produce an effluent containing cyclohexylbenzene.

Abstract: Nitrogen-containing Lewis bases act as poisons for molecular sieve catalysts used in oligomerisation reactions. Lowering their presence in the feed prior to the contacting thereof with the molecular sieve brings a significant extension of catalyst life. Thus, processes that are directed to the lowering of these poisons are provided.

Abstract: A filtration device placed upstream of a catalytic bed of a reactor functioning in downflow or upflow mode consists of a plurality of baskets containing filtration particles with a principal dimension (dp), said baskets being supported by a base plate fixed to the walls of the reactor, termed the filtration plate, the assembly of baskets covering at least the central portion of the section of the reactor, and forming a filtration bed with height Hp. Application of said filtration device to processes for hydrotreatment, selective hydrogenation or conversion of residues or hydrocarbon cuts with a boiling point higher than 120° C., preferably higher than 250° C.

Abstract: A method for preparing a ruthenium catalyst, including a step of reducing a ruthenium catalyst precursor by holding the ruthenium catalyst precursor in an aqueous solution containing a metal salt at a temperature within the range of more than 180° C. and 220° C. or less and a hydrogen partial pressure within the range of 0.6 MPa or more and 5 MPa or less. A method for producing a cycloolefin, including a step of preparing a ruthenium catalyst by the method including a step of reducing a ruthenium catalyst precursor in an aqueous solution containing a metal salt by holding the ruthenium catalyst precursor at a temperature within the range of more than 180° C. and 220° C. or less and a hydrogen partial pressure within the range of 0.6 MPa or more and 5 MPa or less, and a step of partially hydrogenating a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by use of the ruthenium catalyst obtained.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of generating hydrogen from a bio-oil, comprising hydrogenating a water-soluble fraction of the bio-oil with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, and reforming the water-soluble fraction by aqueous-phase reforming in the presence of a reforming catalyst, wherein hydrogen is generated by the reforming, and the amount of hydrogen generated is greater than that consumed by the hydrogenating. The method can further comprise hydrocracking or hydrotreating a lignin fraction of the bio-oil with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrocracking catalyst wherein the lignin fraction of bio-oil is obtained as a water-insoluble fraction from aqueous extraction of bio-oil. The hydrogen used in the hydrogenating and in the hydrocracking or hydrotreating can be generated by reforming the water-soluble fraction of bio-oil.

Abstract: A method for starting-up a naphtha fraction hydrotreating reactor which subjects a naphtha fraction obtained in a fractionator by fractional distillation of hydrocarbon compounds produced by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction to hydrotreating, the method comprising: charging in advance an inactive hydrocarbon compound corresponding to the naphtha fraction into a vapor-liquid separator to which hydrogenated naphtha, which has been subjected to hydrotreating in the naphtha fraction hydrotreating reactor, is transferred; mixing the inactive hydrocarbon compound drawn from the vapor-liquid separator and the naphtha fractions being transferred from the fractionator to the naphtha fraction hydrotreating reactor, and supplying a mixture of the naphtha fractions and the inactive hydrocarbon compound to the naphtha fraction hydrotreating reactor.

Abstract: In a process for producing xylene by transalkylation of a C9+ aromatic hydrocarbon feedstock with a C6 and/or C7 aromatic hydrocarbon, the C9+ aromatic hydrocarbon feedstock, at least one C6 and/or C7 aromatic hydrocarbon and hydrogen are contacted with a first catalyst comprising (i) a first molecular sieve having a Constraint Index in the range of about 3 to about 12 and (ii) at least first and second different metals or compounds thereof of Groups 6 to 12 of the Periodic Table of the Elements. Contacting with the first catalyst is conducted under conditions effective to dealkylate aromatic hydrocarbons in the feedstock containing C2+ alkyl groups and to saturate C2+ olefins formed so as to produce a first effluent.

Abstract: A process for producing alkylate comprising contacting a first hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one olefin having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms which contains 1,3-butadiene and 1-butene with a hydroisomerization catalyst in the presence of hydrogen under conditions favoring the simultaneous selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene to butenes and the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene and contacting the resulting stream and a second hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one isoparaffin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms with an acidic ionic liquid catalyst under alkylation conditions to produce an alkylate is disclosed.

Abstract: A process and catalyst are presented for the selective hydrogenation of branched diolefins and acetylenes to olefins. The process uses a catalyst having large pores, and a minimal amount of micropores. The catalyst is designed to have minimal diffusional resistance through the large pores, and to minimize the hydrogenation of olefins to paraffins.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas from which contaminants have been sufficiently removed to acetylene includes heating the purified gas through a selected range of temperature for adequate time or combustion of the purified gas at adequate temperature within a suitable environment during an adequate reaction time to convert a fraction of the gas stream to acetylene, wherein the acetylene is directed for other processes, reactions, and uses. A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons by combusting externally derived hydrogen for heating natural gas to a selected range of temperature. A process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons by reacting conversion products with externally derived hydrogen to form olefins comprising ethylene, and catalytically forming liquid hydrocarbons from the olefins comprising ethylene.

Abstract: An oligomer of alpha olefin is produced in a three step process comprising 1) oligomerization to a vinylidene, 2) hydroformylation to a primary alcohol, and 3) dimerization of the alcohol. The final product can be hydrogenated to form a branched alkane with improved lubricating oil properties.

Abstract: In a process for producing cyclohexylbenzene, benzene and hydrogen are fed to at least one reaction zone. The benzene and hydrogen are then contacted in the at least one reaction zone under hydroalkylation conditions with a catalyst system comprising a molecular sieve having an X-ray diffraction pattern including d-spacing maxima at 12.4±0.25, 6.9±0.15, 3.57±0.07 and 3.42±0.07 Angstrom, and at least one hydrogenation metal to produce an effluent containing cyclohexylbenzene. The catalyst system has an acid-to-metal molar ratio of from about 75 to about 750.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a process for desorbing an adsorbent bed. The process can include passing a desorbent stream through the adsorbent bed to remove at least one of a nitrile compound and an oxygenate compound. Generally, the desorbent stream after desorbing is combined with a feed stream for an alkylation zone after a selective hydrogenation zone.

Abstract: The invention describes a process for treatment of a feedstock that is obtained from a renewable source that comprises a hydrotreatment stage in the presence of at least one fixed-bed catalyst, whereby said catalyst comprises a hydro-dehydrogenating function and an amorphous substrate, at a temperature of between 50 and 450° C., at a pressure of between 1 MPa and 10 MPa, at an hourly volumetric flow rate of between 0.1 h?1 and 10 h?1, and in the presence of a total quantity of hydrogen that is mixed with the feedstock such that the hydrogen/feedstock ratio is between 50 and 1000 Nm3 of hydrogen/m3 of feedstock, followed by a separation from the hydrotreated effluent that is obtained from stage a) of hydrogen, gases, and at least one liquid hydrocarbon effluent that consists of at least 50% linear n-paraffins, and a steam-cracking of at least one portion of the liquid hydrocarbon effluent that is obtained from stage b).

Abstract: A process for increasing ethylene yield in a cracked hydrocarbon is provided. A hydrocarbon feed stream comprising at least 90% by weight of one or more C4-C10 hydrocarbons can be heated to provide an effluent stream comprising at least 10% by weight propylene. The effluent stream can be selectively separated to provide a first stream comprising heavy naphtha, light cycle oil, slurry oil, or any combination thereof and a second stream comprising one or more C4-C10 hydrocarbons. The second stream can be treated to remove oxygenates, acid gases, water, or any combination thereof to provide a third stream comprising the one or more C4-C10 hydrocarbons. The third stream can be selectively separated to provide a product stream comprising at least 30% by weight propylene. At least a portion of the product stream can be recycled to the hydrocarbon feed stream to increase ethylene yield in the effluent stream.

Abstract: This invention relates to an integrated process for the efficient production of olefins from C4 feedstocks comprising butane and more particularly to a method of producing propylene and butadiene. The process combines a dehydrogenation unit with an olefin conversion unit to convert butane feedstock to propylene and butadiene products. The combined catadiene-OCT process produces yields of propylene from normal butane in excess of 70%.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting distillate to gasoline-range hydrocarbons using a two-stage catalyst system including a first catalyst containing platinum, palladium, or platinum and palladium, and an acidic support, and a second catalyst containing iridium and an inorganic oxide support, and optionally nickel.

Abstract: Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to paraffins useful as liquid fuels. The process involves the conversion of water soluble oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenates, such as alcohols, furans, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, diols, triols, and/or other polyols, followed by the subsequent conversion of the oxygenates to paraffins by dehydration and alkylation. The oxygenated hydrocarbons may originate from any source, but are preferably derived from biomass.